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Showing papers by "Indonesian Institute of Sciences published in 2009"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a precisely dated reconstruction of monsoon rainfall over the past 12,000 years, based on oxygen isotope measurements from two stalagmites collected in southeast Indonesia.
Abstract: The Australian–Indonesian summer monsoon affects rainfall variability across the Indo–Pacific region. Reconstructions of monsoon strength from stalagmites show that precipitation increased from 11,000 to 7,000 years ago, as rising global sea level caused the flooding of the Indonesian continental shelf. The Australian–Indonesian summer monsoon affects rainfall variability and hence terrestrial productivity in the densely populated tropical Indo–Pacific region. It has been proposed that the main control of summer monsoon precipitation on millennial timescales is local insolation1,2,3, but unravelling the mechanisms that have influenced monsoon variability and teleconnections has proven difficult, owing to the lack of high-resolution records of past monsoon behaviour. Here we present a precisely dated reconstruction of monsoon rainfall over the past 12,000 years, based on oxygen isotope measurements from two stalagmites collected in southeast Indonesia. We show that the summer monsoon precipitation increased during the Younger Dryas cooling event, when Atlantic meridional overturning circulation was relatively weak4. Monsoon precipitation intensified even more rapidly from 11,000 to 7,000 years ago, when the Indonesian continental shelf was flooded by global sea-level rise5,6,7. We suggest that the intensification during the Younger Dryas cooling was caused by enhanced winter monsoon outflow from Asia and a related southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone8. However, the early Holocene intensification of monsoon precipitation was driven by sea-level rise, which increased the supply of moisture to the Indonesian archipelago.

321 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a total of 48 modern and fossil coral records from the Mentawai Islands (Sumatra, Indonesia) and Muschu/Koil Islands (Papua New Guinea) to reconstruct oscillations in the extent of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) since the mid-Holocene.

145 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that different taxa can have largely independent patterns of alpha diversity and that patterns of beta diversity can be more congruent, and conservation plans on a landscape scale need to put more emphasis on the high heterogeneity of agroforests and the overarching role ofbeta diversity shaping overall diversity patterns.
Abstract: Assessing the overall biological diversity of tropical rain forests is a seemingly insurmountable task for ecologists. Therefore, researchers frequently sample selected taxa that they believe reflect general biodiversity patterns. Usually, these studies focus on the congruence of a diversity (the number of species found per sampling unit) between taxa rather than on b diversity (turnover of species assemblages between sampling units). Such approaches ignore the potential role of habitat heterogeneity that, depending on the taxonomic group considered, can greatly enhance b diversity at local and landscape scales. We compared a and b diversity of four plant groups (trees, lianas, terrestrial herbs, epiphytic liverworts) and eight animal groups (birds, butterflies, lower canopy ants, lower canopy beetles, dung beetles, bees, wasps, and the parasitoids of the latter two) at 15 sites in Sulawesi, Indonesia, that represented natural rain forest and three types of cacao agroforests differing in management intensity. In total, we recorded 863 species. Patterns of species richness per study site varied strongly between taxonomic groups. Only 13-17% of the variance in species richness of one taxonomic group could be predicted from the species richness of another, and on average 12-18% of the variance of b diversity of a given group was predicted by that in other groups, although some taxon pairs had higher values (up to 76% for wasps and their parasitoids). The degree of congruence of patterns of a diversity was not influenced by sampling completeness, whereas the indicator value for b diversity improved when using a similarity index that accounts for incomplete sampling. The indication potential of a diversity for b diversity and vice versa was limited within taxa (7-20%) and virtually nil between them (0-4%). We conclude that different taxa can have largely independent patterns of a diversity and that patterns of b diversity can be more congruent. Thus, conservation plans on a landscape scale need to put more emphasis on the high heterogeneity of agroforests and the overarching role of b diversity shaping overall diversity patterns.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phylogenetic tree suggests that the last common ancestor of the Asian Macrobrachium laid numerous small eggs and had prolonged larval development in saline coastal waters after which the adults matured in freshwater habitats and invaded the highly acidic waters of freshwater and peat swamps two or three times.

108 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate strongly that many of the shark and ray species in Indonesia are overfished and that the most effective management strategy may need to involve capacity control, such as licencing, gear restrictions and catch limits, together with controls on the fin trade.
Abstract: The biology of elasmobranchs makes them very vulnerable to fishing pressure and there is increasing international concern over their exploitation. In northern Australia the stocks of some species may be shared with those in southern Indonesia. Indonesia has the highest landings of elasmobranchs worldwide (>100,000 t p.a.) and millions of Indonesian artisanal fishers rely heavily on elasmobranchs taken in target fisheries. They are also taken by industrial trawlers and as bycatch in pelagic tuna fisheries. This paper, resulting from a collaborative project between Australia and Indonesia, summarises the elasmobranch fisheries; the characteristics of the fisheries are outlined, the status of the stocks are assessed, and management options described and discussed. The project focussed on representative markets and fish landing sites in southern Indonesia from 2001 to 2005. Data were from market surveys, the records of the Indonesian Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, and from research cruises. Data from the ongoing tuna monitoring programme showed that shark bycatch from the tuna fleets forms about 11% of shark landings in Indonesia. Yield per recruit and related analyses were used to integrate biological information to indicate the productivity of each species to allow for management policy options and constraints. Research cruise data show that catch rates of elasmobranchs in the Java Sea declined by at least one order of magnitude between 1976 and 1997. The results indicate strongly that many of the shark and ray species in Indonesia are overfished and that the most effective management strategy may need to involve capacity control, such as licencing, gear restrictions and catch limits, together with controls on the fin trade.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fossil evidence is presented that extends the early adaptive radiation of the total clade of musteloids to the Eocene-Oligocene transition and also suggests Asia as a center of this radiation.

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Bioassay-guided fractionation of a chloroform-soluble extract of Garcinia mangostana stem bark, using the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line and an enzyme-based ELISA NF-kappaB assay, led to the isolation of a new xanthone, 11-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-1-isomangostin (1).
Abstract: Bioassay-guided fractionation of a chloroform-soluble extract of Garcinia mangostana stem bark, using the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line and an enzyme-based ELISA NF-kappaB assay, led to the isolation of a new xanthone, 11-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-1-isomangostin (1) The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis In addition, 10 other known compounds, 11-hydroxy-1-isomangostin (2), 11alpha-mangostanin (3), 3-isomangostin (4), alpha-mangostin (5), beta-mangostin (6), garcinone D (7), 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone (8), 8-deoxygartanin (9), gartanin (10), and cratoxyxanthone (11), were isolated Compounds 4-8 exhibited cytotoxicity against the HT-29 cell line with ED50 values of 49, 17, 17, 23, and 91 microM, respectively In an ELISA NF-kappaB assay, compounds 5-7, 9, and 10 inhibited p65 activation with IC50 values of 159, 121, 32, 113, and 190 microM, respectively, and 6 showed p50 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 75 microM Alpha-mangostin (5) was further tested in an in vivo hollow fiber assay, using HT-29, LNCaP, and MCF-7 cells, but it was found to be inactive at the highest dose tested (20 mg/kg)

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified changes in bird assemblages at the rainforest margin of Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, over an interval of 6 years.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work examines evolutionary relationships in magpie‐robins, and also the taxonomic significance of their plumage variation, via a molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analysis of C. saularis and C. albospecularis.
Abstract: Aim The oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) of South and Southeast Asia is a phenotypically variable species that appears to be closely related to two endemic species of the western Indian Ocean: the Madagascar magpie-robin (Copsychus albospecularis) and the Seychelles magpie-robin (Copsychus sechellarum). This unusual distribution led us to examine evolutionary relationships in magpie-robins, and also the taxonomic significance of their plumage variation, via a molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analysis of C. saularis and C. albospecularis. Location Southern Asia from Nepal across Indochina to southern China, and the Indian Ocean from Madagascar to the Greater Sunda and Philippine islands. Methods We sequenced 1695 nucleotides of mitochondrial DNA comprising the complete second subunit of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (ND2) gene and 654 bases of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region in 51 individuals of eight C. saularis subspecies, 10 individuals of C. albospecularis (one subspecies) and single individuals of two other Copsychus species as outgroups. The data were analysed phylogenetically, with maximum likelihood, Bayesian, relaxed clock and parsimony methods, and geographically for patterns of genetic diversity. Results Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. albospecularis lies within the nominal C. saularis, making C. saularis polyphyletic. Malagasy and non-Philippine Asian populations form a monophyletic group that is sister to a clade of Philippine populations. Within non-Philippine Asian populations, two groups are evident: black-bellied birds in the eastern Greater Sunda islands and white-bellied birds in the western Sundas and on mainland Asia. Main conclusions The phylogeny of magpie-robins suggests a novel pattern of dispersal and differentiation in the Old World. Ancestral magpie-robins appear to have spread widely among islands of the Indian Ocean in the Pliocene, probably aided by their affinity for coastal habitats. Populations subsequently became isolated in island groups, notably the Philippines, Madagascar and the Greater Sundas, leading to speciation in all three areas. Isolation in the Philippines may have been aided by competitive exclusion of C. saularis from Palawan by a congener, the white-vented shama (Copsychus niger). In the Greater Sundas, white-bellied populations appear to have invaded Borneo and Java recently, where they hybridize with resident black-bellied birds.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Oceanobacter-related bacteria could be major degraders of petroleum n-alkanes spilt in the tropical sea after an accidental oil spill and continue to dominate in the environment after biostimulation.
Abstract: Petroleum-hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were obtained after enrichment on crude oil (as a 'chocolate mousse') in a continuous supply of Indonesian seawater amended with nitrogen, phosphorus and iron nutrients. They were related to Alcanivorax and Marinobacter strains, which are ubiquitous petroleum-hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in marine environments, and to Oceanobacter kriegii (96.4-96.5 % similarities in almost full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences). The Oceanobacter-related bacteria showed high n-alkane-degrading activity, comparable to that of Alcanivorax borkumensis strain SK2. On the other hand, Alcanivorax strains exhibited high activity for branched-alkane degradation and thus could be key bacteria for branched-alkane biodegradation in tropical seas. Oceanobacter-related bacteria became most dominant in microcosms that simulated a crude oil spill event with Indonesian seawater. The dominance was observed in microcosms that were unamended or amended with fertilizer, suggesting that the Oceanobacter-related strains could become dominant in the natural tropical marine environment after an accidental oil spill, and would continue to dominate in the environment after biostimulation. These results suggest that Oceanobacter-related bacteria could be major degraders of petroleum n-alkanes spilt in the tropical sea.

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Previously published data on symbionts on these gelatinous predators are reviewed and new information is introduced in the form of unpub- lished data about symbiotic apostome ciliates, anthozoan larvae and hyperiid amphipods.
Abstract: Since marine medusae and ctenophores harbor a wide variety of symbionts, from protists to fish, they con- stitute a unique community in pelagic ecosystems. Their symbiotic relationships broadly range from simple, facultative phoresy through parasitisim to complex mutualism, although it is sometimes difficult to define these associations strictly. Phoresy and/or commensalism are found in symbionts such as pycnogonids, decapod larvae and fish juveniles. Parasitism and/or parasitoidism are common in the following symbionts: dinoflagellates, ciliates, anthozoan larvae, pe- dunculate barnacles, anuropid isopods, and hyperiid amphipods. Mutualism is established between ctenophores and gymnamoebae, and between rhizostome medusae and endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. More information on symbiotic apostome ciliates, anthozoan larvae and hyperiid amphipods is definitely needed for further studies in consideration of their high prevalence and serious damage they can inflict on their hosts. The present paper briefly reviews previously published data on symbionts on these gelatinous predators and introduces new information in the form of our unpub- lished data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the benthic macrofauna of the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, Indonesia and its fringing mangroves were investigated between May 2004 and August 2006.
Abstract: The benthic macrofauna of the Segara Anakan lagoon, Java, Indonesia and its fringing mangroves were investigated between May 2004 and August 2006. This lagoon has been affected by various human activities for decades, in particular fishing, effluents from agriculture and industry, and illegal deforestation. In total, 163 taxa were identified, including 127 species occurring in the mangrove forest and 59 species in the subtidal. Mean density of macrobenthos was 2.5-fold higher in the central (881.8 ± 1,151.3 ind. m−2) than in the eastern mangrove site (356.3 ± 218.8 ind. m−2). Community structures differed significantly between these sites and showed a serial shift during the investigation period. Gastropods dominated the community in the central mangrove location, whereas sipunculids, polychaetes and gastropods had similar densities in the eastern site. Differences in community composition were best explained by three sediment properties: pore water salinity, δ13Corg, and Corg/N. It is suggested that small-scale heterogeneity of food availability and quality is a main factor determining the small-scale variability of the community composition. Compared to other Indo-West Pacific mangroves, species richness and densities are high. However, the dominance of specific taxa, especially of opportunistic species and the comparably low species richness in the subtidal of the lagoon may be attributed to the high sediment input by rivers in the central part and to the large-scale cutting of mangroves. Continuous tree logging will probably lead to a further spread of two fast growing understorey plants and thus to an increase of uniform swamp sites and a decrease of micro-habitats for benthic macrofauna. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study on the spatio-temporal variation of benthic macrofauna in mangroves of Indonesia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate strong evidence for human activities have influenced the degradation of the Jakarta subsurface environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used GPS surveys to study the inter-seismic deformation of three active faults in West Java region (i.e. Cimandiri, Lembang and Baribis faults).
Abstract: Along the Java trench the Australian–Oceanic plate is moving and pushing onto and subducting beneath the Java continental crust at a relative motion of about 70 mm/yr in NNE direction. This subduction-zone process imposed tectonic stresses on the fore-arc region offshore and on the land of Java, thus causing the formation of earthquake fault zones to accommodate the plate movement. Historically, several large earthquakes happened in Java, including West Java. This research use GPS surveys method to study the inter-seismic deformation of three active faults in West Java region (i.e. Cimandiri, Lembang and Baribis faults), and the co-seismic and post-seismic deformation related to the May 2006 Yogyakarta and the July 2006 South Java earthquakes. Based on GPS surveys results it was found that the area around Cimandiri, Lembang and Baribis fault zones have the horizontal displacements of about 1 to 2 cm/yr or less. Further research is however still needed to extract the real inter-seismic deformation of the faults from those GPS-derived displacements. GPS surveys have also estimated that the May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake was caused by the sinistral movement of the (Opak) fault with horizontal co-seismic deformation that generally was less than 10 cm. The post-seismic horizontal deformation of the July 2006 South Java tsunami earthquake has also been estimated using GPS surveys data. In the first year after the earthquake (2006 to 2007), the post-seismic deformation is generally less than 5 cm; and it becomes generally less than 3 cm in the second year (2007 to 2008).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments, such as rivers and paddy fields over two gold mine areas in West Jawa was conducted and possible solution of using indigenous plants for phytoremediation was studied.
Abstract: Water contamination with heavy metals, mainly mercury and cyanide (CN) due to small scale of public mines and large scale of industrial mines have been in concern to residents around the area. Surveys of heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments, such as rivers and paddy fields over two gold mine areas in West Jawa were conducted and possible solution of using indigenous plants for phytoremediation was studied. The results showed that most of the rivers and other aquatic environments were affected by gold mine activities. Rivers, ponds, and paddy fields around illegal public mines were mostly contaminated by mercury in considerably high levels, such as paddy fields in two locations (Nunggul and Leuwijamang, Pongkor) were contaminated up to 22.68 and 7.73 ppm of Hg, respectively. Whereas rivers located around large scale industrial mines were contaminated by CN. Possible solution of cleaning up by using green technology of phytoremediation was examined. Some plant species grew in the contaminated sites showed high tolerance and potentially effective in accumulating cyanide or mercury in their roots and above ground portions. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.M., Digitaria radicosa (Presl) Miq, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kyllingia accumulated 89.13, 50.93, 1.78, and 0.77 ppm of Hg, respectively. Whereas, Paspalum conjugatum, Cyperus kyllingia accumulated 16.52 and 33. 16 ppm of CN respectively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that Powdering method of earthworm by using formic acid addition had higher amino acid balance than earthworm.
Abstract: Earthworm meal (Lumbricus rubellus) has become one of natural material that could be used asfeed additive. Powdering method of earthworm was done by using formic acid addition. The study wascarried out (1) to evaluate the essential amino acid profile of earthworm and earthworm meal, (2) tocalculate the value of essential amino acid index (EAAI) of both materials. A modified EAAI equationwas developed from the essential amino acid profile of earthworm and earthworm meal. The resultshowed that essential amino acid of earthworm was dominated by histidine (0.63% of dry matter basis),meanwhile the earthworm meal was dominated by isoleucine (1.98% of dry matter basis). The nonessential amino acid of earthworm and earthworm meal was dominated by glutamic acid (1.52% and3.60% of dry matter basis respectively). The value of essential amino acid index obtained fromearthworm meal was higher (58.67%) than those from earthworm (21.23%). It is concluded thatpowdering method of earthworm by using formic acid addition had higher amino acid balance thanearthworm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper explores the complementary use of data-driven models, e.g. artificial neural networks (ANN) to improve the flow simulation accuracy of a semi-distributed process-based model and concludes that the presented two schemes can improve the performance of process- based models in the context of flow forecasting.
Abstract: One of the challenges in river flow simulation modelling is increasing the accuracy of forecasts. This paper explores the complementary use of data-driven models, e.g. artificial neural networks (ANN) to improve the flow simulation accuracy of a semi-distributed process-based model. The IHMS-HBV model of the Meuse river basin is used in this research. Two schemes are tested. The first one explores the replacement of sub-basin models by data-driven models. The second scheme is based on the replacement of the Muskingum-Cunge routing model, which integrates the multiple sub-basin models, by an ANN. The results show that: (1) after a step-wise spatial replacement of sub-basin conceptual models by ANNs it is possible to increase the accuracy of the overall basin model; (2) there are time periods when low and high flow conditions are better represented by ANNs; and (3) the improvement in terms of RMSE obtained by using ANN for routing is greater than that when using sub-basin replacements. It can be concluded that the presented two schemes can improve the performance of process-based models in the context of flow forecasting.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using COI sequences from complete mitochondrial genomes, a primer pair is designed that more reliably amplifies and sequences the COI barcoding region of Southeast Asian passerine birds.
Abstract: The All Birds Barcoding Initiative aims to assemble a DNA barcode database for all bird species, but the 648-bp ‘barcoding’ region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) can be difficult to amplify in Southeast Asian perching birds (Aves: Passeriformes). Using COI sequences from complete mitochondrial genomes, we designed a primer pair that more reliably amplifies and sequences the COI barcoding region of Southeast Asian passerine birds. The 655-bp region amplified with these primers overlaps the COI region amplified with other barcoding primer pairs, enabling direct comparison of sequences with previously published DNA barcodes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a high-resolution deep seismic reflection image of the northern Sumatran subduction forearc, near the 2004 December 26 Sumatra earthquake epicentral region.
Abstract: Forearc tectonics at accretionary convergent margins has variously been studied using analogue and numerical modelling techniques. Numerous geophysical investigations have targeted the subsurface structure of active forearc settings at convergent margins. However, several critical details of the structure, mode of tectonic evolution and the role forearcs play in the subduction seismic cycle remain to be further understood, especially for large accretionary margins. In this study, we present a high-resolution deep seismic reflection image of the northern Sumatran subduction forearc, near the 2004 December 26 Sumatra earthquake epicentral region. The profile clearly demarcates the backthrust branches at the seaward edge of the Aceh forearc basin, along which the inner forearc continues to evolve. Sharp bathymetric features at the seafloor suggest that the imaged backthrusts are active. Coincident wide-angle seismic tomographic image of the Sumatra forearc allows us to image the geometry of the seaward dipping backstop buttress, with which the imaged backthrust branches are associated. The presence of forearc backthrusting confirms model predictions for the development of backthrusting over seaward dipping backstops. The West Andaman fault at the seaward edge of Aceh basin appears to be a shallow tributary of the backthrust and sheds light on the complex deformation of the forearc. Uplifting along the backthrust branches may explain the presence of forearc islands observed all along Sumatran margin and help further constrain the tectonic models for their evolution. Moreover, if these backthrusts slip coseismically, they would contribute to tsunamigenesis and seismic risk in the region.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The genetic variation of starch of Indonesian cassava genotypes with various morphological characteristics of roots and eco-geographical origin was characterized and compared and no large differences among the different genotypes could be detected except for the genotype Ketan.
Abstract: The genetic variation of starch of Indonesian cassava genotypes with various morphological characteristics of roots and eco-geographical origin was characterized and compared. The morphological characteristics of the roots of 71 collected cassava genotypes were classified into yellow and white for flesh colors, purple, pink, light brown, yellow, cream and white for cortex colors, dark brown and light brown for external colors, as well as conical and cylindrical for root shapes. Starch samples extracted from 17 genotypes showed that the amylose content varied from 17.1 to 21.3%. The mean particle size was around 7.3 to 9.7 mu m, and the gelatinization onset temperature was in the range of 63.5-66.1 degrees C. Seven genotypes were analyzed in more detail for their physicochemical properties. The granule size distribution was in the range of 3.2 mu m to 17.6 mu m for d10 and d90 (i.e. 90% of the granules were bigger than 3.2 pm and 90% were smaller than 17.6 mu m), respectively, and the median granule size was around 7.7-10.8 mu m. The gelatinization temperatures of the different cassava starches were in the range of 63.5-66.1 degrees C. The phosphate content varied from 23.5-25.3 nmol/mg starch. Particle size distribution and gelatinization temperature as well as the phosphate content of the starch of the selected seven genotypes also showed minor differences among the genotypes. The swelling power of all starches showed some differences between genotypes, but the profiles were similar. The opacity of starch of all the tested genotypes increased twofold within six days, but no large differences among the different genotypes could be detected except for the genotype Ketan. Strength of the gels, which are indicated with force, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and elasticity, also did not show large differences.

DOI
20 Feb 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of nutrients and their effect to distribution of phytoplankton in the eastern area of Belitung water was studied. But the results showed that the concentration of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate were tended to decrease followed to the distance of station from the shore line.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to know the distribution of nutrients and their effect to the distribution of phytoplankton in the eastern area of Belitung water. Sampling was done on October 2006. Water samples were collected from the surface and at depth 10 m among 10 stations. For chemical and physical properties, samples were collected from both of surface and at depth 10 m while for phytoplankton content, samples were collected from surface water. Samples were analyzed for phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, silicate, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and concentration of plankton. The result showed that the concentration of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate were tended to decrease followed to the distance of station from the shore line. Dissolved oxygen and phytoplankton were tended to decrease as the depth. There was positive correlation between salinity and concentration of plankton. It led to conclusion that the water was still suitable for living biota.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reconstruct the SST from coral Sr/Ca ratios measured at three coral cores taken from the lagoon of Tahiti (French Polynesia) and evaluate several records as proxies for regional SST variations.
Abstract: We reconstruct SST from coral Sr/Ca ratios measured at three coral cores taken from the lagoon of Tahiti (French Polynesia). Two coral cores were drilled from the same coral colony (one horizontally and one vertically), and a third core was drilled vertically from another coral growing at a different site. We evaluate several Sr/Ca records as proxies for regional SST variations: (1) the three single-core records from Tahiti, (2) an average Sr/Ca record computed from the two cores drilled from the same coral colony, (3) an average Sr/Ca record computed from all three Tahiti cores, and (4) an average Sr/Ca record computed from the three Tahiti cores and a fourth core taken from a different island (Rarotonga). On a monthly scale, the average Sr/Ca record including the four coral cores from Tahiti and Rarotonga shows the best correlation with regional SST. The variance of the SST reconstruction is very realistic and the residual SST is low. This suggests that reconstructing SST from average proxy records gives a better representation of regional SST variations. Of the three Tahiti cores, the one that was drilled horizontally shows the best correlation with grid-SST on an annual mean scale. All three Tahiti corals show much larger interannual SST variations than that indicated by grid-SST.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated effects of interactions, perceptions of protected areas (PAs) and sociodemographic variables on conservation attitudes, and the correlates of illegal resource extraction among 660 households from 33 villages bordering eight PAs on Sulawesi (Indonesia).
Abstract: The exploitation of tropical forest resources is a key driver of the current biodiversity crisis, and it is pivotal to understand human attitudes toward conservation and resource harvesting. This paper investigates effects of interactions, perceptions of protected areas (PAs) and sociodemographic variables on conservation attitudes, and the correlates of illegal resource extraction among 660 households from 33 villages bordering eight PAs on Sulawesi (Indonesia). Mixed-effect multiple regression analyses showed that the most important predictors of the support for PAs included the degree of involvement in management, presence/absence of PA-human conflict, perceived sustainability of forest resources and length of residency in Sulawesi. Notably, active participation in community management by transmigrants and the reconciliation of land-rights conflicts for natives may promote favourable conservation attitudes. Ordination and correlation analyses also revealed that the extent of illegal resource harvesting activities, such as hunting and logging, were significantly influenced by a negative conservation attitude and past conflict with PA establishment. Garnering support for PAs through conservation education and resolving land-rights disputes could potentially alleviate illegal resource extraction. The disparity in resource extraction patterns among the villages across all PAs confirms the importance of adopting site-specific conservation strategies that may make PAs across the biologically unique yet critically threatened Indonesian Archipelago more effective.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that this edible oil exhibited antibacterial activity to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella; however it showed slightly inhibitory effect when it was exposed to Bacillus Cereus and EscherICHia coli.
Abstract: Coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) has a unique role in the diet as an important physiologically functional food. The health andnutritional benefits that can be derived from consuming coconut oil have been recognized in many parts of the world for centuries. There are few techniques for coconut oil extraction, such as physical, chemical, and fermentation or enzymaticprocesses using microbial inoculum as enzymatic starter. Starter with different concentration (1.0; 2.5; 5.0; and 10%) of microbial strains were added into coconut cream and allowed to be fermented for over night. The extracted oil was analyzed for further experiment, especially on its antibacterial activity. The maximum yield of 27.2% was achieved by adding 5.0% starter. Water content, acid value, FFA, and peroxide value of the fermented coconut oil were 0.3%, 0.45%, 0.22% and 2.54% respectively. A gas chromatogram showed that this fermented oil contained high lauric acid (46.82%), and 6.01% caprylic, 7.5% capric, 17.02% miristic, 7.21% palmitic, 3.11% palmitoleic, 5.41% stearic, and 1.3% linoleic acid, respectively. An inhibitory effect of such kind coconut oil which contains potential fatty acid against bacterial growth was further examined. It was found that this edible oil exhibited antibacterial activity to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella; however it showed slightly inhibitory effect when it was exposed to Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli.Key words: coconut oil, inoculum, fermentation, lauric acid, antibacterial

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, electrical conductivity measurements were carried out in a small catchment, the upper part of Cikapundung River basin, which is located just north of Bandung City.
Abstract: Field evidence has shown that Lembang Fault (West Java, Indonesia) can act as a groundwater flow barrier. There are outcrops along the footwall comprising consolidated brecciated rock with very low permeability, springs and hot springs occurring along down-thrown hanging-wall rock adjacent to the fault, and a high permeability layer of old and young Tangkuban Parahu eruptive materials (hanging wall) juxtaposed against the low permeability of the older volcanic layer of Bukit Tunggul unit (footwall). Two different environmental tracers were utilized in the study: electrical conductivity measurement and stable isotope analysis. Hydraulic head was measured at some wells along the fault and water electrical conductivity measurements were carried out in a small catchment, the upper part of Cikapundung River basin, which is located just north of Bandung City. Water samples for stable isotope composition analysis were taken from 19 observation wells distributed randomly inside the basin. All analysis data lead to the recognition that Lembang Fault blocks the groundwater flow. No indication was found for water being recharged at higher elevation in the northern part of Bandung Basin, which means the recharged water in Mount Tangkuban Parahu area does not reach Bandung Plain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, all seagrass species had relatively simple branching, comparable to angiosperms of the low temperate salt marsh, speculate that relatively simple root architecture of plants in flooded systems reflects the need for a minimal path length for oxygen transport from shoots to roots.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Research on leptocephali in Tomini Bay and data on the downstream migration of tropical anguillids in the major tributary toTomini Bay indicate that A. celebesensis may have a distinct seasonal pattern of spawning possibly related to the regional monsoon cycles.
Abstract: Remarkably little is known about the life histories of the many tropical anguillid eels distributed across the Indo-Pacific region, and since the Danish expedition to study eels in the region in 1928 and 1929, research on these eels has only begun again in recent years. Sampling for anguillid leptocephali in the Indonesian Seas has been carried out recently to learn about the spawning ecology and larval distributions of tropical eels there. The leptocephali of Anguilla marmorata, Anguilla bicolor pacifica, Anguilla borneensis, Anguilla interioris, and Anguilla celebesensis were collected around Sulawesi Island both in May 2001 and October of 2002. The development of genetic identification techniques has enabled these leptocephali to be identified to species, and their distributions and sizes during different seasons indicated that there are differing life history patterns among sympatric species in the region. A. celebesensis was found to have been spawning in Tomini Bay of northeastern Sulawesi Island in March and April 2001, but apparently, no spawning had occurred in the late summer and fall of 2002. Studies on anguillid glass eels have suggested that tropical anguillids may spawn throughout much of year, but our research on leptocephali in Tomini Bay and data on the downstream migration of tropical anguillids in the major tributary to Tomini Bay indicate that A. celebesensis may have a distinct seasonal pattern of spawning possibly related to the regional monsoon cycles. This is the first evidence of seasonality of spawning in tropical anguillid eels whose life histories are only just beginning to be revealed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain C02(T) is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Tropicibacter naphthalenivorans gen. nov., sp.
Abstract: An aerobic, Gram-negative, motile bacterium, strain C02T, was isolated from seawater obtained from Semarang Port in Indonesia. Cells of strain C02T were peritrichously flagellated and rod-shaped. Strain C02T was able to degrade naphthalene, alkylnaphthalenes and phenanthrene. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that this strain was affiliated with the family Rhodobacteraceae in the class Alphaproteobacteria and was related most closely to Marinovum algicola FF3T (95.7 % similarity) and Thalassobius aestuarii JC2049T (95.2 %). The DNA G+C content of strain C02T was 64.6 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c (50.9 % of the total), C16 : 0 (17.9 %), 11 methyl C18 : 1 ω7c (14.7 %), C18 : 1 ω9c (2.9 %) and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (2.4 %), and the predominant respiratory lipoquinone was ubiquinone-10. Based on physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain C02T is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Tropicibacter naphthalenivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Tropicibacter naphthalenivorans is C02T (=JCM 14838T=DSM 19561T).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relative percentage of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) of the total fatty acid was higher than that of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty Acid (PUFA) at all of growth phase and the highest PUFA was found at stationary phase at the same time when SAFA was being the lowest.
Abstract: -1 mass of lipid per cell at the exponential phase to 283pg cell -1 at stationary phase. The lipid concentrations also increased significantly from the stationary phase to the death phase, but not significantly from the end exponential phase to the stationary phase. The relative percentage of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) of the total fatty acid was higher than that of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) at all of growth phase. The highest PUFA was found at stationary phase at the same time when SAFA was being the lowest. The majority of SAFA was palmitic acid (24.03-40.35%). MUFA contained significant proportion of oleic acid (19.6-20.9%). Oleic acid, linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid were found at every stage growth. These fatty acids are considered as precursor for production of long chain PUFA-Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA/22:6u3) through series of desaturation and elongation step with all of desaturase enzyme (A8-D, A9-D, A12-D, A15-D, A17-D, A6-D, A5-D, and A4-D) and elongase enzyme (E).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: New species (L. indonesiacum and L. saksenae) and a new combination are proposed from the fungi isolated from epiphytic and subterranean arthropods collected in East Kalimantan.