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Showing papers by "Indonesian Institute of Sciences published in 2010"


Journal ArticleDOI
08 Apr 2010-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Across the globe, mangrove species found primarily in the high intertidal and upstream estuarine zones are the most threatened because they are often the first cleared for development of aquaculture and agriculture.
Abstract: Mangrove species are uniquely adapted to tropical and subtropical coasts, and although relatively low in number of species, mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem services and support coastal livelihoods worldwide. Globally, mangrove areas are declining rapidly as they are cleared for coastal development and aquaculture and logged for timber and fuel production. Little is known about the effects of mangrove area loss on individual mangrove species and local or regional populations. To address this gap, species-specific information on global distribution, population status, life history traits, and major threats were compiled for each of the 70 known species of mangroves. Each species' probability of extinction was assessed under the Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Eleven of the 70 mangrove species (16%) are at elevated threat of extinction. Particular areas of geographical concern include the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America, where as many as 40% of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction. Across the globe, mangrove species found primarily in the high intertidal and upstream estuarine zones, which often have specific freshwater requirements and patchy distributions, are the most threatened because they are often the first cleared for development of aquaculture and agriculture. The loss of mangrove species will have devastating economic and environmental consequences for coastal communities, especially in those areas with low mangrove diversity and high mangrove area or species loss. Several species at high risk of extinction may disappear well before the next decade if existing protective measures are not enforced.

1,108 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the taxonomy of lactobacilli is provided and four of the most significant case studies on the application of this group of LAB in food and feed biotechnology are described, including their use as probiotics, dairy starters, silage inoculants, and microbial cell factories.

260 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used data from five protected forests in four developing Southeast Asian countries, and provided evidence that local people living near parks value a wide range of environmental services, including cultural, provisioning, and regulating services, provided by the forests.
Abstract: Garnering support from local people is critical for maintaining ecologically viable and functional protected areas. However, empirical data illustrating local people’s awareness of the importance of nature’s services is limited; hence possibly impeding effective ecosystem (environmental)-services based conservation efforts. Using data from five protected forests in four developing Southeast Asian countries, we provide evidence that local people living near parks value a wide range of environmental services, including cultural, provisioning, and regulating services, provided by the forests. Local people with longer residency valued environmental services more. Educated as well as poor people valued forest ecosystem services more. Conservation education has some influence on people’s environmental awareness. For conservation endeavors to be successful, large-scale transmigration programs should be avoided and local people must be provided with alternative sustenance opportunities and basic education in addition to environmental outreach to reduce their reliance on protected forests and to enhance conservation support.

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Genetic and phylogenetic evidence is presented corroborated by morphology that Philippine populations of seven widespread, non-migratory passerine birds might represent unrecognized, distinct species, and an extrapolation suggests that the proportion of endemic bird species in the Philippines could be much higher than currently estimated.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a history of vertical interseismic and coseismic deformation along the coast of northern Simeulue Island, Sumatra, and reveal details about earthquakes in the 10th and 14th-15th centuries A.D. along the southern end of the December 2004 Mw 9.2 Sunda megathrust rupture.
Abstract: Coral records of relative sea level change provide a history of vertical interseismic and coseismic deformation along the coast of northern Simeulue Island, Sumatra, and reveal details about earthquakes in the 10th and 14th–15th centuries A.D. along the southern end of the December 2004 M_w 9.2 Sunda megathrust rupture. Over a 56 year period between A.D. 1390 and 1455, northern Simeulue experienced a cluster of megathrust ruptures, associated with total uplift that was considerably more than in 2004. Uplifted corals at two sites constrain the first event of the cluster to A.D. 1393 ± 3 and 1394 ± 2 (2σ). A smaller but well-substantiated uplift occurred in northern Simeulue in 1430 ± 3. An inferred third uplift, in A.D. 1450 ± 3, killed all corals on the reef flats of northern Simeulue. The amount of uplift during this third event, though confirmed only to have exceeded 28 and 41 cm at two sites, probably surpassed the 100 and 44 cm that occurred, respectively, at those sites in 2004, and it was likely more than in 2004 over all of northern Simeulue. The evidence for past earthquake clustering combined with the inference of considerably greater uplift in A.D. 1390–1455 than in 2004 suggests that strain may still be stored along the southernmost part of the 2004 rupture. Interseismic subsidence rates recorded by northern Simeulue coral microatolls have varied by up to a factor of 4 at some sites from one earthquake cycle to another.

127 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a stalagmite (LR06-B1) recovered from Liang Luar Cave on the island of Flores (eastern Indonesia) is used to reconstruct the position of the austral summer intertropical convergence zone and Australian-Indonesian summer monsoon variability during the Holocene.

117 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used ambient noise tomography to clearly image the magma chamber beneath Lake Toba caldera, one of the largest Quaternary calderas on Earth.
Abstract: [1] For the first time, ambient noise tomography is used to clearly image the magma chamber beneath Lake Toba caldera, one of the largest Quaternary calderas on Earth. Using data from 40 seismic stations deployed between May and October 2008 around Lake Toba, empirical Green's functions are extracted from long term cross-correlations of continuous records. These functions are dominated by Rayleigh waves, whose group velocities can be measured in the period range from 2.5 to 12 seconds. Arrival times of these waves are picked for a given period and inverted using 2-D tomography to calculate lateral variations in velocity for the given period. This was done for six different periods, which all correspond to different sampling depths. Thus the six 2-D models presented together provide information on velocity variations with depth. The results show a low-velocity body coincident with the Lake Toba caldera, representing the magma chamber under the volcano. The chamber is observed to have a complex 3-D geometry, with at least two separate sub-chambers underlying the caldera. Other results include a deep low velocity body, possibly another magma chamber, south west of the lake with an upper limit of ~7 km depth. The maximum depth to which this body reaches could not be resolved. The Sumatra Fault marks a velocity contrast, but only down to depths not greater than 5 km. The reliability of the results was further confirmed by checkerboard recovery tests.

99 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impacts of drainage and land use change on tropical peat properties were investigated, including water contents, loss on ignition (LOI), and total organic carbon (TOC).
Abstract: . Degradation of tropical peats is a global concern due to large Carbon emission and loss of biodiversity. The degradation of tropical peats usually starts when the government drains and clears peat forests into open peats used for food crops, oil palm and industrial timber plantations. Major properties of tropical peat forests are high in Water Contents (WC), Loss on Ignition (LOI) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and low in peat pH, Dry Bulk Density (DBD), and Total Nitrogen (TN). In this study, we investigated impacts of drainage and land use change on these properties. We collected peat samples from peat forests, logged over peat forest, industrial timber plantation, community agriculture, and oil palms. We used independent t-tests and oneway ANOVA to analyze mean differences of the research variables. We found that peat pH, DBD, and TN tend to increase. A significant decrease of C/N ratio in oil palm and agriculture sites importantly denotes a high rate of peat decompositions. Water contents, LOI, and TOC are relatively constants. We suggest that changes in pH, DBD, TN and atomic C/N ratio are important indicators for assessing tropical peat degradation. We infer that land use change from tropical peat forests into cleared and drained peats used for intensive timber harvesting, oil palms and industrial timber plantations in Indonesia has greatly degraded major ecological function of tropical peats as Carbon storage.

92 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work reports new mitochondrial DNA sequence data from tarsiers sampled from several populations, including the extreme northeast and southwest of the range of the Tarsius tarsier species complex, the most extensive sampling ever reported for this taxon, and produces the first ever molecular chronometric analysis of Tarsiidae.
Abstract: We report new mitochondrial DNA sequence data from tarsiers sampled from several populations, including the extreme northeast and southwest of the range of the Tarsius tarsier species complex, the most extensive sampling ever reported for this taxon. Our results provide the opportunity to produce the first ever molecular chronometric analysis of Tarsiidae. These results date the age of crown tarsiers, minimally, to the middle Miocene, and each of the 3 tarsier species groups, Tarsius bancanus, T. syrichta, and the T. tarsier complex, to the early or middle Miocene. Thus, each of these 3 species has evolved in isolation for a period of time that is consistent with that which would be expected for multiple speciation events. Our analysis of the Tarsius tarsier complex reveals 5 subclades, each of which is interpreted to represent a haplogroup at, or above, the species level, a result that is consistent with current hypotheses about numerous cryptic species within this species complex. The implications for conservation within the Sulawesi biogeographic region are that Sulawesi is subdivided into numerous subregions of endemism and that, by extrapolating the example of cryptic tarsier species to other taxa, biodiversity may be underestimated by an order of magnitude. The practical realties of conservation in Sulawesi are such that it is most reasonable to assume that anthropogenic extinctions are occurring, and that some species will go extinct before they have even been identified.

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that polar extract (water) exhibited higher anticancer activity than non-polar extracts (ethylacetate and n-buthanol).
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate anticancer activity of methanol extract (ethylacetate, n-buthanol and water partitions) and water extract from Sarang semut (local name), Myrmecodya pendens which is one of Rubiaceae family. Within Papua area (Indonesia), this medicinal plant has been used traditionally as alternative treatment for ulcer, tumor and cancer. In this study, the extracts of this plant were tested for their activities in some cancer cells (HeLa and MCM-B2 cell). The result showed that water extract of this plant has better anti cancer activity compared to other extracts. The IC50 value of water extract A is 27.61 ppm (HeLa) and 54.57 ppm (MCM-B2), while water extract B is 29.36 ppm (HeLa) and 74.20 ppm (MCM-B2). Our study concluded that polar extract (water) exhibited higher anticancer activity than non-polar extracts (ethylacetate and n-buthanol).

71 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new golden age of biodiversity exploration may be dawning, just as biodiversity itself is most threatened, and it is hopeful that increasing knowledge of biodiversity will be a positive force to slow its loss.
Abstract: Rapidly changing land use in Southeast Asia threatens plant diversity, and reduces the time we have left to document it. Despite over 200 years of scientific plant exploration, many plant species have yet to be discovered. Moreover, we still have a very poor understanding of the distribution of known taxa in this biogeographically complex region. We review the current state of biodiversity exploration, using plants in Indonesia as an example. Traditional methods of collecting and describing species have provided a solid foundation for our understanding of plant biodiversity, but are insufficient for the pragmatic task of rapidly discovering and documenting today’s biodiversity before it is gone, because general collecting expeditions tend to be infrequent, and documentation of most new species must await taxonomic revisions many years in the future. Solutions to this exploration and documentation crisis (i) could use the abundant resource of enthusiastic, networked, national biology students, (ii) should employ biodiversity informatics tools to efficiently engage both specialists and parataxonomists, and (iii) might require adoption of new types of α-taxonomy, utilizing increasingly low-cost molecular methods and high resolution photographs. We describe emerging technologies that will facilitate this taxonomic development. We believe that a new golden age of biodiversity exploration may be dawning, just as biodiversity itself is most threatened, and are hopeful that increasing knowledge of biodiversity will be a positive force to slow its loss.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present local earthquake data from a dense, amphibious local seismic network covering a segment of the Sumatran margin that last ruptured in 1797, and a well defined linear streak of seismicity extending from 80 to 200 km depth lies along the prolongation of closely spaced Investigator Fracture Zone (IFZ) sub-ridges.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that the vast majority of aftershocks in the study region occur on the plate interface within a narrow band (20 km) seaward of the outer arc high.
Abstract: Great subduction earthquakes exhibit segmentation both within the rupture of individual events and in the long term history of the margin. The 2004 December 26 Aceh-Andaman and 2005 March 28 Nias event in northern Sumatra are two of the largest earthquakes in recent years, with both co- and post-seismic displacements constrained in unprecedented detail. Using aftershock locations from a temporary seismic array in the boundary region between both events and waveform modelling of large aftershocks, we demonstrate that the vast majority of aftershocks in the study region occur on the plate interface within a narrow band ( 20 km) seaward of the outer arc high. Comparing the seismicity distribution to the co- and post-seismic displacements, we infer that the seismic band marks the transition between the seismogenic zone and stable sliding. The location of the band and therefore the transition appears to be correlated with the ∼500 m bathymetry contour. This close correspondence is disrupted at the boundary between the two great earthquakes, where the transition to seismogenic behaviour occurs further landward by ∼25 km. To the west of Simeulue, where seafloor bathymetry throughout the forearc is deeper than 500 m, the seismic band terminates abruptly and the focus of aftershock activity is found near the trench. The seismic efficiency of afterslip varies dramatically along strike: the segment below the Banyak islands, in the gap between the two main asperities of the Nias earthquake, accommodates a much larger proportion of afterslip seismically.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparison of the coral assemblages between 1920 and 2005 reveals a clear decline in species numbers as discussed by the authors, with the most prominent results being the near-shore disappearance of species belonging to the families Acroporidae, Milleporidae and to a lesser extent Poritidae.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The megathrust strain-energy budget remains substantially unchanged and the threat of a great, Mw > 8.5, tsunamigenic earthquake on the Mentawai patch is unabated as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: On 30 September 2009, the city of Padang in Indonesia was rocked by an earthquake with a moment magnitude of Mw = 7.6. Despite its size, the earthquake did not rupture the Sunda megathrust and did not significantly relax the 200 years of accumulated stress on the Mentawai segment. The megathrust strain-energy budget remains substantially unchanged and the threat of a great, Mw > 8.5, tsunamigenic earthquake on the Mentawai patch is unabated.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2010-Fuel
TL;DR: A study of the effects of hydrothermal dewatering of raw tropical peat from Pontianak, West Kalimantan-Indonesia, on the amounts of organic compounds released into wastewater and gaseous products is described in this article.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a combination of high-resolution seismic reflection and bathymetry data, this paper showed that the Mentawai Fault seems to be characterized by active SW dipping backthrusts.
Abstract: SUMMARY The Indo-Australian plate subducts obliquely beneath the Sunda plate leading to a slip partitioning into pure thrust and strike-slip motion. Just in the last 5 yr, three pure thrust earthquakes of Mw > 8.4 have occurred along this subduction interface. The Great Sumatra Fault, traversing the Sumatra continental block, takes up a significant part of the strike-slip motion, but the Mentawai Fault bounding the NE margin of Mentawai Islands has been suggested to accommodate a part of the strike-slip motion. Although the great Sumatra Fault is active, no seismicity has been observed along the Mentawai fault. Using a combination of high-resolution seismic reflection and bathymetry data, here we show that the Mentawai Fault seems to be characterized by active SW dipping backthrusts. The presence of recent steeply dipping thrust earthquakes suggests that these faults should be active. Combined with results from north in 2004 earthquake region and south of this study area, our results suggest that backthrusting should play an important role in forearc evolution SW of Sumatra. We also observed several mass wasting sites at NE margin of the Mentawai Islands, which could be erosional features or landslides triggered by earthquake activities. Localized uplift along the steeply dipping backthrusts at the NE margin of Mentawai Islands in the fully locked region could pose serious seismic and tsunami risks to the SW coast of Sumatra in the future.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phylogenetic history and biogeography in the megophryid genus Leptobrachium (sensu lato, including Vibrissaphora) from southern China, Indochina, Thailand and the Sundaland is estimated using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors applied a new technique to analyze the oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen isotope ratios in speleothem fluid inclusions to reconstruct the temperature and rainfall history of southern Indonesia during the Younger Dryas (YD) event and the Holocene.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the vertical eddy diffusion coefficients (K z ) of tropical Lake Matano (Indonesia) were estimated by using three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, correlation with Thorpe instabilities, and correlation with the stability frequency.
Abstract: In the.590-m deep, tropical Lake Matano (Indonesia), stratification is characterized by weak thermal gradients (,2uC per 500 m) and weak salinity gradients (,0.14%per 500 m). These gradients persist over seasons, decades, and possibly centuries. Under these nearly steady-state conditions, vertical eddy diffusion coefficients (K z ) cannot be estimated by conventional methods that rely on time derivatives of temperature distributions. We use and compare several alternative methods: one-dimensionalk‐emodeling, three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, correlation with the size of Thorpe instabilities, and correlation with the stability frequency. In the thermocline region, at 100-m depth, theK z is,5310 26 m 2 s 21 , but, below 300 m, the small density gradient results in large (20 m) vertical eddies and high mixing rates (K z ,10 22 m 2 s 21 ). The estimated timescale of water renewal in the monimolimnion is several hundred years. Intense evaporation depletes the surface mixed layer of 16 O and 1 H isotopes, making it isotopically heavier. The lake waters become progressively isotopically lighter with depth, and the isotopic composition in the deep waters is close to those of the ground and tributary waters. The vertical distribution ofK z is used in a biogeochemical reaction‐transport model. We show that, outside of a narrow thermocline region, the vertical distributions of dissolved oxygen, iron, methane, and phosphorus are shaped by vertical variations in transport rates, rather than by sources or sinks.

01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: The megathrust strain-energy budget remains substantially unchanged and the threat of a great, Mw > 8.5, tsunamigenic earthquake on the Mentawai patch is unabated.
Abstract: On 30 September 2009, the city of Padang in Indonesia was rocked by an earthquake with a moment magnitude of Mw = 7.6. Despite its size, the earthquake did not rupture the Sunda megathrust and did not significantly relax the 200 years of accumulated stress on the Mentawai segment. The megathrust strain-energy budget remains substantially unchanged and the threat of a great, Mw > 8.5, tsunamigenic earthquake on the Mentawai patch is unabated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study of landbridge islands in Malaysia and Indonesia indicates that deforestation may increasingly threaten Southeast Asian biodiversity andForest preservation and restoration are needed on these islands to conserve the remaining forest avifauna.
Abstract: There are few empirical data, particularly collected simultaneously from multiple sites, on extinctions resulting from human-driven land-use change. Southeast Asia has the highest deforestation rate in the world, but the resulting losses of biological diversity remain poorly documented. Between November 2006 and March 2008, we conducted bird surveys on six landbridge islands in Malaysia and Indonesia. These islands were surveyed previously for birds in the early 1900 s, when they were extensively forested. Our bird inventories of the islands were nearly complete, as indicated by sampling saturation curves and nonparametric true richness estimators. From zero (Pulau Malawali and Pulau Mantanani) to 15 (Pulau Bintan) diurnal resident landbird species were apparently extirpated since the early 1900 s. Adding comparable but published extinction data from Singapore to our regression analyses, we found there were proportionally fewer forest bird extinctions in areas with greater remaining forest cover. Nevertheless, the statistical evidence to support this relationship was weak, owing to our unavoidably small sample size. Bird species that are restricted to the Indomalayan region, lay few eggs, are heavier, and occupy a narrower habitat breadth, were most vulnerable to extinction on Pulau Bintan. This was the only island where sufficient data existed to analyze the correlates of extinction. Forest preservation and restoration are needed on these islands to conserve the remaining forest avifauna. Our study of landbridge islands indicates that deforestation may increasingly threaten Southeast Asian biodiversity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that, although their abundance would be low in tropical seas not contaminated with aromatics, the Cycloclasticus strains could be major degraders of petroleum aromatics spilled in tropical Seas, and the Altererythrobacter isolate could be an important petroleum-aromatic degrader in and around nutrient-rich tropical marine environments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The caged xanthones were cytotoxic towards HT-29 cells, with the known compound, morellic acid (10) being the most active (ED(50) = 0.36 muM), however, when tested in an in vivo hollow fiber assay, it was inactive at the highest dose tested (20 mg/kg).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article used likelihood-based analyses of combined phylogenetic and taxonomic data for Hydrophiinae to show that the initial invasion of marine habitats was not accompanied by elevated diversification rates.
Abstract: The viviparous sea snakes (Hydrophiini) are by far the most successful living marine reptiles, with ∼60 species that comprise a prominent component of shallow-water marine ecosystems throughout the Indo-West Pacific. Phylogenetically nested within the ∼100 species of terrestrial Australo-Melanesian elapids (Hydrophiinae), molecular timescales suggest that the Hydrophiini are also very young, perhaps only ∼8–13 Myr old. Here, we use likelihood-based analyses of combined phylogenetic and taxonomic data for Hydrophiinae to show that the initial invasion of marine habitats was not accompanied by elevated diversification rates. Rather, a dramatic three to six-fold increase in diversification rates occurred at least 3–5 Myr after this transition, in a single nested clade: the Hydrophis group accounts for ∼80% of species richness in Hydrophiini and ∼35% of species richness in (terrestrial and marine) Hydrophiinae. Furthermore, other co-distributed lineages of viviparous sea snakes (and marine Laticauda, Acrochordus and homalopsid snakes) are not especially species rich. Invasion of the oceans has not (by itself) accelerated diversification in Hydrophiini; novelties characterizing the Hydrophis group alone must have contributed to its evolutionary and ecological success.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first phylogeny for the three extant Acrochordus species using Bayesian and parsimony analyses of one mitochondrial and two nuclear gene sequences is provided, providing an improved basis for taxon selection and character polarization in higher snake phylogenetics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mirmanto et al. as mentioned in this paper made a vegetation analysis study in Sebangau peat-swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Java, Indonesia and found that there are 133 species (taxa) were recorded within 8 plots belong to 34 families where Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapotaceae were the most dominant families.
Abstract: Mirmanto E (2010) Vegetation analyses of Sebangau peat swamp forest, Central Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 11: 82-88. The vegetation analysis study has been made in Sebangau peat-swamp forest, Central Kalimantan. Eight permanent plots of 50-m x 50-m were set-up distribute from close to the river with shallow peat-layer up to the inland with relatively deep peat-layer. Enumeration of trees (GBH > 15 cm) was conducted in all of 8 plots. Overall there are 133 species (taxa) were recorded within 8 plots belong to 34 families where Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapotaceae were the most dominant family. Out of all species recorded, Combretocarpus rotundatus, Palaquium leiocarpum, Stemonurus scorpioides and Tristania whittiana were the most dominant species. Two community’s types namely Combretocarpus rotundatus-Shorea balangeran community and Palaquium leiocarpum-Eugenia densinervium communitywere recognized and they distributed in slightly different habitat condition. The sequence of these two communities’ shows significantly related to both distances to river and peat-depth. In addition there was indication the presence of habitat preference among tree species.Key words: vegetation, peat-swamp, community, Sebangau, Central Kalimantan

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the conversion of bagasse to bioethanol with xylanase enzyme was done, which showed that bagasse contains 52,7% cellulose, 20% hemicelluloses, and 24,2% lignin.
Abstract: Utilization of Bagasse Cellulose for Ethanol Production through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation by Xylanase. Bagasse is a solid residue from sugar cane process, which is not many use it for some product which have more added value. Bagasse, which is a lignosellulosic material, be able to be use for alternative energy resources like bioethanol or biogas. With renewable energy resources a crisis of energy in Republic of Indonesia could be solved, especially in oil and gas. This research has done the conversion of bagasse to bioethanol with xylanase enzyme. The result show that bagasse contains of 52,7% cellulose, 20% hemicelluloses, and 24,2% lignin. Xylanase enzyme and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to hydrolyse and fermentation in SSF process. Variation in this research use pH (4, 4,5, and 5), for increasing ethanol quantity, SSF process was done by added chloride acid (HCl) with concentration 0.5% and 1% (v/v) and also pre-treatment with white rot fungi such as Lentinus edodes (L.edodes) as long 4 weeks. The SSF process was done with 24, 48, 72, and 96 hour’s incubation time for fermentation. Variation of pH 4, 4,5, and 5 can produce ethanol with concentrations 2,357 g/L, 2,451 g/L, 2,709 g/L. The added chloride acid (HCl) with concentration 0.5% and 1% (v/v) and L. edodes can increase ethanol yield, The highest ethanol concentration with added chloride acid (HCl) concentration 0.5% and 1% consecutively is 2,967 g/L, 3,249 g/L. The highest ethanol concentration with pre-treatment by L. edodes is 3,202 g/L. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia: Bagas merupakan residu padat pada proses pengolahan tebu menjadi gula, yang sejauh ini masih belum banyak dimanfaatkan menjadi produk yang mempunyai nilai tambah (added value). Bagas yang termasuk biomassa mengandung lignoselulosa sangat dimungkinkan untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi sumber energi alternatif seperti bioetanol atau biogas. Dengan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam terbarukan dapat mengatasi krisis energi terutama sektor migas. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan konversi bagas menjadi etanol dengan menggunakan enzim xylanase. Perlakuan dengan enzim lainnya saat ini sedang dikerjakan di laboratorium kami mengingat hemisulosa juga mengandung polisakarida lainnya yang dapat didekomposisi oleh berbagai enzim. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan lignoselulosa pada bagas sebesar lebih kurang 52,7% selulosa, 20% hemiselulosa, dan 24,2% lignin. Hemiselulosa merupakan polisakarida yang dapat dihidrolisis oleh enzim xylanase dan kemudian akan difermentasikan oleh yeast S. cerevisiae menjadi etanol melalui proses Sakarifikasi dan Fermentasi Serentak (SSF). Beberapa parameter yang dianalisis pada penelitian ini antara lain kondisi pH (4, 4,5, dan 5), untuk meningkatkan kuantitas etanol dilakukan penambahan HCl berkonsentrasi rendah (0,5% dan 1% (v/v)) dan bagas dengan perlakuan jamur pelapuk putih (L. edodes) selama 4 minggu. Proses SSF dilakukan dengan waktu inkubasi selama 24, 48, 72, dan 96 jam. Perlakuan dengan pH 4, 4,5, dan 5 menghasilkan konsentrasi etanol tertinggi berturut-turut 2,357 g/L, 2,451 g/L, 2,709 g/L. Perlakuan penambahan HCl konsentrasi rendah mampu meningkatkan produksi etanol, penambahan dengan konsentrasi HCL 0,5 % dan 1 % berturut-turut menghasilkan etanol 2,967 g/L, 3,249 g/L. Perlakuan dengan menggunakan jamur pelapuk putih juga dapat meningkatkan produksi etanol yang dihasilkan. Setelah bagas diberi perlakuan L. edodes 4 minggu mampu menghasilkan etanol dengan hasil tertinggi 3,202 g/L.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Morphologically, the new species is similar to other Sulawesi lowland tarsiers and can be distinguished from its congeners via a characteristic duet song and its yellow-brown pelage coloration and a copper-colored throat.
Abstract: On the basis of distinguishing characteristics of various genetic markers, pelage color, tail tuft, and vocalizations, we describe a new species of the genus Tarsius Storr 1780. The new taxon Tarsius wallacei sp. nov. occupies a disjunct range in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The two isolated populations differ significantly in body size, but are alike in color, tail tuft dimensions, vocalizations, and genetic composition. Morphologically, the new species is similar to other Sulawesi lowland tarsiers. In the field, it can be distinguished from its congeners via a characteristic duet song and its yellow-brown pelage coloration and a copper-colored throat. Genetic analyses prove Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences and also microsatellite allele frequencies to be absolutely diagnostic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Bone Mountains as mentioned in this paper are composed of Oligocene to possibly lower Miocene marginal basin successions (Bone Group) that are juxtaposed against continental margin assemblages of Eocene-Miocene age (Salokalupang Group).