Showing papers by "Indonesian Institute of Sciences published in 1999"

Submergence and uplift associated with the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence from coral microatolls

Abstract: The giant Sumatran subduction earthquake of 1833 appears as a large emergence event in fossil coral microatolls on the reefs of Sumatra's outer-arc ridge. Stratigraphic analysis of these and living microatolls nearby allow us to estimate that 1833 emergence increased trenchward from about 1 to 2 m. This pattern and magnitude of uplift are consistent with about 13 m of slip on the subduction interface and suggest a magnitude (Mw) of 8.8-9.2 for the earthquake. The fossil microatolls also record rapid submergence in the decades prior to the earthquake, with rates increasing trenchward from 5 to 11 mm/yr. Living microatolls show similar rates and a similar pattern. The fossil microatolls also record at least two less extensive emergence events in the decades prior to 1833. These observations show that coral microatolls can be useful paleoseismic and paleogeodetic instruments in convergent tectonic environments.

El Niño during the Last Interglacial Period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia

Abstract: Measurements of oxygen isotopes and elemental ratios in a fossil coral that grew 124,000 years ago in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, reflect interannual variability in precipitation and sea surface temperature (SST) due to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This indicates that ENSO was robust during the last interglacial period, a time when global climate was slightly warmer than the present. The pattern of ENSO frequency behavior in the past is similar to variability in modern instrumental records, but distinct from the most recent period since the mid-1970s, supporting the hypothesis that ENSO behavior in recent decades is anomalous with respect to natural variability.

Identification of acetic acid bacteria isolated from Indonesian sources, especially of isolates classified in the genus Gluconobacter.

Abstract: Sixty-four strains of acetic acid bacteria were isolated from Indonesian sources such as fruits, flowers, and fermented foods by the enrichment culture at pH 3.5. Forty-five strains were routinely identified as Acetobacter strains because of their oxidation of acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water and their Q-9 isoprenolog, corresponding to 70% of all the 64 acetic acid bacteria isolated. Eight isolates were identified as Gluconacetobacter strains because of their oxidation of acetate and lactate and their Q-10 isoprenolog, occupying 13% of all the isolates. The remaining 11 isolates, accommodated in the genus Gluconobacter because of no oxidation of acetate and lactate and because of their Q-10 isoprenolog, accounted for 17% of all the isolates. They were divided into two groups based on DNA base compositions. One comprised the seven isolates, which had high G+C contents of DNA ranging from 60.3 to 63.5 mol% and of which DNAs hybridized with that of the type strain of Gluconobacter oxydans at values of 64–94% of DNA relatedness. The other comprised the remaining four isolates, which had low G+C contents of DNA ranging from 57.5 to 57.7 mol% and of which DNAs hybridized with that of the type strain of Gluconobacter frateurii at values of 63–77% of DNA relatedness. The high values of DNA relatedness, 84 to 96%, were obtained between the type strains of Gluconobacter cerinus and Gluconobacter asaii.

Crustal deformation at the Sumatran Subduction Zone revealed by coral rings

Abstract: Analyses of coral rings grown in the interval 1970–1997 reveal a geographically distinct pattern of interseismic uplift off Sumatra's western coast. At distances less than 110 km from the Sumatran trench, coral reefs are submerging as fast as 5 mm/y. At 130 and 180 km distance from the trench, they are emerging at similar rates. We suggest that a locked, or partially locked patch, located above 30 km depth on the upper surface of the subducting oceanic plate, generates this pattern.

Une nouvelle espèce de cœlacanthe. Preuves génétiques et morphologiques

Abstract: To test the assumption of the existence of a possible new population of coelacanth in Indonesia, we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA from cytochrome b and 12S rDNA genes, and described the morphological features of the specimen discovered on July 1998. Significant differences in base sequences revealed that the Comorean and the Indonesian coelacanth belong to distinct populations. Estimation of divergence time, high transition-transversion ratios, preponderance of third position silent substitution, strong morphological differentiation and geographical isolation led us to consider that the Indonesian coelacanth is a new species, Latimeria menadoensis n. sp., closely related to L. chalumnae.

Chemical characteristics of surfaces of hardwood and softwood deteriorated by weathering

Abstract: The factors that cause weather-induced deterioration of wood surfaces were determined by chemical and spectroscopic analyses. Albizzia (Paraserianthes falcata Becker.) and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) were exposed to two temperate conditions of natural weathering with and without rainfall and to accelerated conditions of artificial weathering coupled with ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation and water flashing. Infrared spectroscopic analysis showed that the oxidative reaction of lignin was observed under all conditions of weathering for both wood species. However, a marked decrease in lignin and hemicellulose content were recognized when albizzia woods were exposed to weathering with water. Lignin content in the softwood sugi did not decrease as much as in albizzia even in the presence of water, but the modification of lignin macromolecules was assumed to be accelerated by water, as seen by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. These results showed that the presence of water promotes the weathering deterioration of wood under UV irradiation.

Isolation, Screening and Phylogenetic Identification of Endophytes from Plants in Hokkaido Japan and Java Indonesia

Abstract: To examine diversity of endophytic microbes in plants, we have devised a method for isolation. We could isolate at least one kind of microbes from all the plants examined. One hundred sixty two fungi and 166 bacteria were obtained from 57 plants in Hokkaido Japan and 86 fungi and 56 bacteria were obtained from 20 plants in Java Indonesia.Among those isolates shown to have interesting bioactivities, 9 filamentous fungi were selected and taxonomic study was carried out on the basis of 18S rDNA base sequence analyses.These experiments suggest that endophytes from various plants have great diversity and useful characteristics for biotechnological applications.

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the tolerance of the Japanese clam, Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve), to air exposure

Abstract: Laboratory studies showed that higher relative humidity (RH) and lower air temperature increase the tolerance of the Japanese clam, Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve), to exposure. Aerial respiration of the clam was also measured. At high RH, the exposure time which gave 50% survival (LT(50)) was 1.97 and 1.75 times longer than in low RH at air temperatures of 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively. At 15 degrees C, all clams previously acclimatized at 15 degrees C survived for 58 h at low RH and 102 h at high RH. These differences can potentially be exploited to improve the shipment of clams. The aerial respiration experiment showed that the increase of the oxygen consumption rate at 25 degrees C was greater than that at 15 degrees C, following an increase in exposure time. The aerial respiration rates of the clams were approximately equal to 41.6% and 50.0% of those in water at 25 and 15 degrees C, respectively. The survival of the clams in air was dependent on aerobic rather than anaerobic respiration.

The Second Recorded Living Coelacanth from North Sulawesi

Abstract: A detailed account of the second coelacanth specimen known to have been captured in Indonesian waters is provided. The account is written in the official format of the Coelacanth Conservation Council's (CCC) inventory of known specimens of the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae, and the specimen is herein numbered CCC no. 175. Morphological measurements and fin ray counts are recorded. A comparison of these measurements and meristic data with those recorded for Comoran specimens of Latimeria chalumnae shows that the present specimen has a similar allometry to L. chalumnae. Ongoing genetic analyses should reveal the depth of divergence between the two known populations of living coelacanths and help determine if this specimen is conspecific with its Comoran counterparts.

東ジャワの季節熱帯におけるジンガサハムシ2種(Aspidomorpha miliaris & A. sanctaecrucis)の個体群動態. 1.成虫の個体群サイズと生存日数の季節変動

Abstract: We studied the population dynamics of two species of tortoise beetles, Aspidomorpha miliaris (AM) and A. sanctaecrucis (AS) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae), feeding on a shrubby morning glory, Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae), in Purwodadi Botanic Garden, East Java, Indonesia. Rainfall in Purwodadi is distinctly seasonal with 5-7 months of harsh dry season, lasting from March or April to October or November. In March of 1993, we established three study sites by planting 10 cuttings of the host plants on each site. We carried out a weekly census including mark-recapture of adults with color paints and construction of life tables for immature stages, from June 1993 to March 1996. Total number of leaves on the study sites increased during the wet season and decreased during the dry season, although effects of dry seasons on the change in the total number of plant leaves depended on the site condition (sunshine and water). We marked all beetles found on the sites (136 and 436 beetles for AM and AS, respectively). Adult populations of the two species increased in the rainy season, decreased as the dry season started, and disappeared in the late dry season. Seasonal trends in the adult numbers mainly reflected the oviposition activity of adults, which was high in the rainy season and diminished or nil in the dry season. The sex ratio was 1:1 in AM and largely female-biased in AS. Average adult residence time (days) on each site was 6.6 (male) and 8.1 (female) in AM and 7.0 (male) and 9.8 (female) in AS. The current results are discussed with our previous data of the two species in two localities with higher and less seasonal rainfall conditions, Padang (central Sumatra) and Bogor (West Java).

Islet cell antibodies in Sulawesi macaques.

Abstract: Older monkeys of the Sulawesian species Macaca nigra spontaneously develop a lesion in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in which there is deposition of amyloid and gradual degeneration of all cells, which can lead eventually to development of diabetes mellitus. Islet cell antibodies (ICA), formed in response to the release of cellular antigens, can be used to detect the islet lesion and to monitor the progression of each monkey toward diabetes. Numerous M. nigra and one M. tonkeana in captivity have been tested, but it is unknown whether the islet lesion occurs in monkeys in their natural habitat of Sulawesi. Blood samples collected from M. maurus, M. tonkeana, and hybrid M. maurus/tonkeana were assayed for ICA. When all monkeys were considered together, 33% had ICA positive against beta cells and 14% had ICA positive against alpha and/or D cells. Appearance of ICA in blood of males was virtually the same as in females. These results are similar to those found in M. nigra examined in captivity. Since all Sulawesian species share a common genetic heritage, these results would support the appearance of this lesion in their natural habitat. Cause(s) for formation of the lesion and eventual development of diabetes are unknown. There may be genetic factors or genetic predisposition to environmental factors. If environmental factors are responsible, then they must be present not only in the wild, but either carried with the monkeys or universally available, since M. nigra born in captivity also develop the lesion and diabetes after physical maturity at ca. 7+ years.

Mammals of gag island

Abstract: Gag island, with 13 species of mammal recorded from a brief survey of only 10 days, has a relatively rich mammal fauna for its area (56 km2). This mammal assemblage was more influenced by faunal elements from nearby Irian Jaya and North Maluku than from elsewhere. More intensive surveys on Gag island will undoubtedly reveal further species of small microchiropteran bats. Habitats on the ultrabasic substrates were richer, more diverse and overall had a higher relative abundance of bats than those on the volcanics. The period of the survey and immediately preceding it was one of intense breeding activity for most, or all, of the bat species and for Rattus sp. The taxonomic status of two still to be identified mammals, a murid rodent Rattus sp. and the Tube - nosed Bat (Nyctimene sp.) on Gag island require further clarification.

NOTES ON FOOD, GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF HOMALOPTERA AMPHISQUAMA TA (WEBER and DE BEAUFORT), (BALlTORIDAE) FROM ALAS RIVER, ACEH, SUMATRA ISLAND

Abstract: Approximately 253 specimens of freshwater fish Homaloptera amphisguamata (Weber and de Beaufort) were collected during dry and rainy seasons from the upper reached of Alas river, Sumatra island in 1981-1983. Their food, growth and reproduction were studied. Phytoplanktonic algae, especially Bacillariophyceae and small aquatic insects are their food preference. The growth pattern was different between sex, that is allometric for the male and isometric for the female. Relatively, there is no difference of condition factor between sex (0.850 for the male and 0.848 for the female). However, tne'vaiues were different between seasons. The mixed value in average was around 0.934 in rainy season and around 0.775 in dry season. Total fecundity highly varied from 63 up to 470 or 93 in average. The bigger size of the fish tended to show higher fecundity value. The percentage number of matured gonads during the rainy season was 8.89-22.55 % and in dry season was 8.21-18.33%. The diameter of matured eggs was around 2.01 mm in average.

Laser speckle interferometry for welding inspection

Abstract: Degradation processes of welded materials from the beginning of tensile until fracture were investigated by laser speckle interferometry (LSI) In the LSI system, speckle patterns are acquired continuously by a CCD camera while the tested object is deformed A series of speckle correlation fringe patterns are obtained by subtracting couples of two interfering speckle patterns while the reference speckle patterns are renewed successively The localized strain can be identified occasionally as the remarkably white band (WB) or irregular patterns in the correlation fringe patterns The behavior of deformation on the specimen surface was visualized on a video monitor as moving correlation fringe patterns In the experiment of welded specimens, the WB or irregular fringe patterns due to the localized deformation was observed for the first time at the welding part of the specimen in the elastic stage of deformation The position of the WB was stationary although the loading progresses Finally the specimen fractured at the position of the WB or the location of the welding The LSI system is expected to be applicable to identify defect in the solid materials© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

Srivastavanema cynocephali n. sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Heligmosomoidea), a parasite of a dermopteran from Indonesia.

Abstract: Srivastavanema cynocephali n. sp., a parasite of Cynocephalus variegatus (Dermoptera) from Indonesia, is described. This species is closely related to S. yapi Durette-Desset & Lim Boo Liat, 1975, in the characters of the synlophe at the mid-body and in the shape of the caudal bursa, but it is distinguished by the pattern of the synlophe in the posterior part of the body, very long, thin rays 2 and 3, a less developed genital cone, the absence of a membrane between left and right rays 6, and longer spicules. Its morphology is slightly less specialised than the four previously known species of the genus, which are all parasites of petauristines. The genus Srivastavanema (Singh, 1962) has a systematic position between the Heligmonellinae and the Brevistriatinae. Therefore, it may be a parasite of the Dermoptera which could have secondarily evolved within the Petauristinae. The Dermoptera may have played an important role in the evolution of the Heligmonellinae.

Optical nondestructive evaluation technique capable of predicting failure

Abstract: An optical interferometric nondestructive evaluation technique is introduced. Based on electronic speckle-pattern interferometry and a recent theory of plastic deformation, this technique is capable of visualizing stress concentration and predicting the location and timing of the failure of the object. The operation of the technique is demonstrated for tensile analyses of aluminum alloy samples.

Genetic Transformation of Swainsona galegifolia (Darling Pea)

Abstract: Swainsona galegifolia (Andr.) R. Br. (syn. S. coronillifolia Salisb.), called Darling pea or Smooth Darling pea, grows in Queensland and New South Wales (Anonymous 1981; Everist 1981). It is a shrubby perennial species which has small pinnate leaves about 10cm long and in November has white, or pink to purple flowers. S. galegifolia is placed in the tribe Galegeae, of the family Fabaceae (Pohill and Raven 1981).