International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

About: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh is a facility organization based out in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Vibrio cholerae. The organization has 3103 authors who have published 5238 publications receiving 226880 citations. The organization is also known as: SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory & Bangladesh International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research.

Setting priorities in global child health research investments: addressing values of stakeholders.

Abstract: The aim was to identify main groups of stakeholders in the process of health research priority setting and propose strategies for addressing their systems of values. In three separate exercises that took place between March and June 2006 we interviewed three different groups of stakeholders: 1) members of the global research priority setting network; 2) a diverse group of national-level stakeholders from South Africa; and 3) participants at the conference related to international child health held in Washington DC USA. Each of the groups was administered different version of the questionnaire in which they were asked to set weights to criteria (and also minimum required thresholds where applicable) that were a priori defined as relevant to health research priority setting by the consultants of the Child Health and Nutrition Research initiative (CHNRI). At the global level the wide and diverse group of respondents placed the greatest importance (weight) to the criterion of maximum potential fordisease burden reduction while the most stringent threshold was placed on the criterion of answerability in an ethical way. Among the stakeholders representatives attending the international conference the criterion of deliverability answerability and sustainability of health research results was proposed as the most important one. At the national level in South Africa the greatest weight was placed on the criterion addressing the predicted impact on equity of the proposed health research. Involving a large group of stakeholders when setting priorities in health research investments is important because the criteria of relevance to scientists and technical experts whose knowledge and technical expertise is usually central to the process may not be appropriate to specific contexts and in accordance with the views and values of those who invest in health research those who benefit from it or wider society as a whole. (authors)

Standardized interpretation of chest radiographs in cases of pediatric pneumonia from the PERCH study

Abstract: Background Chest radiographs (CXRs) are a valuable diagnostic tool in epidemiologic studies of pneumonia The World Health Organization (WHO) methodology for the interpretation of pediatric CXRs has not been evaluated beyond its intended application as an endpoint measure for bacterial vaccine trials Methods The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study enrolled children aged 1-59 months hospitalized with WHO-defined severe and very severe pneumonia from 7 low- and middle-income countries An interpretation process categorized each CXR into 1 of 5 conclusions: consolidation, other infiltrate, both consolidation and other infiltrate, normal, or uninterpretable Two members of a 14-person reading panel, who had undertaken training and standardization in CXR interpretation, interpreted each CXR Two members of an arbitration panel provided additional independent reviews of CXRs with discordant interpretations at the primary reading, blinded to previous reports Further discordance was resolved with consensus discussion Results A total of 4172 CXRs were obtained from 4232 cases Observed agreement for detecting consolidation (with or without other infiltrate) between primary readers was 78% (κ = 050) and between arbitrators was 84% (κ = 061); agreement for primary readers and arbitrators across 5 conclusion categories was 435% (κ = 025) and 485% (κ = 032), respectively Disagreement was most frequent between conclusions of other infiltrate and normal for both the reading panel and the arbitration panel (32% and 30% of discordant CXRs, respectively) Conclusions Agreement was similar to that of previous evaluations using the WHO methodology for detecting consolidation, but poor for other infiltrates despite attempts at a rigorous standardization process

Prototypal diarrheagenic strains of Hafnia alvei are actually members of the genus Escherichia.

Abstract: We analyzed five bacterial strains, designated 19982, 9194, 10457, 10790, and 12502, that were isolated from stool specimens of individuals with diarrheal illness by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Dhaka, Bangladesh (M. J. Albert, S. M. Faruque, M. Ansaruzzaman, M. M. Islam, K. Haider, K. Alam, I. Kabir, and R. Robins-Browne, J. Med. Microbiol. 37:310–314, 1992). The strains were initially identified as Hafnia alvei with a commercial identification system and were reported to contain the eae gene of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Results of conventional biochemical analyses, testing of susceptibility to cephalothin, lysis by a Hafnia-specific phage, and amplification of the outer membrane protein gene phoE with species-specific primers support the identification of these strains as members of the genus Escherichia rather than Hafnia alvei. These strains varied from typical E. coli strains by their inability to produce acid from lactose or d-sorbitol and failure to elaborate the enzyme β-d-glucuronidase. PCR analysis confirmed previous findings that the strains were positive for the eae gene and negative for other virulence markers present among recognized categories of diarrheagenic E. coli. Our findings support the hypothesis that these strains are a new category of diarrheagenic isolates belonging to the genus Escherichia and illustrate the importance of using multiple methodologies when identifying new bacterial agents of diarrheal disease.

Safety of Induced Sputum Collection in Children Hospitalized With Severe or Very Severe Pneumonia.

Abstract: Background.: Induced sputum (IS) may provide diagnostic information about the etiology of pneumonia. The safety of this procedure across a heterogeneous population with severe pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries has not been described. Methods.: IS specimens were obtained as part a 7-country study of the etiology of severe and very severe pneumonia in hospitalized children <5 years of age. Rigorous clinical monitoring was done before, during, and after the procedure to record oxygen requirement, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, consciousness level, and other evidence of clinical deterioration. Criteria for IS contraindications were predefined and serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported to ethics committees and a central safety monitor. Results.: A total of 4653 IS procedures were done among 3802 children. Thirteen SAEs were reported in relation to collection of IS, or 0.34% of children with at least 1 IS specimen collected (95% confidence interval, 0.15%-0.53%). A drop in oxygen saturation that required supplemental oxygen was the most common SAE. One child died after feeding was reinitiated 2 hours after undergoing sputum induction; this death was categorized as "possibly related" to the procedure. Conclusions.: The overall frequency of SAEs was very low, and the nature of most SAEs was manageable, demonstrating a low-risk safety profile for IS collection even among severely ill children in low-income-country settings. Healthcare providers should monitor oxygen saturation and requirements during and after IS collection, and assess patients prior to reinitiating feeding after the IS procedure, to ensure patient safety.

Prevalence and associated determinants of malaria parasites among Kenyan children

Abstract: Approximately 80% of deaths attributed to malaria worldwide occurred mainly in Africa in 2015. Kenya is one of the major malaria endemic countries, making malaria the leading public health concern in this country. This study intended to document the prevalence of malaria and determine associated factors including socioeconomic status among children aged 6 months to 14 years in Kenya. This study analyzed the secondary data extracted from the 2015 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey (KMIS), a cross-sectional country representative survey. Associations of demographic, socioeconomic, community-based, and behavioral factors with the prevalence of malaria in children were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Data from 7040 children aged 6 months to 14 years were analyzed. The prevalence of malaria showed an upward trend in terms of age, with the highest prevalence among children aged 11–14 years. Prevalence was also higher among rural children (10.16%) compared to urban children (2.93%), as well as poor children (11.05%) compared to rich children (3.23%). The likelihood of having malaria was higher among children aged 10–14 years (AOR = 4.47, 95% CI = 3.33, 6.02; P < 0.001) compared with children aged under 5 years. The presence of anemia (AOR = 3.52, 95% CI = 2.78, 4.45; P < 0.001), rural residence (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.31, 2.22; P < 0.001), lack of a hanging mosquito net (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.78, 3.19; P < 0.001), primary education level of the household head (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.08, 2.25; P < 0.05), and other factors, such as the household having electricity and access to media such as television or radio, were also associated with the likelihood of infection. This study demonstrated the need to focus on awareness programs to prevent malaria and to use existing knowledge in practice to control the malaria burden in Kenya. Furthermore, this study suggests that improving the information available through the mass media and introducing behavior change communication and intervention program specifically for those of poor socioeconomic status will help to reduce malaria cases.