Institution
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Nonprofit•Laxenburg, Austria•
About: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis is a nonprofit organization based out in Laxenburg, Austria. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Greenhouse gas. The organization has 1369 authors who have published 5075 publications receiving 280467 citations. The organization is also known as: IIASA.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis1, ETH Zurich2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research3, Joint Global Change Research Institute4, Eni5, Utrecht University6, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency7, National Institute for Environmental Studies8, Polytechnic University of Milan9
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe scenarios that limit end-of-century radiative forcing to 1.9 Wm−2, and consequently restrict median warming in the year 2100 to below 1.5 W m−2.
Abstract: The 2015 Paris Agreement calls for countries to pursue efforts to limit global-mean temperature rise to 1.5 °C. The transition pathways that can meet such a target have not, however, been extensively explored. Here we describe scenarios that limit end-of-century radiative forcing to 1.9 W m−2, and consequently restrict median warming in the year 2100 to below 1.5 °C. We use six integrated assessment models and a simple climate model, under different socio-economic, technological and resource assumptions from five Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). Some, but not all, SSPs are amenable to pathways to 1.5 °C. Successful 1.9 W m−2 scenarios are characterized by a rapid shift away from traditional fossil-fuel use towards large-scale low-carbon energy supplies, reduced energy use, and carbon-dioxide removal. However, 1.9 W m−2 scenarios could not be achieved in several models under SSPs with strong inequalities, high baseline fossil-fuel use, or scattered short-term climate policy. Further research can help policy-makers to understand the real-world implications of these scenarios.
733 citations
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Utrecht University1, Higher University of San Andrés2, University of Maryland, College Park3, Wageningen University and Research Centre4, University of St Andrews5, Royal Holloway, University of London6, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic7, Chinese Academy of Sciences8, University of Concepción9, University of Dayton10, Planetary Science Institute11, University of British Columbia12, Indian Institute of Science13, University of Maine14, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development15, University of California, Los Angeles16, Johns Hopkins University17, University of Utah18, University of Zurich19, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis20, Beijing Normal University21
TL;DR: The worldwide distribution and water supply of water towers (snowy or glacierized mountain ranges) is indexed, showing that the most important water towers are also the most vulnerable to socio-economic and climate-change stresses, with huge potential negative impacts on populations downstream.
Abstract: Mountains are the water towers of the world, supplying a substantial part of both natural and anthropogenic water demands1,2. They are highly sensitive and prone to climate change3,4, yet their importance and vulnerability have not been quantified at the global scale. Here we present a global water tower index (WTI), which ranks all water towers in terms of their water-supplying role and the downstream dependence of ecosystems and society. For each water tower, we assess its vulnerability related to water stress, governance, hydropolitical tension and future climatic and socio-economic changes. We conclude that the most important (highest WTI) water towers are also among the most vulnerable, and that climatic and socio-economic changes will affect them profoundly. This could negatively impact 1.9 billion people living in (0.3 billion) or directly downstream of (1.6 billion) mountainous areas. Immediate action is required to safeguard the future of the world’s most important and vulnerable water towers.
730 citations
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University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign1, Centre national de la recherche scientifique2, University of Colorado Boulder3, Earth System Research Laboratory4, Forschungszentrum Jülich5, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts6, Max Planck Society7, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis8, National Center for Atmospheric Research9, National Institute for Environmental Studies10, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory11, European Environment Agency12, VU University Amsterdam13, Utrecht University14, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency15
TL;DR: In this article, several different inventories of global and regional anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions are assessed for the 1980-2010 period, including the ACCMIP historical emissions developed in support of the simulations for the IPCC AR5 assessment.
Abstract: Several different inventories of global and regional anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions are assessed for the 1980-2010 period. The species considered in this study are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and black carbon. The inventories considered include the ACCMIP historical emissions developed in support of the simulations for the IPCC AR5 assessment. Emissions for 2005 and 2010 from the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are also included. Large discrepancies between the global and regional emissions are identified, which shows that there is still no consensus on the best estimates for surface emissions of atmospheric compounds. At the global scale, anthropogenic emissions of CO, NOx and SO2 show the best agreement for most years, although agreement does not necessarily mean that uncertainty is low. The agreement is low for BC emissions, particularly in the period prior to 2000. The best consensus is for NOx emissions for all periods and all regions, except for China, where emissions in 1980 and 1990 need to be better defined. Emissions of CO need better quantification in the USA and India for all periods; in Central Europe, the evolution of emissions during the past two decades needs to be better determined. The agreement between the different SO2 emissions datasets is rather good for the USA, but better quantification is needed elsewhere, particularly for Central Europe, India and China. The comparisons performed in this study show that the use of RCP8. 5 for the extension of the ACCMIP inventory beyond 2000 is reasonable, until more global or regional estimates become available. Concerning biomass burning emissions, most inventories agree within 50-80%, depending on the year and season. The large differences between biomass burning inventories are due to differences in the estimates of burned areas from the different available products, as well as in the amount of biomass burned. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
726 citations
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TL;DR: It is found appropriate to use a diagonal matrix, generated by an update of the identity matrix, so as to fit the Rayleigh ellipsoid of the local Hessian in the direction of the change in the gradient.
Abstract: This paper describes some numerical experiments with variable-storage quasi-Newton methods for the optimization of some large-scale models (coming from fluid mechanics and molecular biology). In addition to assessing these kinds of methods in real-life situations, we compare an algorithm of A. Buckley with a proposal by J. Nocedal. The latter seems generally superior, provided that careful attention is given to some nontrivial implementation aspects, which concern the general question of properly initializing a quasi-Newton matrix. In this context, we find it appropriate to use a diagonal matrix, generated by an update of the identity matrix, so as to fit the Rayleigh ellipsoid of the local Hessian in the direction of the change in the gradient.
Also, a variational derivation of some rank one and rank two updates in Hilbert spaces is given.
719 citations
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TL;DR: The boreal forest, one of the largest biomes on Earth, provides ecosystem services that benefit society at levels ranging from local to global, but economic incentives and a greater focus in international fora are needed to support further adaptation and mitigation actions.
Abstract: The boreal forest, one of the largest biomes on Earth, provides ecosystem services that benefit society at levels ranging from local to global. Currently, about two-thirds of the area covered by this biome is under some form of management, mostly for wood production. Services such as climate regulation are also provided by both the unmanaged and managed boreal forests. Although most of the boreal forests have retained the resilience to cope with current disturbances, projected environmental changes of unprecedented speed and amplitude pose a substantial threat to their health. Management options to reduce these threats are available and could be implemented, but economic incentives and a greater focus on the boreal biome in international fora are needed to support further adaptation and mitigation actions.
706 citations
Authors
Showing all 1418 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Martin A. Nowak | 148 | 591 | 94394 |
Paul J. Crutzen | 130 | 461 | 80651 |
Andreas Richter | 110 | 769 | 48262 |
David G. Streets | 106 | 364 | 42154 |
Drew Shindell | 102 | 340 | 49481 |
Wei Liu | 102 | 2927 | 65228 |
Jean-Francois Lamarque | 100 | 385 | 55326 |
Frank Dentener | 97 | 220 | 58666 |
James W. Vaupel | 89 | 434 | 34286 |
Keywan Riahi | 87 | 318 | 58030 |
Larry W. Horowitz | 85 | 253 | 28706 |
Robert J. Scholes | 84 | 253 | 37019 |
Mark A. Sutton | 83 | 423 | 30716 |
Brian Walsh | 82 | 233 | 29589 |
Börje Johansson | 82 | 871 | 30985 |