International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

About: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh is a facility organization based out in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Vibrio cholerae. The organization has 3103 authors who have published 5238 publications receiving 226880 citations. The organization is also known as: SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory & Bangladesh International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research.

Association of C-Reactive Protein With Bacterial and Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years in the PERCH Study

Abstract: textBackground Lack of a gold standard for identifying bacterial and viral etiologies of pneumonia has limited evaluation of C-reactive protein (CRP) for identifying bacterial pneumonia We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of CRP for identifying bacterial vs respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) multicenter case-control study Methods We measured serum CRP levels in cases with World Health Organization-defined severe or very severe pneumonia and a subset of community controls We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of elevated CRP for "confirmed" bacterial pneumonia (positive blood culture or positive lung aspirate or pleural fluid culture or polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) compared to "RSV pneumonia" (nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal or induced sputum PCR-positive without confirmed/suspected bacterial pneumonia) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the performance of elevated CRP in distinguishing these cases Results Among 601 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative tested controls, 3% had CRP ≥40 mg/L Among 119 HIVnegative cases with confirmed bacterial pneumonia, 77% had CRP ≥40 mg/L compared with 17% of 556 RSV pneumonia cases The ROC analysis produced an area under the curve of 087, indicating very good discrimination; a cut-point of 371 mg/L best discriminated confirmed bacterial pneumonia (sensitivity 77%) from RSV pneumonia (specificity 82%) CRP ≥100 mg/L substantially improved specificity over CRP ≥40 mg/L, though at a loss to sensitivity Conclusions Elevated CRP was positively associated with confirmed bacterial pneumonia and negatively associated with RSV pneumonia in PERCH CRP may be useful for distinguishing bacterial from RSV-associated pneumonia, although its role in discriminating against other respiratory viral-associated pneumonia needs further study

Anthrax Outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2009–2010

Abstract: During August 2009-October 2010, a multidisciplinary team investigated 14 outbreaks of animal and human anthrax in Bangladesh to identify the etiology, pathway of transmission, and social, behavioral, and cultural factors that led to these outbreaks. The team identified 140 animal cases of anthrax and 273 human cases of cutaneous anthrax. Ninety one percent of persons in whom cutaneous anthrax developed had history of butchering sick animals, handling raw meat, contact with animal skin, or were present at slaughtering sites. Each year, Bacillus anthracis of identical genotypes were isolated from animal and human cases. Inadequate livestock vaccination coverage, lack of awareness of the risk of anthrax transmission from animal to humans, social norms and poverty contributed to these outbreaks. Addressing these challenges and adopting a joint animal and human health approach could contribute to detecting and preventing such outbreaks in the future.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Elicits Immune Responses to Multiple Surface Proteins

Abstract: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes considerable morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal illness in developing countries, particularly in young children. Despite the global importance of these heterogeneous pathogens, a broadly protective vaccine is not yet available. While much is known regarding the immunology of well-characterized virulence proteins, in particular the heat-labile toxin (LT) and colonization factors (CFs), to date, evaluation of the immune response to other antigens has been limited. However, the availability of genomic DNA sequences for ETEC strains coupled with proteomics technology affords opportunities to examine novel uncharacterized antigens that might also serve as targets for vaccine development. Analysis of whole or fractionated bacterial proteomes with convalescent-phase sera can potentially accelerate identification of secreted or surface-expressed targets that are recognized during the course of infection. Here we report results of an immunoproteomics approach to antigen discovery with ETEC strain H10407. Immunoblotting of proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) with sera from mice infected with strain H10407 or with convalescent human sera obtained following natural ETEC infections demonstrated multiple immunoreactive molecules in culture supernatant, outer membrane, and outer membrane vesicle preparations, suggesting that many antigens are recognized during the course of infection. Proteins identified by this approach included established virulence determinants, more recently identified putative virulence factors, as well as novel secreted and outer membrane proteins. Together, these studies suggest that existing and emerging proteomics technologies can provide a useful complement to ongoing approaches to ETEC vaccine development.

Local and systemic antibody responses to naturally acquired enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in an endemic area

Abstract: Fifteen patients hospitalized with acute, watery diarrhea and with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) detected from stool samples were studied to evaluate the extent to which natural ETEC diarrhea induces local and systemic antibody responses to E. coli heat-labile toxin (LT), homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and colonization factors (CFA/I and CFA/II). Specific IgA and IgG antibodies to LT, CFA I and II, and each patient's homologous LPS were determined by ELISA in serum, saliva, breastmilk, and intestinal lavage fluid. The majority of patients had greater than a twofold rise in local levels of IgA antibodies in the intestine: 80% of LT+ patients responded to LT, 63% of CFA+ patients responded to CFA, and 78% of all toxin-positive patients responded to the LPS of their infecting strain. Local antibody responses in the intestine were associated with responses in breastmilk and saliva, but relationships were not clear-cut, and the usefulness of these secretions as proxy measures of local intestinal antibody production remains unclear. Antibody responses in serum also occurred in most patients and were significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. This study demonstrates that natural ETEC disease results in local IgA responses to LT, CFA, and LPS in the gut and also in immune responses in breastmilk, saliva, and serum.

Prevention of malnutrition among young children in rural Bangladesh by a food-health-care educational intervention: a randomized, controlled trial.

Abstract: Background. As a result of inappropriate feeding, poor health and hygiene, and poor caring practices, the nutritional status of many young infants deteriorates with advancing age. Objective. To explore the effectiveness of a nutrition education package to prevent malnutrition among young children. Methods. A community-based, randomized, controlled trial was conducted among 605 normal and mildly malnourished children aged 6 to 9 months in 121 Community Nutrition Centers (CNCs) of the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP) in four regions of Bangladesh from 2000 to 2002. The intervention group received weekly nutrition education based on the nutrition triangle concept of UNICEF for 6 months, whereas the control group received regular BINP services. Both groups were observed for a further 6 months to assess the sustainability of the effects. Information on socioeconomic status, feeding patterns, morbidity, and anthropometric features was collected. Results. A significant increase in the frequency of complementary feeding was observed in the intervention group as compared with the control group, and the increase was sustained throughout the observation period. The intervention group had a higher weight gain than the control group after the end of the intervention (0.86 vs. 0.77kg, p = 0.053) and after the end of the observation period (1.81 vs. 1.39 kg, p < .001). The proportion of normal and mildly malnourished children was greater in the intervention group than in the control group after the end of the observations (88.9% vs. 61.5%, p < .001). Nutrition education successfully prevented malnutrition in all the areas. Variation in the outcome of nutrition education among the regions was observed. Conclusions. This culturally appropriate nutrition education package based on the nutrition triangle model effectively prevented growth faltering and malnutrition among young children.