International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

About: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh is a facility organization based out in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Vibrio cholerae. The organization has 3103 authors who have published 5238 publications receiving 226880 citations. The organization is also known as: SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory & Bangladesh International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research.

Global phylogeography and evolutionary history of Shigella dysenteriae type 1.

Abstract: Together with plague, smallpox and typhus, epidemics of dysentery have been a major scourge of human populations for centuries(1). A previous genomic study concluded that Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), the epidemic dysentery bacillus, emerged and spread worldwide after the First World War, with no clear pattern of transmission(2). This is not consistent with the massive cyclic dysentery epidemics reported in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(1,3,4) and the first isolation of Sd1 in Japan in 1897(5). Here, we report a whole-genome analysis of 331 Sd1 isolates from around the world, collected between 1915 and 2011, providing us with unprecedented insight into the historical spread of this pathogen. We show here that Sd1 has existed since at least the eighteenth century and that it swept the globe at the end of the nineteenth century, diversifying into distinct lineages associated with the First World War, Second World War and various conflicts or natural disasters across Africa, Asia and Central America. We also provide a unique historical perspective on the evolution of antibiotic resistance over a 100-year period, beginning decades before the antibiotic era, and identify a prevalent multiple antibiotic-resistant lineage in South Asia that was transmitted in several waves to Africa, where it caused severe outbreaks of disease.

Perinatal Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh: A Community-Based Study

Abstract: In 1986 as part of the ongoing Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh health workers regularly visited households in Matlab district to record vital events and other demographic data. They recorded 497 fetal deaths and early neonatal deaths. Low birth weight contributed to 25% of fetal deaths followed by prolonged labor (19%) maternal medical problems (13%) malpresentation at term (12%) and twins (2%). The cause of fetal death for 28% could not be determined. Similarly low birth weight causes 63% of very early neonatal deaths followed by prolonged labor (31%) and 37% and 15% respectively in 4-7 day old neonates. The 2nd leading cause of death for 4-7 day old neonates was neonatal tetanus (25%w0. Males were more likely to die from tetanus than females (relative risk=4.3; p=.015). The women at lowest risk included those 20-24 years old who were pregnant for the 2nd-3rd time those 25-29 years old who were pregnant for the 4th-5th time and those 30-34-years old who were pregnant for the 6th-7th time. Even though the perinatal mortality rates in the study and comparison areas in Matlab did not significantly differ (74 and 75 total births/1000) the rate fell significantly from 82 (1979) to 65 (1986) in the area where maternal and child health and family planning services (MCH-FP) existed (p<.001). Further the rate declined significantly more in the 2nd half of the study period (1983-1986) than in the 1st half (1979-1982) in the MCH-FP area (p<.002). Moreover the difference between the 2 areas was only significant in the 2nd half (p<.04). Perinatal mortality was highest from August to December. The researchers credit the tetanus toxoid as having more of an impact on reducing the perinatal mortality in the study area than family planning interventions.

Post-Discharge Mortality in Children with Severe Malnutrition and Pneumonia in Bangladesh

Abstract: Background: Post-discharge mortality among children with severe illness in resource-limited settings is under-recognized and there are limited data. We evaluated post-discharge mortality in a recently reported cohort of children with severe malnutrition and pneumonia, and identified characteristics associated with an increased risk of death.Methods: Young children (< 5 years of age) with severe malnutrition (WHO criteria) and radiographic pneumonia on admission to Dhaka Hospital of icddr, b over a 15-month period were managed according to standard protocols. Those discharged were followed-up and survival status at 12 weeks post-discharge was determined. Verbal autopsy was requested from families of those that died.Results: Of 405 children hospitalized with severe malnutrition and pneumonia, 369 (median age, 10 months) were discharged alive with a follow-up plan. Of these, 32 (8.7%) died in the community within 3 months of discharge: median 22 (IQR 9-35) days from discharge to death. Most deaths were reportedly associated with acute onset of new respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. Those that died following discharge were significantly younger (median 6 [IQR 3,12] months) and more severely malnourished, on admission and on discharge, than those that survived. Bivariate analysis found that severe wasting on admission (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.66-7.97) and age,12 months (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.1-8.8) were significantly associated with post-discharge death. Of those that died in the community, none had attended a scheduled follow-up and care-seeking from a traditional healer was more common (p, 0.001) compared to those who survived.Conclusion and Significance: Post-discharge mortality was common in Bangladeshi children following inpatient care for severe malnutrition and pneumonia. The underlying contributing factors require a better understanding to inform the potential of interventions that could improve survival.

Green Banana and Pectin Improve Small Intestinal Permeability and Reduce Fluid Loss in Bangladeshi Children with Persistent Diarrhea

Abstract: To evaluate the effects of green banana and pectin (nondigestible, dietary sources of colonic short-chain fatty acids [SCFA]) on intestinal permeability, 57 boys (5–12 months) with persistent diarrhea (≥14 days) were given a week's treatment with a rice-based diet containing either cooked green banana (n=19), pectin (n=17), or rice diet alone (n=21). Intestinal permeability was assessed before and after treatment by giving a lactulose–mannitol (LM) drink and measuring urinary recovery after 5 hr. Treatment with banana significantly (P<0.05) reduced lactulose recovery, increased mannitol recovery, and decreased the LM ratio, indicating improvement of permeability. Pectin produced similar results. Permeability changes were associated with a 50% reduction in stool weights which correlated strongly (green banana, r2 = 0.84, pectin, r2 = 0.86) with the LM ratio. Green banana-derived and SCFA-mediated stimulation of colonic as well as small bowel absorption is responsible for their antidiarrheal effects. The antidiarrheal effects of green banana and pectin are mediated by improvement of small intestinal permeability in addition to their known colonotrophic effects.

An Outbreak of Chikungunya in Rural Bangladesh, 2011.

Abstract: Background The first identified Chikungunya outbreak occurred in Bangladesh in 2008. In late October 2011, a local health official from Dohar Sub-district, Dhaka District, reported an outbreak of undiagnosed fever and joint pain. We investigated the outbreak to confirm the etiology, describe the clinical presentation, and identify associated vectors.