Showing papers by "Istanbul University published in 2003"
TL;DR: Nine children with autosomal recessive MyD88 deficiency suffered from life-threatening, often recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections, including invasive pneumococcal disease, but these patients were otherwise healthy, with normal resistance to other microbes.
Abstract: MyD88 is a key downstream adapter for most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 deficiency in mice leads to susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens in experimental settings of infection. We describe a distinct situation in a natural setting of human infection. Nine children with autosomal recessive MyD88 deficiency suffered from life-threatening, often recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections, including invasive pneumococcal disease. However, these patients were otherwise healthy, with normal resistance to other microbes. Their clinical status improved with age, but not due to any cellular leakiness in MyD88 deficiency. The MyD88-dependent TLRs and IL-1Rs are therefore essential for protective immunity to a small number of pyogenic bacteria, but redundant for host defense to most natural infections.
1,261 citations
TL;DR: The verapamil-trandolapril- based strategy was as clinically effective as the atenolol-hydrochlorothiazide-based strategy in hypertensive CAD patients, and was also recommended for patients with heart failure, diabetes, or renal impairment.
Abstract: Results At 24 months, in the CAS group, 6391 patients (81.5%) were taking verapamil sustained release; 4934 (62.9%) were taking trandolapril; and 3430 (43.7%) were taking hydrochlorothiazide. In the NCAS group, 6083 patients (77.5%) were taking atenolol; 4733 (60.3%) were taking hydrochlorothiazide; and 4113 (52.4%) were taking trandolapril. After a follow-up of 61835 patient-years (mean, 2.7 years per patient), 2269 patients had a primary outcome event with no statistically significant difference between treatment strategies (9.93% in CAS and 10.17% in NCAS; relative risk [RR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-1.06). Two-year blood pressure control was similar between groups. The JNC VI blood pressure goals were achieved by 65.0% (systolic) and 88.5% (diastolic) of CAS and 64.0% (systolic) and 88.1% (diastolic) of NCAS patients. A total of 71.7% of CAS and 70.7% of NCAS patients achieved a systolic blood pressure of less than 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg. Conclusion The verapamil-trandolapril–based strategy was as clinically effective as the atenolol-hydrochlorothiazide–based strategy in hypertensive CAD patients.
1,215 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the “disease burden” of Behçet syndrome is usually confined to the early years of its course, and in many patients the syndrome “burns out.”
673 citations
TL;DR: The human connexin 43 gene, or GJA1, is located at human chromosome 6q22-q23 within the candidate region for the oculodentodigital dysplasia locus as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Gap junctions are assemblies of intercellular channels that regulate a variety of physiologic and developmental processes through the exchange of small ions and signaling molecules. These channels consist of connexin family proteins that allow for diversity of channel composition and conductance properties. The human connexin 43 gene, or GJA1, is located at human chromosome 6q22-q23 within the candidate region for the oculodentodigital dysplasia locus. This autosomal dominant syndrome presents with craniofacial (ocular, nasal, and dental) and limb dysmorphisms, spastic paraplegia, and neurodegeneration. Syndactyly type III and conductive deafness can occur in some cases, and cardiac abnormalities are observed in rare instances. We found mutations in the GJA1 gene in all 17 families with oculodentodigital dysplasia that we screened. Sixteen different missense mutations and one codon duplication were detected. These mutations may cause misassembly of channels or alter channel conduction properties. Expression patterns and phenotypic features of gja1 animal mutants, reported elsewhere, are compatible with the pleiotropic clinical presentation of oculodentodigital dysplasia.
589 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a new model for magma genesis: slab steepening and breakoff beneath a large subduction-accretion complex, which holds that a northward subducting oceanic lithosphere beneath the Eastern Anatolia Accretionary Prism gets steepened and eventually detached from the continental lithosphere of the Bitlis-Poturge Massif.
Abstract: [1] Eastern Anatolia is regarded as one of the best examples of continental collision, represented by a 2 km high plateau. It displays shallow and diffuse seismicity, indicating that the crust is still being actively deformed. Perhaps the most striking aspect of Eastern Anatolia is the volume and compositional variability of collision-related volcanic products erupted during the Neogene and Quaternary time. A number of models have been proposed for the genesis of this volcanism in the region. However, recent geophysical studies have revealed that a mantle lithosphere is almost completely absent beneath a greater portion of the region, which makes us question the validity of the previous models. In this paper, we propose a new model for magma genesis: slab steepening and breakoff beneath a large subduction-accretion complex. This model holds that a northward subducting oceanic lithosphere beneath the Eastern Anatolia Accretionary Prism gets steepened and eventually detached from the continental lithosphere of the Bitlis-Poturge Massif, following the continent-accretionary complex collision. This brings the asthenospheric mantle in contact with the accretionary complex at shallow depths (e.g., around 50 km), resulting in rapid regional uplift and extensive melting which leads to collisional volcanism.
518 citations
TL;DR: The rainbow trout fed with a diet containing 1% aqueous extract of powdered ginger roots for three weeks exhibited a significant non-specific immune response, and all plant extracts added to fish diet increased the total protein level in plasma except 0.1% ginger.
457 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that L2 speakers reported greater autonomic arousal to taboo words and childhood reprimands (Shame on you!”) in their L1 compared to their L2.
Abstract: Second language speakers commonly acknowledge that taboo terms can be uttered with greater ease in their second language (L2) than in their first language (L1). To investigate this phenomenon psychophysiologically, 32 Turkish–English bilinguals rated a variety of stimuli for pleasantness in Turkish (L1) and English (L2) while skin conductance was monitored via fingertip electrodes. Participants demonstrated greater autonomic arousal to taboo words and childhood reprimands (“Shame on you!”) in their L1 compared to their L2. This finding provides quantifiable support for the subjective experiences of L2 speakers.
345 citations
TL;DR: This experiment lends further support to the use of proC and rpoD genes simultaneously as internal controls for relative quantification studies for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Abstract: Constantly expressed genes are used as internal controls in relative quantification studies. Suitable internal controls for such studies have not yet been defined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, the genes ampC, fabD, proC, pbp-2, rpoD and rpoS of P. aeruginosa were compared in terms of expression stability by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. A total of 23 strains with diverse resistance phenotypes were studied. Stability of expression among the housekeeping genes was assessed on the basis of correlation coefficients, with the best-correlated pair accepted as being the most stable one. Eventually, proC and rpoD formed the most stable pair (r = 0.958; P < 0.001). Next, in four ciprofloxacin-selected nfxC-like mutants, levels of oprD, oprM and oprN mRNA were compared with those of their wild-type counterparts. The comparison was made after correcting the raw values by the geometric mean of the internal control genes proC and rpoD. The level of oprN mRNA was significantly up-regulated, while the oprD gene was down-regulated (although this difference was statistically insignificant), in the mutants. This expression pattern was consistent with that of the expected expression profile of nfxC-type mutants; this experiment therefore lends further support to the use of proC and rpoD genes simultaneously as internal controls for such studies.
313 citations
TL;DR: The mutation profile of the isolates suggested that a single founder strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may undergo genetic changes during treatment, leading to acquisition of additional drug resistance independently in discrete physical locales.
Abstract: Protective immunity against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by the formation in the lungs of granulomas consisting of macrophages and activated T cells producing tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon, both required for the activation of the phagocytes. In 90% of immunocompetent humans, this response controls the infection. To understand why immunity fails in the other 10%, we studied the lungs of six patients who underwent surgery for incurable TB. Histologic examination of different lung lesions revealed heterogeneous morphology and distribution of acid-fast bacilli; only at the surface of cavities, i.e., in granulomas with a patent connection to the airways, were there numerous bacilli. The mutation profile of the isolates suggested that a single founder strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may undergo genetic changes during treatment, leading to acquisition of additional drug resistance independently in discrete physical locales. Additional drug resistance was preferentially observed at the cavity surface. Cytokine gene expression revealed that failure to control the bacilli was not associated with a generalized suppression of cellular immunity, since cytokine mRNA was up regulated in all lesions tested. Rather, a selective absence of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was noted at the luminal surface of the cavity, preventing direct T-cell-macrophage interactions at this site, probably allowing luminal phagocytes to remain permissive for bacillary growth. In contrast, in the perinecrotic zone of the granulomas, the two cell types colocalized and bacillary numbers were substantially lower, suggesting that in this microenvironment an efficient bacteriostatic or bactericidal phagocyte population was generated.
309 citations
TL;DR: This data indicates that the prevalence of Behçet's disease is much higher in countries along the ancient Silk Route, extending from Japan to Mediterranean countries including Turkey, than in northern Europe and the USA.
Abstract: Background The prevalence of Behcet's disease (BD) is much higher in countries along the ancient Silk Route, extending from Japan to Mediterranean countries including Turkey, than in northern Europe and the USA. Three previous epidemiologic surveys have been carried out in different regions of Turkey.
Patients and methods This study investigated the cross-sectional prevalence of BD in individuals aged > 12 years in Istanbul, Turkey, in two stages. The first stage aimed to identify individuals with recurrent oral ulcers (ROUs) by visiting them in their homes, and the second stage aimed to further examine those with ROUs for the presence of other BD-related manifestations under hospital conditions. The sample size was determined to be 24,000 with an expected BD prevalence rate of 1/1000 and a sampling error of 4/10,000, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 6–14/10,000. The number of individuals to be screened in each district was determined in proportion to the population of all districts in Istanbul.
Results The standard questionnaire was applied to a total of 23,986 individuals at their homes. A history of ROU was recorded in 2289 individuals (9.5%), and a previous diagnosis of BD was recorded in 47. The diagnosis of ROU was confirmed in 700, and the diagnosis of BD was established in 101 according to the International Study Group criteria. The prevalence rate of BD was estimated as 42/10,000 (95% CI, 34–51/10,000) in Istanbul, Turkey.
Conclusions This survey conducted in Istanbul, the largest cosmopolitan city in Turkey with immigrants from all over the country, has a larger sample size than other previous studies, and therefore the reported prevalence rate of BD has a more acceptable confidence interval. This study aids in the estimation of the prevalence of BD in Turkey, and supports previous findings that Turkey has the highest prevalence rate of the disease in the world.
307 citations
TL;DR: 2,6-Dimethyl-N'-(2-hydroxyphenylmethylidene)imidazo (3c) showed the most favorable cytotoxicity and demonstrated the most marked effects in the National Cancer Institute's 60 human tumor cell line in vitro screen on an ovarian cancer cell line.
TL;DR: In this article, the uniqueness and global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium point for a larger class of neural networks with constant time delay were established. And the use of a more general type of Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional enables us to establish global stability of a large class of delayed neural networks than those considered in some previous papers.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the subsurface structure of the Karadere-Duzce branch of the North Anatolian Fault based on analysis of a large seismic data set recorded by a local PASSCAL network in the 6 months following the Mw = 7.4 1999 Izmit earthquake.
Abstract: SUMMARY We discuss the subsurface structure of the Karadere‐Duzce branch of the North Anatolian Fault based on analysis of a large seismic data set recorded by a local PASSCAL network in the 6 months following the Mw = 7.4 1999 Izmit earthquake. Seismograms observed at stations located in the immediate vicinity of the rupture zone show motion amplification and long-period oscillations in both P- and S-wave trains that do not exist in nearby off-fault stations. Examination of thousands of waveforms reveals that these characteristics are commonly generated by events that are well outside the fault zone. The anomalous features in fault-zone seismograms produced by events not necessarily in the fault may be referred to generally as fault-zone-related site effects. The oscillatory shear wave trains after the direct S arrival in these seismograms are analysed as trapped waves propagating in a low-velocity fault-zone layer. The time difference between the S arrival and trapped waves group does not grow systematically with increasing source‐receiver separation along the fault. These observations imply that the trapping of seismic energy in the Karadere‐Duzce rupture zone is generated by a shallow fault-zone layer. Traveltime analysis and synthetic waveform modelling indicate that the depth of the trapping structure is approximately 3‐4 km. The synthetic waveform modelling indicates further that the shallow trapping structure has effective waveguide properties consisting of thickness of the order of 100 m, a velocity decrease relative to the surrounding rock of approximately 50 per cent and an S-wave quality factor of 10‐15. The results are supported by large 2-D and 3-D parameter space studies and are compatible with recent analyses of trapped waves in a number of other faults and rupture zones. The inferred shallow trapping structure is likely to be a common structural element of fault zones and may correspond to the top part of a flower-type structure. The motion amplification associated with fault-zone-related site effects increases the seismic shaking hazard near fault-zone structures. The effect may be significant since the volume of sources capable of generating motion amplification in shallow trapping structures is large.
TL;DR: In this article, modified crosslinked polyacrylamides having different functional groups were prepared by Mannich reaction using different amine compounds such as ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA) and sulfomethylation reaction.
TL;DR: Dental difference between the sexes in several human populations has been found highly dimorphic, it was not found so in Turks and accuracy of classification remained low at about 77%, which supports earlier studies that sexual dimorphism is population specific.
TL;DR: The hypoglycemic activity of lectin isolated from Urtica pilulifera L. seeds was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats and compared against glipizide (oral antidiabetic agent, Carlo-Erba) as a standard.
TL;DR: The DeltaH (o) and DeltaG(o) values of uranium(VI) adsorption on amberlite IR-118H show endothermic heat of adsorbent particles; higher temperatures favor the process.
TL;DR: Although controversial, diminished activity of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a regulatory enzyme of homocysteine metabolism, may predispose to migraine in Turkish people and two common MTHFR polymorphisms were determined.
TL;DR: Recent evidence suggests that LB‐type degeneration in limbic structures and cerebral cortex, with consequent synaptic and cell loss, is the main pathological state associated with dementia in PD.
Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with mental dysfunction. Domain-specific cognitive deficits are ubiquitous, and although they may not be clinically apparent in all patients, they are demonstrable by neuropsychological testing. Dementia is less frequent but is present significantly more in PD patients than in controls, with a cumulative prevalence rate up to 40% and up to six-fold increased incidence. Cognitive impairment mainly involves executive and visuospatial functions; memory is secondarily impaired with relatively preserved recognition. Qualitatively, the neuropsychological profile of dementia encompasses the same type of deficits found in nondemented PD patients. The dementia seen in PD, therefore, can be described as a dysexecutive syndrome combined with visuospatial dysfunction and behavioural symptoms. Dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, and cholinergic deficits have all been described as the underlying neurochemical impairment, but the strongest evidence exists for a cholinergic dysfunction. Involvement of brainstem nuclei, limbic structures, and cerebral cortex have been suggested as the site, and Lewy body (LB) degeneration and Alzheimer-type changes as the type of pathology underlying the mental dysfunction in PD. Although there is still some controversy as to the site and type of pathology, recent evidence suggests that LB-type degeneration in limbic structures and cerebral cortex, with consequent synaptic and cell loss, is the main pathological state associated with dementia in PD.
TL;DR: Antimicrobial activity of two propolis samples from Kazan and Marmaris regions in Turkey were investigated by the disc diffusion method and was found to be mainly due to caffeic acid and its esters.
TL;DR: In this paper, a sufficient condition for the existence, uniqueness, and global robust stability of the equilibrium point for Hopfield-type delayed neural networks is presented. But this condition is not applicable to the case of delay-dependent networks.
Abstract: This work presents a sufficient condition for the existence, uniqueness, and global robust stability of the equilibrium point for Hopfield-type delayed neural networks. The result imposes constraint conditions on the boundary values of the network parameters independently of the delay parameter. This result is compared with the previous results derived in the literature.
TL;DR: Seven Salvia species were investigated recently for their chemical and biological activities and a number of new diterpenoids were obtained and their structures were established through extensive spectral analysis.
TL;DR: The high incidence of failure due to systemic disease in children means that chemotherapy is preferable for first-line treatment in advanced-stage disease, and cisplatin-based induction or adjuvant chemotherapy combinations are used along with high-dose radiotherapy.
Abstract: Summary Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare disease in children with distinct epidemiological, histopathological, and clinical characteristics. Incidence varies widely around the world but bimodal incidence graphs show that in some populations a disproporionate number of cases occur in late childhood. Children with nasopharyngeal carcinoma almost always have the undifferentiated variant of the disease, which is associated with advanced locoregional spread and distant metastases. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, as evidenced by its risk factors which include: specific HLA subtypes; deletions of chromosomes 3p, 9p, 11q, 13q, and 14q; mutations of p53 and RB2/p130 ; polymorphism of the CYP2E1 ; and infection with Epstein-Barr virus. Traditional treatment consists of high-dose radiotherapy and cure rates range between 30% and 60%. The high incidence of failure due to systemic disease in children means that chemotherapy is preferable for first-line treatment in advanced-stage disease. Currently, cisplatin-based induction or adjuvant chemotherapy combinations are used along with high-dose radiotherapy. Although combined modality treatment has increased 5-year survival to 70–90%, late morbidity is a major concern.
TL;DR: Analysis of fibroblasts derived from patients with JHF or ISH suggests that CMG2 mutations abrogate normal cell interactions with the extracellular matrix, and possibly providing insight into the pathophysiology of these diseases.
Abstract: Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (JHF) and infantile systemic hyalinosis (ISH) are autosomal recessive syndromes of unknown etiology characterized by multiple, recurring subcutaneous tumors, gingival hypertrophy, joint contractures, osteolysis, and osteoporosis. Both are believed to be allelic disorders; ISH is distinguished from JHF by its more severe phenotype, which includes hyaline deposits in multiple organs, recurrent infections, and death within the first 2 years of life. Using the previously reported chromosome 4q21 JHF disease locus as a guide for candidate-gene identification, we identified and characterized JHF and ISH disease-causing mutations in the capillary morphogenesis factor–2 gene (CMG2). Although CMG2 encodes a protein upregulated in endothelial cells during capillary formation and was recently shown to function as an anthrax-toxin receptor, its physiologic role is unclear. Two ISH family-specific truncating mutations, E220X and the 1-bp insertion P357insC that results in translation of an out-of-frame stop codon, were generated by site-directed mutagenesis and were shown to delete the CMG-2 transmembrane and/or cytosolic domains, respectively. An ISH compound mutation, I189T, is predicted to create a novel and destabilizing internal cavity within the protein. The JHF family-specific homoallelic missense mutation G105D destabilizes a von Willebrand factor A extracellular domain alpha-helix, whereas the other mutation, L329R, occurs within the transmembrane domain of the protein. Finally, and possibly providing insight into the pathophysiology of these diseases, analysis of fibroblasts derived from patients with JHF or ISH suggests that CMG2 mutations abrogate normal cell interactions with the extracellular matrix.
TL;DR: To evaluate the correlations between these cytokines and the diastolic blood pressure and fibronectin levels, plasma concentrations of placental growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor were determined in normotensive and preeclamptic women.
Abstract: Background. To determine the plasma concentrations of placental growth factor (PLGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ), soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor (sTNFp55), interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), and interleukins 6 and 10 (IL-6, IL-10) in normotensive and preeclamptic women, and to evaluate the correlations between these cytokines and the diastolic blood pressure and fibronectin levels. Methods. A prospective case-control study. Thirty-five women with preeclampsia were compared with 34 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained and plasma levels of PLGF, VEGF, TGF-β 1 , sTNFp55, IL-2R, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunoassay and fibronectin by a radial immundiffusion technic. Results. In preeclampsia PLGF and VEGF levels were significantly lower, and TGF-β 1 , sTNFp55, IL-2R, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher than in normotensive pregnancy ( p < 0.001). The plasma...
TL;DR: Treatment with sildenafil for ED was effective, resulting in an increased percentage of successful attempts at intercourse, and was well tolerated among men with type 1 diabetes.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE — In the 5–10% of diabetic men with type 1 diabetes, erectile dysfunction (ED) may be a particularly common and unwanted complication. This is the first study focusing exclusively on the effects of sildenafil in men with type 1 diabetes and ED. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — A total of 188 patients were entered into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, flexible-dose study and were randomized to receive sildenafil (25–100 mg; n 95) or placebo (n 93) for 12 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated using questions three (Q3; achieving an erection) and four (Q4; maintaining an erection) from the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), a global efficacy question (GEQ; “Did treatment improve your erections?”), and a patient event log of sexual activity. RESULTS — Improvements in mean scores from baseline to end-of-treatment for IIEF Q3 (35.7 vs. 19.9%) and Q4 (68.4 vs. 26.5%) were significant in patients receiving sildenafil compared with those receiving placebo (P 0.0001). Moreover, the percent of improved erections (GEQ, 66.6 vs. 28.6%) and successful intercourse attempts (63 vs. 33%) was significantly increased with sildenafil compared with placebo. Improvements in sexual function were seen irrespective of the degree of ED severity. Adverse events were generally mild to moderate in severity, with headache (20 vs. 8%), flushing (18 vs. 3%), and dyspepsia (8 vs. 1%) reported more often in the sildenafil than in placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS — Treatment with sildenafil for ED was effective, resulting in an increased percentage of successful attempts at intercourse, and was well tolerated among men with type 1 diabetes.
TL;DR: A monophyletic group of black yeast-like fungi containing opportunistic pathogens around Exophiala spinifera is analyzed using sequences of the small-subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) domains of ribosomal DNA.
Abstract: A monophyletic group of black yeast-like fungi containing opportunistic pathogens around Exophiala spinifera is analyzed using sequences of the small-subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) domains of ribosomal DNA. The group contains yeast-like and annellidic species (anamorph genus Exophiala) in addition to sympodial taxa (anamorph genera Ramichloridium and Rhinocladiella). The new species Exophiala oligosperma, Ramichloridium basitonum, and Rhinocladiella similis are introduced and compared with their morphologically similar counterparts at larger phylogenetic distances outside the E. spinifera clade. Exophiala jeanselmei is redefined. New combinations are proposed in Exophiala: Exophiala exophialae for Phaeococcomyces exophialae and Exophiala heteromorpha for E. jeanselmei var. heteromorpha.
TL;DR: The results of this study strongly support the presence of increased oxidative stress in elderly subjects and plasma MDA, PC levels and lymphocyte DNA damage altogether in both young and elderly subjects for the first time.
TL;DR: Preoperative delay, problems of tuberosity fixation, and position of the tuberosities were parameters influencing the clinical outcome of prosthetic replacement in acute proximal humerus fractures.
Abstract: Objectives To investigate the effect of some epidemiological and radiologic factors on the outcome of prosthetic replacement in acute proximal humerus fractures. Design Retrospective clinical study. Patients Thirty-two patients [mean age 58 (range 37-83 years)] with a mean follow-up period of 35 months (range 8-80 months). Fifteen cases had Neer type IV, 2 had type III, and 15 patients had fracture-dislocations. Main outcome measurements Neer's criteria, Constant score, and elevation degree were used. Radiological parameters were union and position of the tuberosities, bone stock, and position of the prosthesis. Results Excellent or good results according to Neer's criteria were obtained in 24 of the 32 cases (75%), and unsatisfactory results in 8 cases (25%). Mean Constant score was 68 (range 19-98) and mean elevation degree 113 (range 30-180). Thirty-one cases (97%) had no or mild pain. Cases operated within 14 days following injury had a better general outcome (p = 0.005). The humeral offset was directly correlated to the elevation degree (p = 0.011) and Constant score (p = 0.002), whereas the head height was inversely correlated to the same parameters (p = 0.001 for both). The cutoff point for the humeral offset-general outcome correlation was calculated as 23 mm using ROC curve analysis. The most common complications were problems concerning the tuberosities (50%), and they adversely affected the clinical outcome (p = 0.002). Conclusions Preoperative delay, problems of tuberosity fixation, and position of the tuberosities were parameters influencing the clinical outcome. Lateralization of the tuberosities results in better scores, whereas their distal transfer can be related to a poorer outcome.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of composition of graft chains of four types cellulose graft copolymers on the competitive removal of Pb 2+, Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ ions from aqueous solution was investigated.
Abstract: The effect of composition of graft chains of four types cellulose graft copolymers on the competitive removal of Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Cd 2+ ions from aqueous solution was investigated. The copolymers used were (1) cellulose-g-polyacrylic acid (cellulose-g-pAA) with grafting percentages of 7, 18, and 30%; (2) cellulose-g-p(AA-NMBA) prepared by grafting of AA onto cellulose in the presence of crosslinking agent of N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (NMBA); (3) cellulose-g-p(AA-AASO 3 H) prepared by grafting of a monomer mixture of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulphonic acid (AASO 3 H) containing 10% (in mole) AASO 3 H; and (4) cellulose-g-pAASO 3 H obtained by grafting of AASO 3 H onto cellulose. The concentrations of ions which were kept constant at 4 mmol/L in an aqueous solution of pH 4.5 were equal. Metal ion removal capacities and removal percentages of the copolymers was determined. Metal ion removal capacity of cellulose-g-pAA did not change with the increase in grafting percentages of the copolymer and determined to be 0.27 mmol metal ion/ g copolymer . Although the metal removal rate of cellulose-g-p(AA-NMBA) copolymer was lower than that of cellulose-g-pAA, removal capacities of both copolymers were the same which was equal to 0.24 mmol metal ion/g copolymer . Cellulose did not remove any ion under the same conditions. In addition, cellulose-g-pAASO 3 H removed practically no ion from the aqueous solution (0.02 mmol metal ion/g copolymer ). The presence of AASO 3 H in the graft chains of cellulose-g-p(AA-AASO 3 H) created a synergistic effect with respect to metal removal and led to a slight increase in metal ion adsorption capability in comparison to that of cellulose-g-pAA. All types of cellulose copolymers were found to be selective for the removal of Pb 2+ over Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ .