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Showing papers by "Iowa State University published in 2006"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article used new data sources, enhanced spatial resolution, and new analytical approaches to provide new estimates of the global abundance of surface-water bodies and showed that the global extent of natural lakes is twice as large as previously known.
Abstract: One of the major impediments to the integration of lentic ecosystems into global environmental analyses has been fragmentary data on the extent and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments. We use new data sources, enhanced spatial resolution, and new analytical approaches to provide new estimates of the global abundance of surface-water bodies. A global model based on the Pareto distribution shows that the global extent of natural lakes is twice as large as previously known (304 million lakes; 4.2 million km2 in area) and is dominated in area by millions of water bodies smaller than 1 km2. Similar analyses of impoundments based on inventories of large, engineered dams show that impounded waters cover approximately 0.26 million km 2 . However, construction of low-tech farm impoundments is estimated to be between 0.1% and 6% of farm area worldwide, dependent upon precipitation, and represents .77,000 km 2 globally, at present. Overall, about 4.6 million km2 of the earth’s continental ‘‘land’’ surface (.3%) is covered by water. These analyses underscore the importance of explicitly considering lakes, ponds, and impoundments, especially small ones, in global analyses of rates and processes.

1,560 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that identity construction was triggered by work-identity integrity violations: an experienced mismatch between what physicians did and who they were, which were resolved through identity customization processes (enriching, patching, or splinting), which were part of interrelated identity and work learning cycles.
Abstract: Through a six-year qualitative study of medical residents, we build theory about professional identity construction. We found that identity construction was triggered by work-identity integrity violations: an experienced mismatch between what physicians did and who they were. These violations were resolved through identity customization processes (enriching, patching, or splinting), which were part of interrelated identity and work learning cycles. Implications of our findings (e.g., for member identification) for both theory and practice are discussed.

1,539 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale to measure self-stigma in people's decision not to engage in therapy.
Abstract: Self-stigma is an important factor in people's decisions not to engage in therapy. To measure this construct, the authors developed the 10-item Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale. In Study 1 (n = 583), the SSOSH had a unidimensional factor structure and good reliability (.91) among participants. Study 2 (n = 470) confirmed the factor structure. Studies 2, 3 (n = 546), and 4 (n = 217) cross-validated the reliability (.86 to .90; test-retest, .72) and showed evidence of validity (construct, criterion, and predictive) across the study samples. The SSOSH uniquely predicted attitudes toward and intent to seek psychological help. Finally, in Study 5 (n = 655) the SSOSH differentiated those who sought psychological services from those who did not across a 2-month period.

965 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Confocal fluorescence micrographs showed that the different surface functionalities of MSNs could also affect their ability to escape endosomal entrapment, which is a key factor in designing effective intracellular delivery vehicles.
Abstract: We have synthesized a series of MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN). The surface of the MSNs are functionalized with 3-aminopropyl (AP), 3-guanidinopropyl (GP), 3-[N-(2-guanidinoethyl)guanidino]propyl (GEGP), and N-folate-3-aminopropyl (FAP). In contrast to the ζ-potential of −18.4 mV for FITC-MSN, the values of ζ-potential for AP-, GP-, GEGP-, and FAP-functionalized FITC-MSNs in 100 mM PBS buffer (pH 7.4) increased positively from −11.3, −10.6, −4.0, to +4.9 mV, respectively. The uptake efficiency, endocytosis mechanism, and biocompatibility of these organically functionalized MSNs were investigated with human cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Flow cytometry results suggested that the endocytosis of MSN could be manipulated by different surface functionalization. The immunocytochemistry study indicated that the uptake of these MSNs by HeLa cells was surface functional group dependent and involved several different mechanisms of endocytosis. Confocal fluorescence micrographs showed that the diff...

793 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: JML as mentioned in this paper is a behavioral interface specification language tailored to Java (TM) that allows assertions to be intermixed with Java code; these aid verification and debugging. JML is designed to be used by working software engineers; to do this it follows Eiffel in using Java expressions in assertions.
Abstract: JML is a behavioral interface specification language tailored to Java(TM). Besides pre- and postconditions, it also allows assertions to be intermixed with Java code; these aid verification and debugging. JML is designed to be used by working software engineers; to do this it follows Eiffel in using Java expressions in assertions. JML combines this idea from Eiffel with the model-based approach to specifications, typified by VDM and Larch, which results in greater expressiveness. Other expressiveness advantages over Eiffel include quantifiers, specification-only variables, and frame conditions.This paper discusses the goals of JML, the overall approach, and describes the basic features of the language through examples. It is intended for readers who have some familiarity with both Java and behavioral specification using pre- and postconditions.

777 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a step-by-step guide for performing bootstrap mediation analyses is provided, and the test of joint significance is also briefly described as an alternative to both the normal theory and bootstrap methods.
Abstract: P. A. Frazier, A. P. Tix, and K. E. Barron (2004) highlighted a normal theory method popularized by R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) for testing the statistical significance of indirect effects (i.e., mediator variables) in multiple regression contexts. However, simulation studies suggest that this method lacks statistical power relative to some other approaches. The authors describe an alternative developed by P. E. Shrout and N. Bolger (2002) based on bootstrap resampling methods. An example and step-by-step guide for performing bootstrap mediation analyses are provided. The test of joint significance is also briefly described as an alternative to both the normal theory and bootstrap methods. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each approach in terms of precision in estimating confidence intervals of indirect effects, Type I error, and Type II error are discussed.

776 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE) as discussed by the authors models economic processes as dynamic systems of interacting agents, and explores the potential advantages and disadvantages of ACE for the study of economic systems.
Abstract: Economies are complicated systems encompassing micro behaviors, interaction patterns, and global regularities. Whether partial or general in scope, studies of economic systems must consider how to handle difficult real-world aspects such as asymmetric information, imperfect competition, strategic interaction, collective learning, and the possibility of multiple equilibria. Recent advances in analytical and computational tools are permitting new approaches to the quantitative study of these aspects. One such approach is Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE) , the computational study of economic processes modeled as dynamic systems of interacting agents. This chapter explores the potential advantages and disadvantages of ACE for the study of economic systems. General points are concretely illustrated using an ACE model of a two-sector decentralized market economy. Six issues are highlighted: Constructive understanding of production, pricing, and trade processes; the essential primacy of survival; strategic rivalry and market power; behavioral uncertainty and learning; the role of conventions and organizations; and the complex interactions among structural attributes, institutional arrangements, and behavioral dispositions.

759 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
12 May 2006-Science
TL;DR: This work investigated the propagation of femtosecond laser pulses through a metamaterial that has a negative index of refraction for wavelengths around 1.5 micrometers and directly inferred the phase time delay from the interference fringes of a Michelson interferometer.
Abstract: We investigated the propagation of femtosecond laser pulses through a metamaterial that has a negative index of refraction for wavelengths around 1.5 micrometers. From the interference fringes of a Michelson interferometer with and without the sample, we directly inferred the phase time delay. From the pulse-envelope shift, we determined the group time delay. In a spectral region, phase and group velocity are negative simultaneously. This means that both the carrier wave and the pulse envelope peak of the output pulse appear at the rear side of the sample before their input pulse counterparts have entered the front side of the sample.

758 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use the Community Capitals Framework (CCF) to look at community change from a systems perspective and find that social capital is the critical resource that reversed the downward spiral of loss to an upward spiral of hope.
Abstract: This paper uses the Community Capitals Framework (CCF) to look at community change from a systems perspective. We find that social capital—both bonding and bridging—is the critical resource that reversed the downward spiral of loss to an upward spiral of hope—a process we call “spiraling-up.” Focusing on the example of a change process implemented in Nebraska, HomeTown Competitiveness, we delineate the assets invested, created, and expanded by the project. We also apply the CCF to understanding the flow among the capitals and the impact of this flow on community capacity to initiate and sustain a process of change, particularly in building social capital.

752 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: X. oryzae pathovars with rice present as models for understanding fundamental aspects of bacterial pathogenesis of plants and plant disease resistance, as well as other aspects of plant and microbial biology, with implications also for animal innate immunity.
Abstract: SUMMARY Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola cause bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak of rice (Oryza sativa), which constrain production of this staple crop in much of Asia and parts of Africa. Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the diseases and breeding for resistance. X. oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight by invading the vascular tissue, while X. oryzae pv. oryzicola causes bacterial leaf streak by colonizing the parenchyma. In rice there are 29 major genes for resistance to bacterial blight, but so far only a few quantitative resistance loci for bacterial leaf streak. Over 30 races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae have been reported. Both pathogens exhibit genetic variation among isolates. Mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance have begun to be elucidated. Members of the AvrBs3/PthA family of transcription activator-like effectors play a major role in the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae and possibly X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. Cloning of six rice resistance genes for bacterial blight and one from maize effective against bacterial leaf streak has uncovered a diversity of structure and function, some shared by genes involved in defence in animals. This article reviews research that spans a century. It also presents a perspective on challenges for sustainable control, and opportunities that interactions of X. oryzae pathovars with rice present as models for understanding fundamental aspects of bacterial pathogenesis of plants and plant disease resistance, as well as other aspects of plant and microbial biology, with implications also for animal innate immunity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the link between perceived racial discrimination and later conduct problems and depressive symptoms among 714 African American adolescents who were 10-12 years old at recruitment.
Abstract: Longitudinal links between perceived racial discrimination and later conduct problems and depressive symptoms were examined among 714 African American adolescents who were 10-12 years old at recruitment. Data were gathered 3 times over a 5-year period. Hypotheses were tested via latent curve modeling and multiple-group latent growth modeling. Increases in perceived discrimination were associated with increased conduct problems and depressive symptoms. This association was weaker when youths received nurturant-involved parenting, affiliated with prosocial friends, and performed well academically. For conduct problems, the association was stronger for boys than for girls; for depressive symptoms, no gender differences emerged. The findings thus identify contextual variables that moderate the contribution of perceived discrimination to African American youths' adjustment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors sequenced 111 fragments from 102 genes in four soybean populations representing the populations before and after genetic bottlenecks and showed that soybean has lost many rare sequence variants and has undergone numerous allele frequency changes throughout its history.
Abstract: Soybean has undergone several genetic bottlenecks These include domestication in Asia to produce numerous Asian landraces, introduction of relatively few landraces to North America, and then selective breeding over the past 75 years It is presumed that these three human-mediated events have reduced genetic diversity We sequenced 111 fragments from 102 genes in four soybean populations representing the populations before and after genetic bottlenecks We show that soybean has lost many rare sequence variants and has undergone numerous allele frequency changes throughout its history Although soybean genetic diversity has been eroded by human selection after domestication, it is notable that modern cultivars have retained 72% of the sequence diversity present in the Asian landraces but lost 79% of rare alleles (frequency ≤010) found in the Asian landraces Simulations indicated that the diversity lost through the genetic bottlenecks of introduction and plant breeding was mostly due to the small number of Asian introductions and not the artificial selection subsequently imposed by selective breeding The bottleneck with the most impact was domestication; when the low sequence diversity present in the wild species was halved, 81% of the rare alleles were lost, and 60% of the genes exhibited evidence of significant allele frequency changes

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provides a review of many of the AT models that have been use successfully in this area and makes important contributions in the development of appropriate stochastic models for AT data.
Abstract: Engineers in the manufacturing industries have used accelerated test (AT) experiments for many decades. The purpose of AT experiments is to acquire reliability information quickly. Test units of a material, component, subsystem, or entire systems are subjected to higher-than-usual levels of one or more accelerating variables such as temperature or stress. Then the AT results are used to predict life of the units at use conditions. The extrapolation is typically justified (correctly or incorrectly) on the basis of physically motivated models or a combination of empirical model fitting with a sufficient amount of previous experience in testing similar units. The need to extrapolate in both time and the accelerating variables generally necessitates the use of fully parametric models. Statisticians have made important contributions in the development of appropriate stochastic models for AT data (typically a distribution for the response and regression relationships between the parameters of this distribution and the accelerating variable(s)), statistical methods for AT planning (choice of accelerating variable levels and allocation of available test units to those levels), and methods of estimation of suitable reliability metrics. This paper provides a review of many of the AT models that have been use successfully in this area.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Path analyses suggest reciprocal and snowballing relations between maternal bookreading and children's vocabulary and language and cognition at 36 months.
Abstract: About half of 2,581 low-income mothers reported reading daily to their children. At 14 months, the odds of reading daily increased by the child being firstborn or female. At 24 and 36 months, these odds increased by maternal verbal ability or education and by the child being firstborn or of Early Head Start status. White mothers read more than did Hispanic or African American mothers. For English-speaking children, concurrent reading was associated with vocabulary and comprehension at 14 months, and with vocabulary and cognitive development at 24 months. A pattern of daily reading over the 3 data points for English-speaking children and daily reading at any 1 data point for Spanish-speaking children predicted children's language and cognition at 36 months. Path analyses suggest reciprocal and snowballing relations between maternal bookreading and children's vocabulary.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe submonolayer nucleation and growth of two-dimensional islands during deposition and show that the traditional mean-field treatment is quite successful in capturing the behavior of mean island densities, but it fails to predict island size distributions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors compared individual U.S. equity return data from Thomson Datastream (TDS) with similar data from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) to evaluate TDS for use in studies involving large numbers of individual equities in markets outside the United States.
Abstract: We compare individual U.S. equity return data from Thomson Datastream (TDS) with similar data from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) to evaluate TDS for use in studies involving large numbers of individual equities in markets outside the United States. We document important issues of coverage, classification, and data integrity and find that naive use of TDS data can have a large impact on economic inferences. We show that after careful screening of the TDS data, inferences drawn from TDS data are similar to those drawn from CRSP. We illustrate the importance of the screens we develop using U.S. TDS data by applying the screens to TDS data from four European equity markets.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the glueball-to-vacuum matrix elements of local gluonic operators in scalar, tensor, and pseudoscalar channels are investigated numerically on several anisotropic lattices with the spatial lattice spacing ranging from 0.1-0.2 fm.
Abstract: The glueball-to-vacuum matrix elements of local gluonic operators in scalar, tensor, and pseudoscalar channels are investigated numerically on several anisotropic lattices with the spatial lattice spacing ranging from 0.1-0.2 fm. These matrix elements are needed to predict the glueball branching ratios in J/{psi} radiative decays which will help identify the glueball states in experiments. Two types of improved local gluonic operators are constructed for a self-consistent check and the finite-volume effects are studied. We find that lattice spacing dependence of our results is very weak and the continuum limits are reliably extrapolated, as a result of improvement of the lattice gauge action and local operators. We also give updated glueball masses with various quantum numbers.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The diffusion of innovations has been studied for over 30 years, and one of the most popular adoption models is described by Rogers in his book, Diffusion of Innovations as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The process of adopting new innovations has been studied for over 30 years, and one of the most popular adoption models is described by Rogers in his book, Diffusion of Innovations (Sherry & Gibson, 2002). Much research from a broad variety of disciplines has used the model as a framework. Dooley (1999) and Stuart (2000) mentioned several of these disciplines as political science, public health, communications, history, economics, technology, and education, and defined Rogers’ theory as a widely used theoretical framework in the area of technology diffusion and adoption.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparisons of 29 baculovirus genomes indicated that bacULovirus phylogeny followed the classification of the hosts more closely than morphological traits that have previously been used for classification of this virus family.
Abstract: Recent evidence from genome sequence analyses demands a substantial revision of the taxonomy and classification of the family Baculoviridae. Comparisons of 29 baculovirus genomes indicated that baculovirus phylogeny followed the classification of the hosts more closely than morphological traits that have previously been used for classification of this virus family. On this basis, dipteran- and hymenopteran-specific nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPV) should be separated from lepidopteran-specific NPVs and accommodated into different genera. We propose a new classification and nomenclature for the genera within the baculovirus family. According to this proposal the updated classification should include four genera: Alphabaculovirus (lepidopteran-specific NPV), Betabaculovirus (lepidopteran-specific Granuloviruses), Gammabaculovirus (hymenopteran-specific NPV) and Deltabaculovirus (dipteran-specific NPV).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive web-interfaced database to compile and visualize the evidence for alternative splicing in plants, with some examples strongly suggesting a role of the AS event as an evolutionary conserved mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation.
Abstract: Alternative splicing (AS) has been extensively studied in mammalian systems but much less in plants. Here we report AS events deduced from EST/cDNA analysis in two model plants: Arabidopsis and rice. In Arabidopsis, 4,707 (21.8%) of the genes with EST/cDNA evidence show 8,264 AS events. Approximately 56% of these events are intron retention (IntronR), and only 8% are exon skipping. In rice, 6,568 (21.2%) of the expressed genes display 14,542 AS events, of which 53.5% are IntronR and 13.8% are exon skipping. The consistent high frequency of IntronR suggests prevalence of splice site recognition by intron definition in plants. Different AS events within a given gene occur, for the most part, independently. In total, 36–43% of the AS events produce transcripts that would be targets of the non-sense-mediated decay pathway, if that pathway were to operate in plants as in humans. Forty percent of Arabidopsis AS genes are alternatively spliced also in rice, with some examples strongly suggesting a role of the AS event as an evolutionary conserved mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation. We created a comprehensive web-interfaced database to compile and visualize the evidence for alternative splicing in plants (Alternative Splicing in Plants, available at www.plantgdb.org/ASIP).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To the best of the knowledge, this is the best figure of merit reported for any negative-index photonic metamaterial to date.
Abstract: We fabricate and characterize a low-loss silver-based negative-index metamaterial based on the design of a recent theoretical proposal. Comparing the measured transmittance and reflectance spectra with theory reveals good agreement. We retrieve a real part of the refractive index of Re(n)= -2 around 1.5 microm wavelength. The maximum of the ratio of the real to the imaginary part of the refractive index is about three at a spectral position where Re(n)= -1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best figure of merit reported for any negative-index photonic metamaterial to date.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new, high-order, conservative, and efficient method for conservation laws on unstructured grids is developed, which is much simpler than the discontinuous Galerkin and spectral volume methods for un Structured grids.

Journal ArticleDOI
S. Schael1, R. Barate, R. Bruneliere, I. De Bonis  +1279 moreInstitutions (141)
TL;DR: In this paper, four LEP collaborations, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, have searched for the neutral Higgs bosons which are predicted by the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM).
Abstract: The four LEP collaborations, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, have searched for the neutral Higgs bosons which are predicted by the Minimal Supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). The data of the four collaborations are statistically combined and examined for their consistency with the background hypothesis and with a possible Higgs boson signal. The combined LEP data show no significant excess of events which would indicate the production of Higgs bosons. The search results are used to set upper bounds on the cross-sections of various Higgs-like event topologies. The results are interpreted within the MSSM in a number of “benchmark” models, including CP-conserving and CP-violating scenarios. These interpretations lead in all cases to large exclusions in the MSSM parameter space. Absolute limits are set on the parameter cosβ and, in some scenarios, on the masses of neutral Higgs bosons.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
23 Apr 2006
TL;DR: This paper proposes a novel rate-adaptation scheme, called CARA (Collision-Aware Rate Adaptation), which combines adaptively the Request-to-Send/Clear- to-Send (RTS/CTS) exchange with the Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) functionality to differentiate frame collisions from frame transmission failures caused by channel errors.
Abstract: Today’s IEEE 802.11 WLANs (Wireless LANs) provide multiple transmission rates so that different rates can be exploited in an adaptive manner depending on the underlying channel condition in order to maximize the system performance. Many rate adaptation schemes have been proposed so far while most (if not all) of the commercial devices implement a simple open-loop rate adaptation scheme (i.e., without feedback from the receiver), called ARF (Automatic Rate Fallback) due to its simplicity. A key problem with such open-loop rate adaptation schemes is that they do not consider the collision effect, and hence, malfunction severely when many transmission failures are due to collisions. In this paper, we propose a novel rate-adaptation scheme, called CARA (Collision-Aware Rate Adaptation). The key idea of CARA is that the transmitter station combines adaptively the Request-to-Send/Clear-to-Send (RTS/CTS) exchange with the Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) functionality to differentiate frame collisions from frame transmission failures caused by channel errors. Therefore, compared with other open-loop rateadaptation schemes, CARA is more likely to make the correct rate adaptation decisions. Through extensive simulation runs, we evaluate our proposed scheme to show that our scheme yields significantly higher throughput performance than the existing schemes

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Imposing a speed that is just 10% higher than what overweight women would have self-selected led to a significant decline in reported pleasure, which could diminish the enjoyment of and intrinsic motivation for physical activity, reducing adherence.
Abstract: Objective: The lower rates of adherence to physical activity commonly found among overweight adults compared to their normal-weight counterparts might be due to the activity being experienced as more laborious and less pleasant, particularly when its intensity is prescribed (or imposed) rather than self-selected. Design: Within-subject design, with two 20-min sessions of treadmill exercise, one at self-selected speed and one at imposed speed, 10% higher than the self-selected. Subjects: A total of 16 overweight (BMI: 31 kg/m 2 ) and 9 normal-weight (BMI: 22 kg/m 2 ) previously sedentary but healthy women (age: 43 years). Measurements: Heart rate, oxygen uptake relative to body weight, and ratings of perceived exertion and pleasure–displeasure were assessed every 5 min. Results: The overweight women showed higher oxygen uptake and perceived exertion than the normal-weight women during both sessions. Although the two groups did not differ in ratings of pleasure–displeasure during the session at self-selected speed, only the overweight women showed a significant decline when the speed was imposed. Conclusions: Imposing a speed that is just 10% higher than what overweight women would have self-selected led to a significant decline in reported pleasure. Over time, this could diminish the enjoyment of and intrinsic motivation for physical activity, reducing adherence. International Journal of Obesity (2006) 30, 652–660. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803052; published online 30 August 2005

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Institute of Food Technologists has issued this Scientific Status Summary to update readers on the science of fungal toxins.
Abstract: The Institute of Food Technologists has issued this Scientific Status Summary to update readers on the science of fungal toxins.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors investigate conditions under which trade linkages can encourage ISO 14001 adoption, thereby countering environmental races to the bottom, and find that trade linkage encourages ISO 1421 adoption if countries’ major export markets have adopted this voluntary regulation.
Abstract: Globalization critics argue that international trade spurs a race to the bottom among national environmental standards. ISO 14001 is the most widely adopted voluntary environmental regulation which encourages firms to take environmental action beyond what domestic government regulations require. Drawing on a panel study of 108 countries over seven years, we investigate conditions under which trade linkages can encourage ISO 14001 adoption, thereby countering environmental races to the bottom. We find that trade linkages encourage ISO 14001 adoption if countries’ major export markets have adopted this voluntary regulation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is observed that an aerobic exercise intervention can significantly reduce serum inflammatory mediators, but beta-adrenergic receptors and psychosocial factors do not appear to be involved.
Abstract: Increased serum levels of inflammatory mediators have been associated with numerous disease states including atherosclerosis, Type II diabetes, hypertension, depression, and overall mortality. We hypothesized that a long-term exercise intervention among older adults would reduce serum inflammatory cytokines, and this reduction would be mediated, in part, by improvements in psychosocial factors and/or by beta-adrenergic receptor mechanisms. Adults age 64 were randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise treatment (CARDIO) or a flexibility/strength exercise treatment (FLEX) 3 days/week, 45 min/day for 10 months. A subgroup of subjects treated with non-selective beta(1)beta(2) adrenergic antagonists were included to evaluate the potential role of beta-adrenergic receptor adaptations as mediators of an exercise-induced change in inflammation. The inflammatory mediators [C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-18] and the psychosocial factors (depression, perceived stress, optimism, sense of coherence, and social support) were measured pre- and post-intervention. The CARDIO treatment resulted in significant reductions in serum CRP, IL-6, and IL-18 compared to the FLEX treatment (significant treatment x time interaction, p<.05), whereas TNFalpha declined in both groups (main effect of time, p=.001). However, several psychosocial factors (depression, optimism, and sense of coherence) improved in both groups suggesting that the reduction of CRP, IL-6, and IL-18 in the CARDIO group was not mediated by improvements in psychosocial scores. With respect to the potential role of beta-adrenergic receptors, both CARDIO subjects treated with beta-adrenergic antagonists and those who were not treated with those medications demonstrated similar reductions in serum CRP, IL-6, IL-18, and TNFalpha. In summary, we have observed that an aerobic exercise intervention can significantly reduce serum inflammatory mediators, but beta-adrenergic receptors and psychosocial factors do not appear to be involved.

Journal ArticleDOI
V. M. Abazov1, Brad Abbott2, M. Abolins3, Bobby Samir Acharya4  +814 moreInstitutions (74)
TL;DR: The D0 experiment enjoyed a very successful data-collection run at the Fermilab Tevatron collider between 1992 and 1996 as discussed by the authors, and the detector has been upgraded to take advantage of improvements to the Tevoton and to enhance its physics capabilities.
Abstract: The D0 experiment enjoyed a very successful data-collection run at the Fermilab Tevatron collider between 1992 and 1996. Since then, the detector has been upgraded to take advantage of improvements to the Tevatron and to enhance its physics capabilities. We describe the new elements of the detector, including the silicon microstrip tracker, central fiber tracker, solenoidal magnet, preshower detectors, forward muon detector, and forward proton detector. The uranium/liquid-argon calorimeters and central muon detector, remaining from Run I, are discussed briefly. We also present the associated electronics, triggering, and data acquisition systems, along with the design and implementation of software specific to D0.