Showing papers by "Indonesian Institute of Sciences published in 1997"

Monsoonal differences in phytoplankton biomass and production in the Indonesian seas: Tracing vertical mixing using temperature

Abstract: Measurements made in the Indonesian Seas during the 1994 northwest monsoon (January–February) and the 1993 southeast monsoon (August–September) show up to an order of magnitude increase in average surface chlorophyll a from 0.25 mg mṫ during the northwest monsoon to over 2.5 mg m−3 during the southeast with a strong east-west gradient. Carbon assimilation was similar for both seasons in the eastern seas (Banda, Flores and Seram), 1.2 g C m−2 day−1 but dropped by half in the western seas (Sulawesi and Makassar Strait) in February, from 1.2 to 0.5 g C m−2 day−1. Areal chi a decreased in the western seas from 20.2 to 5.5 mg m−2 from the northwest to southeast monsoons. The eastern seas showed an opposite trend, with areal chi a increasing from 20.8 to 55.8 mg m−2 between seasons. The increase in surface and integral euphotic zone phytoplankton biomass in the eastern seas is correlated with cooler sea surface temperatures, suggesting that phytoplankton biomass is proportional to the strength of upwelling and vertical mixing.

New taxa in indonesian bamboos

Abstract: From a recent research on Indonesian bamboo germplasm it has become evident that there are at least 43 undescribed species (6 species of Bambusa, 3 species of Dendrocalamus, 4 species of Dinochloa, 13 species of Gigantochloa, 2 species of Nastus, 2 species of Racemobambos, 11 species of Schizostachyum and 2 species in the new monotyic genera Parabambusa and Pinga) Two new genera (Fimbribambusa and Neololeba) are here separated from Bambusa Schreb

Dereplication of Saccharide and Polyol Constituents of Candidate Sweet‐tasting Plants: Isolation of the Sesquiterpene Glycoside Mukurozioside IIb as a Sweet Principle of Sapindus rarak

Abstract: In the search for new potently sweet compounds from plants, the rapid identification and quantification of free sugars and polyols in a crude plant extract is important for dereplication purposes, wherein compounds of known structure or biological activity are removed from further consideration. Accordingly, plants found to have high levels of free sugars and polyols are regarded as lower priority leads when screening for novel natural sweeteners. In the present study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to examine the sugar/polyol content of six sweet-tasting species, comprised of the pericarp of Dialium indum L. (Leguminosae), the stem of Drypetes floribunda Hutchinson (Euphorbiaceae), the fruit of Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber var. palustris (Ducke) Lee and Langenheim (Leguminosae), the rhizomes of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauvois (Gramineae), the fruit of Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen (Sapotaceae), and the pericarp of Sapindus rarak DC. (Sapindaceae). The total yields of sugars/polyols in these plant parts were 1.9, 6.1, 7.8, 4.5, 10.8 and 2.9% w/w, respectively. Several uncommon polyols were identified, including bornesitol in D. floribunda and quebrachitol in S. rarak. It is likely that the sweet taste of the plants containing more than 5% of sugars/polyols is imparted as a result of the high free sugar and/or polyol content. Owing to its low level of free sugars, S. rarak pericarp was chosen for further study, and the known sesquiterpene glycoside mukurozioside IIb (1) was isolated in high yield (6.3% w/w) as a sweet-tasting constituent. Preliminary evaluations, comprised of mouse acute toxicity and bacterial mutagenesis determinations, indicated the safety of 1. The compound was subsequently rated by a human taste panel as having about the same sweetness potency as sucrose. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Distribution of the hepatitis B surface antigen subtypes in Indonesia: implications for ethnic heterogeneity and infection control measures

Abstract: Previous studies on the distribution of subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Indonesia have not entirely covered the whole nation. Consequently, we determined the HBsAg subtypes, adw, adr, ayw, and ayr in a total of 569 HBsAg-positive sera from areas so far not studied. With results in this and our previous studies taken together (a total of 3045 HBsAg-positive sera were analyzed), a nationwide picture on the HBsAg subtype distribution indicated that Indonesia could roughly be divided into 4 zones: (i) adw-predominant zone consisting of Sumatera, Java, southern part of Kalimantan, Bali, Lombok, Ternate, and Morotai; (ii) ayw-zone of the eastern part of Nusa Tenggara and Moluccas, (iii) adr-zone of Irian Jaya; and (iv) a mixed subtype-zone of Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumbawa. An interesting exception was Padang of Sumatera island: Padang was rich in adr although it is far from the adr-zone. Since the HBsAg subtype, like mutations in mitochondrial DNA, could be used as an ethnological marker, our present results suggest that the peoples in Indonesia have at least three major ethnic origins, represented by adw, ayw, and adr. Of another note, the diagnostic and preventive measures for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Indonesia may be improved by considering such diversity of HBV strains revealed in this study.

ASEAN and Indonesia: Some reflections

Abstract: (1997). ASEAN and Indonesia: Some reflections. Asian Journal of Political Science: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 20-34.

Low Water Pollution Rearing by means of Polyculture of Larvae of Kuruma Prawn Penaeus japonicus with a Sea Lettuce Ulva pertusa

Abstract: In recent years, seed production of finfish and crustace ans has been widely conducted. In this type of seed produc tion, larval rearing is usually performed under running water at a turnover rate of a few times a day, or exchanged periodically with new water to maintain good water quali ty.1-3) In this manner, pollution of the rearing water by ex creted matter from the larvae is unavoidable if water quali ty is not managed. Generally, in the natural ecosystem, pollutional excreted matters such as feces and urine of animals are absorbed directly or indirectly by photosyn thetic organisms in the material cycle to maintain a clean environment.4) Prevention of the rearing water pollution of kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus larvae by a sea let tuce Ulva pertusa, and its influence on the growth of the larvae, were tested in this experiment. The sea lettuce U. pertusa grows throughout the year in Ohmura Bay according to Migita.5) The thalli of U. pertu sa were preliminarily cultured in 30 l polycarbonate tanks containing sea water enriched with PES medium.6) The tanks were located by a window in a laboratory. Aeration was provided at 1l/ min. The thalli were cut into smaller sizes and cultured in the new medium when they

³He in Indonesian Seas: Inferences on deep pathways

Abstract: Helium isotope measurements from the Indonesian Seas, and from the Java-Australia Dynamic Experiment cruises define mantle ³He sources and deep water spreading patterns. ³He sources in the Sulawesi Sea and in the Makassar Strait are found, but these are prevented from spreading into the Banda Sea and the Indian Ocean by blocking sills. A major mantle source is identified below 2000m in the Flores Sea. The ³He distribution suggests that the Banda Sea water migrates westward along the floor of the Flores Sea, upwells and then advects the high ³He Flores signal. A tongue of higher-than-ambient ³He on the Indian Ocean side of the Flores chain indicates a deep outflow of the Flores and the Banda Sea water into the Indian Ocean near 1300m.

Surface coating protective against oxidative plasma etching of polypropylene

Abstract: Polypropylene (PP) sheets were coated with the ultrathin polymer layers by plasma polymerization of hexamethyldisiloxane and two other Si-containing monomers, and the protection effects from oxidative plasma etching were investigated. Etching was evaluated by the weight loss of PP sheets after the exposure to an oxidative plasma of O2 or air. The effects of plasma polymer coating on the etching resistance were investigated with respect to the type of plasma polymer, thickness of a coating layer, oxidative plasma etching conditions, etc. Weight of the coated PP sheets was less changed and the substrates remained stable after a certain period of oxidative plasma treatments, during which time the original PP film had prominently lost weight. The importance of the crosslinked network with —Si— MPO components in plasma polymers on the etching resistance was suggested from the results. Infrared spectra were taken and analyzed with the plasma polymers after O2-plasma treatments, and the increase in the Si—O structure was indicated by the increase in the peak intensity at 1023 cm−1. Stabilization against oxidative etching was attributed to the crosslinked Si—O structure on the surface layer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1049–1057, 1997

An eastern Indian Ocean ³He section from Australia to Bali: Evidence for a Deep Pacific-Indian Throughflow

Abstract: The distribution of ³He has been measured on an Australia-Bali transect, across the Pacific-Indian throughflow region of the Eastern Indian Ocean, in SE and NW monsoonal regimes. Additional samples were also collected directly on the main sills over which water is exchanged between the Indonesian Seas and the Indian Ocean. The ³He data show that the South Banda Sea deep waters, between 800 and 1400 m, leave the Banda basin over the sills in the straits of Sumba, Savu, Roti and Timor and enter the equatorial Indian Ocean. The permanence of the ³He in both opposite monsoonal regimes, and the only weak dilution of the ³He signal between the straits and the Australia-Bali section hundreds of kilometers apart, suggest that this deep outflow is not negligible.

Effects of the subsidy removal of fertilizer on rural poverty in north Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract: Examines the effects of fertilizer subsidy on the rural poor in Indonesia. Discusses the factors which lead to rural poverty and measures which have been undertaken to combat these. Describes in detail a survey undertaken in two villages to establish the effects of the removal of the fertilizer subsidy. Concludes that there has been an increase in poverty and income inequality since its removal and suggests ways of remedying this problem.

Three Xanthones from Poeciloneuron pauciflorum and Mammea acuminata.

Abstract: From the stem of Poeciloneuron pauciflorum , two new xanthones (1,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone and 1,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone 6-O-β- d -glucoside ) in addition to 12 known compounds (1,5-dihydroxy-, 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-, 1,7-dihydroxy-, 1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-, 2-methoxy-, 4-methoxy-, 1,4,5-trihydroxy-, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-, 3-hydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone and (−)-epicatechin) were isolated. From the aerial parts (stems and bark) of Mammea acuminata , a new xanthone (2,7-dihydroxyxanthone) was isolated in addition to two known xanthones (1,5-dihydroxy- and 5-hydroxy-1-methoxyxanthone) and (−)-epicatechin. The structures were established by spectral analysis and total synthesis in case of 1,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone.

Microbial diversity: ex situ conservation of Indonesian microorganisms

Abstract: This paper discusses the role of microbial resource collections in the ex situ conservation of microbial diversity and, in particular, the activities of a recently completed Darwin Initiative project to facilitate collection, identification and exploitation of Indonesian microbial diversity. This helped revitalize the collection of the Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuea Indonesia (Indonesian Institute of Sciences), LIPI, Research and Development Centre for Biology, Bogor, Indonesia. It is suggested that a focus on microorganisms beneficial to man is essential to enable ex situ collections to be a useful tool in the conservation and sustainable utilization of microbial diversity. This task is enormous and far beyond the capabilities of one collection and its achievement will necessitate a network of collections.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN Eonycteris spelaea (CHIROPTERA: PTEROPODIDAE) FROM THE GREATER AND LESSER SUNDAS ISLANDS, INDONESIA AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES

Abstract: Morphological variation in the cave fruit bat, Eonycteris spelaea from Indonesia and the Philippines was examined using both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses based on measurements of 22 skull characters and 15 external body characters from 270 adult specimens. Other non-meristic characters were also examined. Multiple regression analyses indicated strong sexual dimorphism in both skull and external body characters. Almost all measured characters differed significantly between islands. Thirteen of the 37 characters were also influenced ~t:he age of adults. Four distinct morphological groups of E. spelaea.were recognised using discriminant function analysis following the removal of the effects of,age and sex on the measurements considered. These were: Jawa/Sumatera Group, Lesser Sunda/Philippines Group, Sulawesi Group and Kalimantan Group. These morphological groups were considered subspecifically distinct; the Kalimantan Group is herein described as a new subspecies.

An overview of the asean-canada project on solar energy in drying processes

Abstract: The ASEAN-Canada Project on Soar Energy in Drying Processes officialy started on 1 Apr 1992 with contracts signed between the National Project Offices (NPOs) from the ASEAN countres and the Canada an Executing Agency The project official terminated on 31 March 1996 Unger the project, 9 implements consisting of 6 solar drying units and three heat pump dryers were designed, constructed and installed in 5 of ASEAN countries, i.e. Indonesia. Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Despite some problems encountered during the period of construction and installation, all the implements have operated successfully and functioned as expected. They serve as demonstration units in each of ASEAN country involved. Through the ASEAN-Canada Project, ASEAN researchers gained know-how on the state-of-the art of the solar and heat pump drying technologies. This know-how was gained through a series of workshops / seminars during the course of the project, and through the hands-on experience in designing, con...

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE EBONY AND SILVER LEAF MONKEYS [TRACHYPITHECUS AURATUS (E. GEOFFROY, 1812) AND TRACHYPITHECUS CRlSTATUS (RAFFLES, 1821)] FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA

Abstract: The morphological variation in the ebony and silver leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus auratus and T. cristatus) from Southeast Asia; Thailand, Malaya, Bintan, Sumatra, Serasan-Natuna, Kalimantan and Java were studied using multivariate analysis approaches. The results showed that clinal variation in skull; dental and dentary morphology was found in Java. The skull; dental and dentary characters showed an increase from West to East with Central Java as an intermediate fonn. Consequently, in Java there should be only one subspecies, T. a. auratus. Meanwhile, there are four morpholgical groups of Trachipithecus cristatus, those are of Thailand, Malaya-Sumatra-Kalimantan, Bintan and Natuna. The Malayan population, presumably is the same as Bintan population while Sumatra-Kalimantan forms an intermediate.

Perilaku rusa Jawa Cervus timorensis di Penangkaran Taman Safari Indonesia

Abstract: The behavior study of Java deer (Cervus timorensis) has done for three month in captive breeding study of Java deer (Cervus timorensis) had done for three months in captive breeding at Safari Park Indonesia, Cisarua, Bogor. The object of this study was the daily activities such as: grazing, ruminating, lying and other activities. The method used in this work was Time Sampling. Observations were conducted in six times on daylight and four times in night. The result showed that the average percentage of daily activities of Java deer were 44% for grazing, 27% for ruminating, 18% lying, 6% standing and 5% walking subsequently.

Bukti Anatomi dalam Taksonomi Kerabat-Kerabat Zingiber zerumbet

Abstract: Anatomical evidence in the taxonomy of Zingiber zerumbet complex. Direct comparison and computer analysis of data derived from leaf anatomy of Zingiber zerumbet, Z. amaricans, Z. aromaticum and Z. littorale support the notion that these taxa should be regarded as distinct species. A key to these four species based on leaf anatomical characters is also presented.

The effects of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cell morphology in a temperature-sensitive tag-B mutant of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract: The relationship between wall anionic polymer synthesis and cell morphology has been studied in Bacillus subtilis 168 and its temperature-sensitive tagB mutant strain BR19-200B. The amount and type of anionic polymer synthesized varied under different growth conditions, as did the morphology of the bacteria. Anionic polymer synthesis was affected by the phosphate supply. It was also found that teichuronic acid synthesis was temperature-sensitive in wild-type bacteria. Teichuronic acid synthesis was affected by the tagB lesion, previously thought to affect only teichoic acid synthesis. A relationship was observed between synthesis of the alternative polymers, such that suppression of teichuronic acid synthesis is accompanied by an increase in the synthesis of teichoic acid. Variation in anionic polymer content was accompanied by variation in cell shape. Differences in shape were related to differences in total anionic polymer rather than to differences in individual polymer type.

TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE fAMILY CANDACIIDAE IN INDONESIAN COASTAL WATERS

Abstract: Some species of calanoid copepods of the family Candaciidae 'inhabit surface or moderately deep waters, provide excellent materials for a zoogeographic investigation. Very few studies partaining to the taxonomy and biogeography of the members of the family Candaciidae in Indonesian waters have been previously carried out. The present paper deals with relevant informations on description and illustrations of 14 candaciid speciesfrom this region. All the previously known species have been found, one species Candacia ishimarui is new to science, and one C. guggenheimi Grice and Jones, 1960 is new records. A catalogue of all the nominal species (both valid species and synonyms) hitherto described from the world oceans, the zoogeography and a key of these species is discussed.