Institution
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Nonprofit•Laxenburg, Austria•
About: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis is a nonprofit organization based out in Laxenburg, Austria. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Greenhouse gas. The organization has 1369 authors who have published 5075 publications receiving 280467 citations. The organization is also known as: IIASA.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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Auburn University1, Chinese Academy of Sciences2, Mississippi State University3, Iowa State University4, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation5, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science6, Stanford University7, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology8, University of Florida9, National Institute for Environmental Studies10, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research11, University of Bern12, Lund University13, Université du Québec à Montréal14, Emory University15, Norwegian Institute for Air Research16, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis17, University of Zielona Góra18, Max Planck Society19
TL;DR: This study assessed the effects of multiple anthropogenic and natural factors, including nitrogen fertilizer application, atmospheric N deposition, manure N application, land cover change, climate change, and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration on global soil N2 O emissions for the period 1861-2016 using a standard simulation protocol with seven process-based terrestrial biosphere models.
Abstract: Our understanding and quantification of global soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and the underlying processes remain largely uncertain. Here, we assessed the effects of multiple anthropogenic and natural factors, including nitrogen fertilizer (N) application, atmospheric N deposition, manure N application, land cover change, climate change, and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, on global soil N2O emissions for the period 1861–2016 using a standard simulation protocol with seven process-based terrestrial biosphere models. Results suggest global soil N2O emissions have increased from 6.3 ± 1.1 Tg N2O-N/year in the preindustrial period (the 1860s) to 10.0 ± 2.0 Tg N2O-N/year in the recent decade (2007–2016). Cropland soil emissions increased from 0.3 Tg N2O-N/year to 3.3 Tg N2O-N/year over the same period, accounting for 82% of the total increase. Regionally, China, South Asia, and Southeast Asia underwent rapid increases in cropland N2O emissions since the 1970s. However, US cropland N2O emissions had been relatively flat in magnitude since the 1980s, and EU cropland N2O emissions appear to have decreased by 14%. Soil N2O emissions from predominantly natural ecosystems accounted for 67% of the global soil emissions in the recent decade but showed only a relatively small increase of 0.7 ± 0.5 Tg N2O-N/year (11%) since the 1860s. In the recent decade, N fertilizer application, N deposition, manure N application, and climate change contributed 54%, 26%, 15%, and 24%, respectively, to the total increase. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration reduced soil N2O emissions by 10% through the enhanced plant N uptake, while land cover change played a minor role. Our estimation here does not account for indirect emissions from soils and the directed emissions from excreta of grazing livestock. To address uncertainties in estimating regional and global soil N2O emissions, this study recommends several critical strategies for improving the process-based simulations. (Less)
187 citations
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Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research1, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis2, Eni3, ETH Zurich4, Paul Scherrer Institute5, Utrecht University6, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis7, Joint Global Change Research Institute8, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency9, Technical University of Berlin10
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored a situation of staged accession to a global climate policy regime from the current situation of regionally fragmented and moderate climate action, and found that the resulting climate outcome is unlikely to be consistent with the goal of limiting global warming to 2 degrees.
186 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a coupled carbon-cycle and energy systems engineering model was used to analyze the future time path of carbon emissions under an illustrative CO2 concentration stabilization limit of 550 ppm.
186 citations
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CGIAR1, Environmental Change Institute2, International Livestock Research Institute3, Wageningen University and Research Centre4, Natural Environment Research Council5, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation6, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis7, University of Adelaide8, University of Oxford9, International Food Policy Research Institute10
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the development and use of scenarios as an approach to guide action in multi-level, multi-actor adaptation contexts such as food security under climate change, and applied lessons about appropriate scope, enabling adaptation pathways, and developing strategic planning capacity to scenarios processes in multiple global regions.
Abstract: This paper examines the development and use of scenarios as an approach to guide action in multi-level, multi-actor adaptation contexts such as food security under climate change. Three challenges are highlighted: (1) ensuring the appropriate scope for action; (2) moving beyond intervention-based decision guidance; and (3) developing long-term shared capacity for strategic planning. To overcome these challenges we have applied explorative scenarios and normative back-casting with stakeholders from different sectors at the regional level in East Africa. We then applied lessons about appropriate scope, enabling adaptation pathways, and developing strategic planning capacity to scenarios processes in multiple global regions. Scenarios were created to have a broad enough scope to be relevant to diverse actors, and then adapted by different actor groups to ensure their salience in specific decision contexts. The initial strategy for using the scenarios by bringing a range of actors together to explore new collaborative proposals had limitations as well as strengths versus the application of scenarios for specific actor groups and existing decision pathways. Scenarios development and use transitioned from an intervention-based process to an embedded process characterized by continuous engagement. Feasibility and long-term sustainability could be ensured by having decision makers own the process and focusing on developing strategic planning capacity within their home organizations.
184 citations
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TL;DR: The evolution of opportunism (the readiness to be swayed by incentives) and the evolution of trust (the propensity to cooperate in the absence of information on the co-players) are studied.
Abstract: Cooperation in public good games is greatly promoted by positive and negative incentives. In this paper, we use evolutionary game dynamics to study the evolution of opportunism (the readiness to be swayed by incentives) and the evolution of trust (the propensity to cooperate in the absence of information on the co-players). If both positive and negative incentives are available, evolution leads to a population where defectors are punished and players cooperate, except when they can get away with defection. Rewarding behaviour does not become fixed, but can play an essential role in catalysing the emergence of cooperation, especially if the information level is low.
184 citations
Authors
Showing all 1418 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Martin A. Nowak | 148 | 591 | 94394 |
Paul J. Crutzen | 130 | 461 | 80651 |
Andreas Richter | 110 | 769 | 48262 |
David G. Streets | 106 | 364 | 42154 |
Drew Shindell | 102 | 340 | 49481 |
Wei Liu | 102 | 2927 | 65228 |
Jean-Francois Lamarque | 100 | 385 | 55326 |
Frank Dentener | 97 | 220 | 58666 |
James W. Vaupel | 89 | 434 | 34286 |
Keywan Riahi | 87 | 318 | 58030 |
Larry W. Horowitz | 85 | 253 | 28706 |
Robert J. Scholes | 84 | 253 | 37019 |
Mark A. Sutton | 83 | 423 | 30716 |
Brian Walsh | 82 | 233 | 29589 |
Börje Johansson | 82 | 871 | 30985 |