International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

About: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh is a facility organization based out in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Vibrio cholerae. The organization has 3103 authors who have published 5238 publications receiving 226880 citations. The organization is also known as: SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory & Bangladesh International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research.

Mycobacterial Dormancy Systems and Host Responses in Tuberculosis

Abstract: Tuberculosis caused by the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) claims more than 1.5 million lives worldwide, annually. Despite promulgation of multipronged strategies to prevent and control tuberculosis, there is no significant downfall occurring in the number of new cases; and adding to this is the relapse of the disease due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the ability of Mtb to remain dormant after primary infection. The pathology of Mtb is complex and largely attributed to immune evading strategies that this pathogen adopts to establish primary infection, its persistence in the host and reactivation of pathogenicity under favorable conditions. In this review, we present various bio-chemical, immunological and genetic strategies unleashed by Mtb inside the host for its survival. The bacterium enables itself to establish a niche by evading immune recognition via resorting to masking, establishment of dormancy by manipulating immune receptor responses, altering innate immune cell fate, enhancing granuloma formation and developing antibiotic tolerance. Besides these, the regulatory entities such as DosR and its regulon, encompassing a variety of effector proteins play a key role in maintaining the dormant nature of this pathogen. Further, reactivation of Mtb allows relapse of the disease and is favored by the genes of the Rtf family and the conditions that suppress the immune system of the host. Identification of target genes and characterizing the function of their respective antigens involved in primary infection, dormancy and reactivation would likely provide vital clues to design novel drugs and / or vaccines to contain this disease at multiple levels.

Evidence for a link between parasite genotype and outcome of infection with Entamoeba histolytica.

Abstract: The factors determining whether a person infected with Entamoeba histolytica develops disease remain obscure. To investigate whether the parasite genome contributes to the outcome, we have investigated the distribution of parasite genotypes among E. histolytica-infected individuals in Bangladesh. Samples were obtained from individuals who either were asymptomatic, had diarrhea/dysentery, or had developed a liver abscess. Genotypes were determined by using six tRNA-linked polymorphic markers, and their distributions among the three sample groups were evaluated. A significant population differentiation in the genotype distribution was found for four of the six individual markers as well as for the combined genotypes, suggesting that the parasite genome does contribute in some way to the outcome of infection with E. histolytica. The markers themselves do not indicate the nature of the underlying genetic differences, but they may be linked to loci that do have an impact on the outcome of infection.

Serologic Differentiation Between Antitoxin Responses to Infection with Vibrio cholerae and Enterotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Abstract: A ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to study and attempt to differentiate between antitoxin responses in persons infected with either Vibrio cholerae or Escherichia coli producing heat-labile enterotoxin. In most cases (69%-94%), experimentally infected North Americans and naturally infected Bangladeshis responded to either infection with significant (greater than twofold) increases in serum antibody titer to both heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin. In all but one instance, the response was higher to the homologous than to the heterologous toxin, and for the Americans the homologous antitoxin titers remained significantly higher for at least one year. Determination of levels of antibodies to purified subunits A and B of cholera toxin by an ELISA showed that V. cholerae infection in most instances induced a significant response to subunit B but rarely to subunit A. E. coli infection, on the other hand, induced only slight increases in antibody titer to either subunit.

Magnitude and contributory factors of postnatal depression: a community-based cohort study from a rural subdistrict of Bangladesh.

Abstract: BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that the prevalence of postnatal depression (PND) is highest in low-income developing countries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PND and its associated risk factors among Bangladeshi women.MethodThe study was conducted in the Matlab subdistrict of rural Bangladesh. A cohort of 346 women was followed up from late pregnancy to post-partum. Sociodemographic and other related information on risk factors was collected on structured questionnaires by trained interviewers at 34–35 weeks of pregnancy at the woman's home. A validated local language (Bangla) version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS-B) was used to measure depression status at 34–35 weeks of pregnancy and at 6–8 weeks after delivery.ResultsThe prevalence of PND was 22% [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.7–26.7%] at 6–8 weeks post-partum. After adjustment in a multivariate logistic model, PND could be predicted by history of past mental illness [odds ratio (OR) 5.6, 95% CI 1.1–27.3], depression in current pregnancy (OR 6.0, 95% CI 3.0–12.0), perinatal death (OR 14.1, 95% CI 2.5–78.0), poor relationship with mother-in-law (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.1–11.8) and either the husband or the wife leaving home after a domestic quarrel (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.6–10.2).ConclusionsThe high prevalence of PND in the study was similar to other countries in the South Asian region. The study findings highlight the need for programme managers and policy makers to allocate resources and develop strategies to address PND in Bangladesh.

Improving the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19: examining the factors that influence engagement and the impact on individuals.

Abstract: During an evolving outbreak or pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) including physical distancing, isolation, and mask use may flatten the peak in communities. However, these strategies rely on community understanding and motivation to engage to ensure appropriate compliance and impact. To support current activities for COVID-19, the objectives of this narrative review was to identify the key determinants impacting on engagement. An integrative narrative literature review focused on NPIs. We aimed to identify published peer-reviewed articles that focused on the general community (excluding healthcare workers), NPIs (including school closure, quarantine, isolation, physical distancing and hygiene behaviours), and factors/characteristics (including social, physical, psychological, capacity, motivation, economic and demographic) that impact on engagement. The results revealed that there are a range of demographic, social and psychological factors underpinning engagement with quarantine, school closures, and personal protective behaviours. Aside from the factors impacting on acceptance and compliance, there are several key community concerns about their use that need to be addressed including the potential for economic consequences. It is important that we acknowledge that these strategies will have an impact on an individual and the community. By understanding the barriers, we can identify what strategies need to be adopted to motivate individuals and improve community compliance. Using a behavioural framework to plan interventions based on these key barriers, will also ensure countries implement appropriate and targeted responses.