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Showing papers by "Indiana University published in 1988"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of training design, trainee, and work-environment factors on conditions of transfer are reviewed and critiqued, including the need to test various operationalizations of training and work environment factors that have been posited as having an impact on transfer.
Abstract: Transfer of training is of paramount concern for training researchers and practitioners. Despite research efforts, there is a growing concern over the “transfer problem.” The purpose of this paper is to provide a critique of the existing transfer research and to suggest directions for future research investigations. The conditions of transfer include both the generalization of learned material to the job and the maintenance of trained skills over a period of time on the job. The existing research examining the effects of training design, trainee, and work-environment factors on conditions of transfer is reviewed and critiqued. Research gaps identified from the review include the need to (1) test various operationalizations of training design and work-environment factors that have been posited as having an impact on transfer and (2) develop a framework for conducting research on the effects of trainee characteristics on transfer. Needed advancements in the conceptualization and operationalization of the criterion of transfer are also discussed.

3,059 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that incidence of fracture increased with both increasing age and decreasing radius bone mass, and it was concluded that bone mass is a useful predictor of fractures but that other age-related factors associated with fractures need to be identified.
Abstract: To study the effect of bone mass on the risk of fracture, we followed 521 Caucasian women over an average of 6.5 yr and took repeated bone mass measurements at the radius. We observed 138 nonspinal fractures in 3,388 person-yr. The person-years of follow-up and the incident fractures were cross-classified by age and bone mass. The incidence of fracture was then fitted to a log-linear model in age and bone mass. It was found that incidence of fracture increased with both increasing age and decreasing radius bone mass. When subsets of fractures were examined it was found that age was a stronger predictor of hip fractures, whereas midshaft radius bone mass was a stronger predictor of fractures at the distal forearm. We concluded that bone mass is a useful predictor of fractures but that other age-related factors associated with fractures need to be identified.

1,112 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship between variations in group size and free-riding behavior in the voluntary provision of public goods and found that increasing group size leads to a reduction in allocative efficiency when accompanied by a decrease in marginal return from the public good.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between variations in group size and "free-riding" behavior in the voluntary provision of public goods. We examine experimentally two pertinent concepts: the marginal return to an individual from contributions to the public good, and the actual number of members in the group. Our results strongly support a hypothesis that increasing group size leads to a reduction in allocative efficiency when accompanied by a decrease in marginal return from the public good (as from crowding or an association of large groups with imperceptibility of marginal benefits). Our results do not support a pure numbers-in-the-group effect.

1,091 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that the shape bias increases in strength and generality from 2 to 3 years of age and more markedly from early childhood to adulthood, indicating that shape bias is much stronger in word extension than in nonword classification tasks.

1,063 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors assess the usefulness of the public-private distinction in organization theory, and conclude that further analysis of this distinction is valuable, including clarification of the categories through an extension of previous conceptions, and assessment of a proposed typology of subcategories across the public and private continuum.
Abstract: Scholars have devoted increasing attention to similarities and differences between public and private organizations. This paper critiques the comparative literature on these organizations in order to assess the usefulness of the public-private distinction in organization theory and concludes that further analysis of this distinction is valuable. Several avenues for improving research are suggested, including clarification of the categories through an extension of previous conceptions, and assessment of a proposed typology of subcategories across the public-private continuum.

853 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of collections of 16S rRNA sequences revealed sequence domains that were unique to (and invariant within) the three primary lines of cellular descent: the archaebacteria, the eubacteria, and the eucaryotes.
Abstract: Examination of collections of 16S rRNA sequences revealed sequence domains that were unique to (and invariant within) the three primary lines of cellular descent: the archaebacteria, the eubacteria, and the eucaryotes. Oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to these conserved sequence domains were synthesized and used as hybridization probes. Each of the radiolabeled probes specifically hybridized to nylon membrane-bound 16S rRNA from the targeted kingdom. A probe complementary to a universally conserved sequence in 16S rRNAs was used as a positive control, while its complement provided a negative control for nonspecific binding. The abilities of the probes to bind specifically to whole, fixed cells representing a broad array of phylogenetic diversity were tested in whole-cell dot blot assays. Again, all of the probes specifically bound the targeted groups. By microautoradiography, the method was extended to permit phylogenetic identification of single cells microscopically.

736 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the concept of an inertial manifold for nonlinear evolutionary equations, in particular for ordinary and partial differential equations, was introduced, which is an appropriate tool for the study of questions related to the long time behavior of solutions of the evolutionary equations.

712 citations


Book
01 Feb 1988
TL;DR: This book offers students an in-depth introduction to the process of research design and methods, a proven strategy for guiding students at each step in designing, conducting, and evaluating psychological research.
Abstract: "Research Design And Methods: A Process Approach, Seventh Edition", offers students an in-depth introduction to the process of research design and methods. It is distinguished by its application of the process approach, a proven strategy for guiding students at each step in designing, conducting, and evaluating psychological research.

703 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzes Nash equilibria in a simple model of an economy with jurisdictions engaging in fiscal competition and finds that small-number Nash equilibrium in which tax rates are the strategic variables do not coincide with Nash equilibrium with public expenditure levels.

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Feb 1988-Science
TL;DR: A rapid sequencing method for ribosomal RNA was applied to the resolution of evolutionary relationships among Metazoa, finding that coelomates radiated rapidly into four groups: chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, and eucoelomate protostomes.
Abstract: A rapid sequencing method for ribosomal RNA was applied to the resolution of evolutionary relationships among Metazoa. Representatives of 22 classes in 10 animal phyla were used to infer phylogenetic relationships, based on evolutionary distances determined from pairwise comparisons of the 18S ribosomal RNA sequences. The classical Eumetazoa are divided into two groups. Cnidarians arose from a protist ancestry different from the second group, the Bilateria. Within the Bilateria, an early split gave rise to Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and the coelomate lineage. Coelomates are thus monophyletic, and they radiated rapidly into four groups: chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, and eucoelomate protostomes.

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Mar 1988-Nature
TL;DR: The VHL gene is linked to the locus encoding the human homologoue of the RAF1 oncogene, which maps to chromosome 3p25 (ref. 4), which suggests that the defect responsible for the VHL phenotype is not a mutation in the RAF 1 gene itself.
Abstract: Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is an autosomal dominant disorder with inherited susceptibility to various forms of cancer, including hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system, phaeochromocytomas, pancreatic malignancies, and renal cell carcinomas. Renal cell carcinomas constitute a particularly frequent cause of death in this disorder, occurring as bilateral and multifocal tumours, and presenting at an earlier age than in sporadic, non-familial cases of this tumour type. We report here that the VHL gene is linked to the locus encoding the human homologoue of the RAF1 oncogene, which maps to chromosome 3p25 (ref. 4). Crossovers with the VHL locus suggest that the defect responsible for the VHL phenotype is not a mutation in the RAF1 gene itself. An alternative or prior event to oncogene activation in tumour formation may be the inactivation of a putative 'tumour suppressor' which can be associated with both the inherited and sporadic forms of the cancer. Sporadic renal cell carcinomas have previously been associated with the loss of regions on chromosome 3p (refs 5, 6). Consequently, sporadic and VHL-associated forms of renal cell carcinoma might both result from alterations causing loss of function of the same 'tumour suppressor' gene on this chromosome.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1988-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present new data from nine localities and demonstrate that a positive excursion in the carbon isotope composition of organic carbon at or near the C/T boundary is nearly synchronous with that for carbonate and is widespread throughout the Tethys and Atlantic basins.
Abstract: Perhaps the most significant event in the Cretaceous record of the carbon isotope composition of carbonate1,2, other than the 1–2.5 ‰ negative shift in the carbon isotope composition of calcareous plankton at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary3, is the rapid global positive excursion of ∼2 ‰ (13C enrichment) which took place between ∼91.5 Myr and 90.3 Myr (late Cenomanian to earliest Turonian (C/T boundary event))1,4,5. This excursion has been attributed to a change in the isotope composition of the marine total dissolved carbon (TDC) reservoir resulting from an increase in rate of burial of 13C-depleted organic carbon, which coincided with a major global rise in sea level5 during the so-called C/T oceanic anoxic event (OAE)6. Here we present new data, from nine localities, which demonstrate that a positive excursion in the carbon isotope composition of organic carbon at or near the C/T boundary7,8 is nearly synchronous with that for carbonate and is widespread throughout the Tethys and Atlantic basins (Fig. 1), as well as in more high-latitude epicontinental seas. The postulated increase in the rate of burial of organic carbon may have had a significant effect on CO2 and O2 concentrations in the oceans and atmosphere, and consequent effects on global climate and sedimentary facies.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Previously published sets of classification and old-new recognition memory data are reanalyzed within the framework of an exemplar-based generalization model and the summed-similarity decision rule is shown to be consistent with a wide variety of recognition memoryData obtained in classification learning situations and may provide a unified approach to understanding relations between categorization and recognition.
Abstract: Previously published sets of classification and old-new recognition memory data are reanalyzed within the framework of an exemplar-based generalization model. The key assumption in the model is that, whereas classification decisions are based on the similarity of a probe to exemplars of a target category relative to exemplars of contrast categories, recognition decisions are based on overall summed similarity of a probe to all exemplars. The summed-similarity decision rule is shown to be consistent with a wide variety of recognition memory data obtained in classification learning situations and may provide a unified approach to understanding relations between categorization and recognition. Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest among categorization researchers in exploring relations between classification learning and old-new recognition memory. This interest has been fueled by the exemplar view of category representation, which holds that people base classification decisions on similarity comparisons with stored exemplars (Hintzman, 1986b; Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Nosofsky, 1986). Recognition data provide a source of converging evidence bearing on the nature of people's category representations. Presumably, if individual exemplars are being stored in memory, the fact ought to be revealed by postacquisition recognition tests. Indeed, a number of researchers have taken exemplar models to task on grounds of certain dissociations between classification learning and recognition memory, or patterns of recognition data deemed to be inconsistent with the predictions of exemplar-only memory models. In virtually all cases, however, there has been a failure to specify and test an explicit

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model for interdependent demand for health insurance and health care under uncertainty is developed to throw light on the issue of insurance-induced distortions in thedemand for health care services.
Abstract: This paper develops a model for interdependent demand for health insurance and health care under uncertainty to throw light on the issue of insurance-induced distortions in the demand for health care services. The model is used to empirically analyse the determinants of the choice of health insurance type and seven types of health care services using micro-level data from the 1977–78 Australian Health Survey. Econometric implementation of the model involves, simultaneously, issues of discreteness of choice, selectivity and stochastic dependence between health insurance and utilization. Health status appears to be more important in determining health care service use than health insurance choice, while income appears to be more important in determining health insurance choice than in determining health care service use. For a broad range of health care services both moral hazard and self selection are found to be important determinants of utilization of health care services.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present evidence in support of Organ's (1977) argument that satisfaction more generally correlates with organizational prosocial or citizenship-type behaviors than with traditional productivity or in-role performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nature of the acoustic changes that taken place when speakers produce speech under adverse conditions such as noise, psychological stress, or high cognitive load are discussed and the role of training and feedback in controlling and modifying a talker's speech to improve performance of current speech recognizers is discussed.
Abstract: Acoustical analyses were carried out on a set of utterances produced by two male speakers talking in quiet and in 80, 90, and 100 dB SPL of masking noise. In addition to replicating previous studies demonstrating increases in amplitude, duration, and vocal pitch while talking in noise, these analyses also found reliable differences in the formant frequencies and short‐term spectra of vowels. Perceptual experiments were also conducted to assess the intelligibility of utterances produced in quiet and in noise when they were presented at equal S/N ratios for identification. In each experiment, utterances originally produced in noise were found to be more intelligible than utterances produced in the quiet. The results of the acoustic analyses showed clear and consistent differences in the acoustic–phonetic characteristics of speech produced in quiet versus noisy environments. Moreover, these acoustic differences produced reliable effects on intelligibility. The findings are discussed in terms of: (1) the nature of the acoustic changes that take place when speakers produce speech under adverse conditions such as noise, psychological stress, or high cognitive load; (2) the role of training and feedback in controlling and modifying a talker’s speech to improve performance of current speech recognizers; and (3) the development of robust algorithms for recognition of speech in noise.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the importance of strategic cognitions is discussed and research on a number of major topics within the cognitive perspective is summarized, and an integrative model of cognitions in strategic decision-making is presented.
Abstract: Strategic management researchers are showing increased interest in the cognitions of strategic decision-makers. In this article, the importance of strategic cognitions is discussed and research on a number of major topics within the cognitive perspective is summarized. the paper concludes with an integrative model of cognitions in strategic decision making. This model provides the basis for questions for future research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that many diverse forms of cyanobacteria diverged within a short span of evolutionary distance and suggest that the chloroplast lineage, which includes the cyanelle of C. paradoxa, is not just a sister group to the free-living forms but rather is contained within the cyanobacterial radiation.
Abstract: The 16S rRNAs from 29 cyanobacteria and the cyanelle of the phytoflagellate Cyanophora paradoxa were partially sequenced by a dideoxynucleotide-terminated, primer extension method A least-squares distance matrix analysis was used to infer phylogenetic trees that include green chloroplasts (those of euglenoids, green algae, and higher plants) The results indicate that many diverse forms of cyanobacteria diverged within a short span of evolutionary distance Evolutionary depth within the surveyed cyanobacteria is substantially less than that separating the major eubacterial taxa, as though cyanobacterial diversification occurred significantly after the appearance of the major eubacterial groups Three of the five taxonomic sections defined by Rippka et al (R Rippka, J Deruelles, J B Waterbury, M Herdman, and R Y Stanier, J Gen Microbiol 111:1-61, 1979) (sections II [pleurocapsalean], IV [heterocystous, filamentous, nonbranching], and V [heterocystous, filamentous, branching]) are phylogenetically coherent However, the other two sections (I [unicellular] and III [nonheterocystous, filamentous]) are intermixed and hence are not natural groupings Our results not only support the conclusion of previous workers that the cyanobacteria and green chloroplasts form a coherent phylogenetic group but also suggest that the chloroplast lineage, which includes the cyanelle of C paradoxa, is not just a sister group to the free-living forms but rather is contained within the cyanobacterial radiation

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimentalData was found to be successfully modelled when the balance of uptake and stimulated overflow was considered, and the fit of the modelled data to the experimental data was improved when diffusion from the release and uptake sites was considered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extended first-price auction theory to the case of heterogeneous bidders characterized by M-parameter log-concave utility functions, and developed a specific threeparameter model, which introduces a utility of winning, and a threshold utility of surplus.
Abstract: First-price auction theory is extended to the case of heterogeneous bidders characterized byM-parameter log-concave utility functions. This model, and its specific two-parameter constant relative risk averse special case, is generally supported by the results of 47 experiments. The one-parameter special case that comprises most of the theoretical literature is not supported by the experiments. One anomaly for the two-parameter model is that too many of the subjects exhibit positive (or negative) intercepts in their linear estimated bid functions. Accordingly, we develop a specific three-parameter model, which introduces a utility of winning, and a threshold utility of surplus. The new model, tested directly by introducing lump-sum payments or charges for winning, is not falsified by the new experiments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Petrologic modal analysis of parent rocks and the 0.25-0.50mm fraction of each sand was done to monitor major mineralogic control, if any, on chemical compositions of the samples.

Journal ArticleDOI
Jesse Goodman1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the findings of an ethnographic study of preservice teachers' professional perspectives using the principles of "ethnographic semantics" to analyze the data, and describe the way in which students create a practical philosophy of teaching by integrating two primary perspectives.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the joint roles of similarity and frequency in determining graded category structure were studied, and a frequency sensitive similarity-to-exemplars model provided a good quantitative account of the classification learning and typicality data.
Abstract: This article studies the joint roles of similarity and frequency in determining graded category structure. Perceptual classification learning experiments were conducted in which presentation frequencies of individual exemplars were manipulated. The exemplars had varying degrees of similarity to members of the target and contrast categories. Classification accuracy and typicality ratings increased for exemplars presented with high frequency and for members of the target category that were similar to the high-frequency exemplars. Typicality decreased for members of the contrast category that were similar to the high-frequency exemplars. A frequency-sensitive similarity-to-exemplars model provided a good quantitative account of the classification learning and typicality data. The interactive relations among similarity, frequency, and categorization are considered in the General Discussion. Among the most well-established findings in the categorization literature is that categories have "graded structures" (Rips, Schoben, & Smith, 1973; Rosch, 1973, 1978; Rosch & Mervis, 1975; Smith & Medin, 1981). Rather than all instances of a category being "equal," it appears that certain instances are better examples than others. For example, people reliably rate a robin as a better example of the category birds

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A mass balance model was developed to explain the movement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) into and out of Siskiwit Lake, which is located on a wilderness island in northern Lake Superior as discussed by the authors.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the axion-type mechanism for hard CP violation and the non-Peccei-Quinn scheme for spontaneous CP nonconservation are discussed, and the cosmological baryon asymmetry, caused by the same source of CP violation ultimately responsible for the kaon e parameter, is generated adequately at the one-loop level.

Journal ArticleDOI
Abbas J. Ali1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors construct scales to measure the Islamic work ethic and individualism and provide evidence of these scales' reliability and validity, and the results of a reliability test and correlation analysis indicated that both scales were reliable and that the Islamic Work Ethic Scale was positively and significantly correlated with the Individualism Scale.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to construct scales to measure the Islamic work ethic and individualism and to provide evidence of these scales' reliability and validity. Three steps were involved: a literature search to develop statements pertaining to the Islamic work ethic and individualism; screening of the initial statements by Islamic experts; and actual administration of the refined statements to a sample of 150 Arab students. The results of a reliability test and correlation analysis indicated that both scales were reliable and that the Islamic Work Ethic Scale was positively and significantly correlated with the Individualism Scale.