International Agency for Research on Cancer

About: International Agency for Research on Cancer is a government organization based out in Lyon, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Cancer. The organization has 2989 authors who have published 9010 publications receiving 929752 citations. The organization is also known as: IARC.

Human papillomavirus types in 115,789 HPV‐positive women: A meta‐analysis from cervical infection to cancer

Abstract: Genotyping may improve risk stratification of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive women in cervical screening programs; however, prospective data comparing the natural history and carcinogenic potential of individual HR types remain limited. A meta-analysis of cross-sectional HR HPV-type distribution in 115,789 HPV-positive women was performed, including 33,154 normal cytology, 6,810 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 13,480 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and 6,616 high-grade SIL (HSIL) diagnosed cytologically, 8,106 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1), 4,068 CIN2 and 10,753 CIN3 diagnosed histologically and 36,374 invasive cervical cancers (ICCs) from 423 PCR-based studies worldwide. No strong differences in HPV-type distribution were apparent between normal cytology, ASCUS, LSIL or CIN1. However, HPV16 positivity increased steeply from normal/ASCUS/LSIL/CIN1 (20-28%), through CIN2/HSIL (40/47%) to CIN3/ICC (58/63%). HPV16, 18 and 45 accounted for a greater or equal proportion of HPV infections in ICC compared to normal cytology (ICC:normal ratios = 3.07, 1.87 and 1.10, respectively) and to CIN3 (ICC:CIN3 ratios = 1.08, 2.11 and 1.47, respectively). Other HR types accounted for important proportions of HPV-positive CIN2 and CIN3, but their contribution dropped in ICC, with ICC:normal ratios ranging from 0.94 for HPV33 down to 0.16 for HPV51. ICC:normal ratios were particularly high for HPV45 in Africa (1.85) and South/Central America (1.79) and for HPV58 in Eastern Asia (1.36). ASCUS and LSIL appear proxies of HPV infection rather than cancer precursors, and even CIN3 is not entirely representative of the types causing ICC. HPV16 in particular, but also HPV18 and 45, warrant special attention in HPV-based screening programs.

Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract: Background: Particulate matter (PM) in outdoor air pollution was recently designated a Group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This determination was based on ...

Gallbladder cancer worldwide: geographical distribution and risk factors.

Abstract: Gallbladder cancer is a relatively rare neoplasm that shows, however, high incidence rates in certain world populations. The interplay of genetic susceptibility, lifestyle factors and infections in gallbladder carcinogenesis is still poorly understood. Age-adjusted rates were calculated by cancer registry-based data. Epidemiological studies on gallbladder cancer were selected through searches of literature, and relative risks were abstracted for major risk factors. The highest gallbladder cancer incidence rates worldwide were reported for women in Delhi, India (21.5/100,000), South Karachi, Pakistan (13.8/100,000) and Quito, Ecuador (12.9/100,000). High incidence was found in Korea and Japan and some central and eastern European countries. Female-to-male incidence ratios were generally around 3, but ranged from 1 in Far East Asia to over 5 in Spain and Colombia. History of gallstones was the strongest risk factor for gallbladder cancer, with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 4.9 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.3-7.4]. Consistent associations were also present with obesity, multiparity and chronic infections like Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi [pooled RR 4.8 (95% CI: 1.4-17.3)] and Helicobacter bilis and H. pylori [pooled RR 4.3 (95% CI: 2.1-8.8)]. Differences in incidence ratios point to variations in gallbladder cancer aetiology in different populations. Diagnosis of gallstones and removal of gallbladder currently represent the keystone to gallbladder cancer prevention, but interventions able to prevent obesity, cholecystitis and gallstone formation should be assessed.

A review of human carcinogens--Part F: chemical agents and related occupations.

Abstract: In October, 2009, 23 scientists from six countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to reassess the carcinogenicity of several chemical and occupational exposure circumstances previously classifi ed as ”carcinogenic to humans” (Group 1) and to identify additional tumour sites and mechanisms of carcinogenesis (table). These assessments will be published as the sixth and last part of Volume 100 of the IARC Monographs. Four aromatic amines and two related industrial processes were reaffi rmed as Group-1 carcinogens based on suffi cient evidence that they cause urinary bladder cancer in humans. The Group-1 classifi cation of dyes metabolised to benzidine and of 4,4’-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) was based on suffi cient evidence in animal models and strong mechanistic evidence. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydro carbons (PAHs) causes cancers of the skin and lung in humans. Various PAH-related industries and PAHcontaining complex mixtures were confi rmed as Group-1 carcinogens. Although there are no epidemiological studies of benzo[a]pyrene, carcinogenicity in many animal species and strong mechanistic evidence justifi ed its classifi cation in Group 1. The carcinogenicity to humans of other chemicals and exposure scenarios was reaffi rmed (table). For ethylene oxide, the epidemiological evidence was limited, but there is suffi cient evidence for its carcinogenicity in rodents. Additionally, ethylene oxide is genotoxic and mutagenic in many in-vitro tests and in-vivo studies in animals, and its cytogenetic eff ects in lymphocytes of exposed workers provided strong support for its classifi cation in Group 1. Workers in the rubber-manufacturing industry have an increased risk for leukaemia, lymphoma, and cancers of the urinary bladder, lung, and stomach. Due to the diversity and com plexity of the exposures in this industry, it is diffi cult to identify causative agents, but there is strong evidence of genotoxic eff ects in these workers. The Working Group reviewed more than 100 epidemiological studies of benzene and confi rmed its carcinogenicity, with suffi cient evidence for ANLL, and limited evidence for ALL, CLL, MM, and NHL (for abbreviations, see table footnote). The Working Group also found limited evidence of an association between maternal exposure to painting—before and during pregnancy—and an increased risk of childhood leukaemia in the off spring. Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzopara-dioxin, TCDD) was classifi ed in Group 1 in 1997, based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, For more on the IARC Monographs see http:// monographs.iarc.fr