Showing papers by "James Cook University published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this article, a small sample of tourists visiting Greece and Morocco were studied intensively to see whether tourists' post-travel images of these countries were different from pre travel images.
477 citations
TL;DR: Three glycogen synthase kinases, which are distinct from cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase, have been purified and characterised and did not phosphorylate any other proteins tested at a significant rate.
Abstract: Three glycogen synthase kinases termed glycogen synthase kinase 3, glycogen synthase kinase 4 and glycogen synthase kinase 5, which are distinct from cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase,have been purified and characterised. Their activities are unaffected by Ca2+, calmodulin, cyclic nucleotides and the inhibitor protein of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 was eluted from phosphocellulose at 0.2 M NaCl and the apparent M, of the partially purified enzyme determined by gel filtration in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl was 72000. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 used GTP as a substrate (VGTp/VATp= 0.65) but the apparent affinity for GTP (Km= 0.4 mM) was lower than that for ATP (Km= 0.02 mM). Glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylated three serine residues (sites 3a, 3b and 3c) on glycogen synthase, but seven other proteins that are phosphorylated rapidly by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase were not substrates for glycogen synthase kinase 3. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylated casein at a very low rate and did not phosphorylate phosvitin, although a protein of M1= 35000 which contaminated phosvitin to avariable extent was a good substrate. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 was the only enzyme capable of activating the (Mg-ATP)-dependent protein phosphatase.
Glycogen synthase kinase 4 was eluted from phosphocellulose at 0.4 M NaCl and its apparent M, was 115000.This enzyme was absolutely specific for ATP as phosphoryl donor (Km=0.01 mM), and it phosphorylated glycogen synthase at the same serine residue as phosphorylase kinase (site 2). Glycogen synthase kinase 4 was distinct from phosphorylase kinase since its activity was unaffected by Ca2+ or calmodulin, it had a quite different M, and nucleoside triphosphate specificity, and it could not phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase.Glycogen synthase kinase 4 did not phosphorylate any other proteins tested at a significant rate.
Glycogen synthase kinase 5 was eluted from phosphocellulose at 0.7 M NaCl and its apparent M, was 170000–180000. This enzyme could use GTP as a substrate (YGTP VATP= 0.85) and the apparent affinities for GTP(K, = 0.04 mM) and ATP (Km = 0.01 mM) were similar. Glycogen synthase kinase 5 phosphorylated a single serine residue on glycogen synthase, termed site 5 and the sequence surrounding this site was found to be His-Ser-Ser-Pro-His-Gln-Ser (PGlu-Asp-Glu-Glu-Glu-Pro.
The phosphorylation of site 5 did not decrease the activity of glycogen synthase in contrast to the phosphorylation by other glycogen synthase kinases. Glycogen synthase kinase 5 phosphorylated casein, phosvitin and acetyl-CoA carboxylase more rapidly than glycogen synthase, but did not phosphorylate other proteins tested. Glycogen synthase kinase 5 was activated sixfold by spermine at 5.7 mM Mg2+ and 40–50-fold at 1.2 mM Mg2+, and was powerfully inhibited by heparin (Ki= 0.04 pg/ml).
40–50% of the glycogen synthase kinase 5 was precipitated when muscle extracts were acidified to pH 6.1, whereas glycogen synthase kinase 3 remained in the supernatant. When the supernatant was chromatographed on phosphocellulose, glycogen synthase kinase 3 accounted for 84–92%, glycogen synthase kinase 4 for 5 – 7 and glycogen synthase kinase 5 for 0.2 -10% of the glycogen synthase kinase activity that was eluted from the column, depending on the concentration of NaCl, Mg2+ and spermine used in the assays.
Purified phosphorylase kinase contained detectable amounts of glycogen synthase kinase 5, and contamination by this enzyme accounts for reports that phosphorylase kinase can phosphorylate glycogen synthase at a site distinct from site 2.
Most, if not all, of the glycogen synthase kinases reported in the literature (other than cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase), can now be identified as glycogen synthase kinases 3, 4 or 5, or combinations of two of these enzymes. The properties of glycogen synthase kinase 5 demonstrate that it is identical to the enzyme that has been termed casein kinase TS, casein kinase 2 or troponin-T kinase.
167 citations
TL;DR: Feeding and ingestion rates of Acanthaster planet (L.) larvae were measured over 24-h periods at five concentrations of a unicellular alga, Dunaliella primolecta Butcher, suggesting that food is a major environmental influence on survival and development of A. planci larvae in these waters.
166 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the recursive least squares estimator with exponential forgetting factor is exponentially convergent for stable finite-dimensional, linear, time-invariant systems, provided the system input is persistently exciting.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the location and shape of the steady interface in a coastal aquifer discharging fresh water to the sea is determined by the boundary integral method for an abrupt interface model.
106 citations
TL;DR: The selection program seems to have been successful in improving the success rate mainly by lowering fearfulness, but there has not been a continuing improvement, probably due to continual introduction of dogs from other populations into the breeding program.
Abstract: Many dogs are found to be unsuitable for training as guide dogs for the blind. Consequently the Royal Guide Dogs for the Blind Association of Australia has embarked on a breeding program to produce a strain of labrador dogs which is suitable for guide dog training.The most common reasons for rejecting dogs are fearfulness, dog distraction, excitability, health and physical reasons and hip dysplasia. The selection program seems to have been successful in improving the success rate mainly by lowering fearfulness, but there has not been a continuing improvement. This is probably due to continual introduction of dogs from other populations into the breeding program.Males suffer from a higher rejection rate due to dog distraction and a lower rejection rate due to fearfulness and excitability than females, so that there is little sex difference in overall success rate.The heritability of success (0.44) is high enough to predict further progress from selection, again mainly against fearfulness.Variation in environment prior to 6 weeks of age, in age when dogs were placed into a private home and in age when males were castrated, had little effect on the success rate.
97 citations
TL;DR: The isolation and identification of toxins released by two species of alcyonarian corals (order Alcyonacea) represents the first direct in situ isolation of water-borne allelochemicals released from a marine organism.
91 citations
TL;DR: During a clinical study of equine phycomycosis in tropical northern Australia 3 specific forms of phyCOMYcosis were identified, with significant differences between the 3 fungal diseases in site of infection and appearance and size of the lesion were observed.
Abstract: During a clinical study of equine phycomycosis in tropical northern Australia 3 specific forms of phycomycosis were identified. Of 266 cases diagnosed in 5 different laboratories, hyphomycosis caused by Hyphomyces destruens was responsible for 76.7%, basidiobolomycosis caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus for 18.0%, and entomophthoramycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus for 5.3%. Most cases of hyphomycosis were observed between March and July, that is after the monsoonal wet summer, but were calculated from clinical histories to originate in the wet season between November and May. Basidiobolomycosis and entomophthoramycosis occurred regularly during the year and no seasonal incidence could be determined. All of these conditions occurred in horses in similar tropical regions of Queensland and the Northern Territory. No breed, sex or age predisposition was found but significant differences between the 3 fungal diseases in site of infection and appearance and size of the lesion were observed. Hyphomycosis was seen as an ulcerative granuloma containing characteristic coral-like kunkers. Lesions were most commonly found on the legs and ventral parts of the chest and abdomen, areas where contact with swamp water was apparent. Basidiobolomycosis was clinically similar to hyphomycosis but was mostly found on the lateral parts of the trunk and face where contact with contaminated soil might be expected. All lesions of entomophthoramycosis were located in the nasal region thus suggesting infection by inhalation.
85 citations
60 citations
TL;DR: Tools for applying fuzzy set concepts to the social and behavioral sciences are presented, and examples of their uses are taken from empirical research into individuals' cognitive representations of helping behavior.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the soluble, lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) from the rumen fluid of steers fed a diet of pure spear grass (Heteropogon contortus ) has been purified by gel filtration.
TL;DR: It is shown that the recent deadbeat state-observer approach to discrete Fourier transform evaluation is exactly equivalent to the nonrecursive frequency-sampling filters of finite impulse response digital filter design.
Abstract: It is shown that the recent deadbeat state-observer approach to discrete Fourier transform evaluation is exactly equivalent to the nonrecursive frequency-sampling filters of finite impulse response digital filter design. The approach is then extended to consider the Kalman filter derived from the signal model and this is demonstrated to be nonrobust and pathological. The application of state observers to this problem is then brought into question and it is shown that they have a novel application to signal processing between the extremes of deadbeat and Kalman observers.
TL;DR: There was minor variations with breed, age and sex susceptibility between each disease group, and most lesions were found on the legs and head although other parts of the body were also affected.
Abstract: SUMMARY A survey of granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of the skin of horses of tropical north Queensland was carried out during the period 1970–1980. Of 338 horses affected, 46.4% suffered from equine fibrosarcoma (sarcoid), 30.2% from phycomycosis, 7.4% from squamous cell carcinoma, 6.8% from other tumours, 4.7% from cutaneous habronemiasis and 4.4% from exuberant granulation tissue.
Most specimens were submitted during the first half of the year after the wet monsoonal season and significantly more diseases originated during the first quarter. There were minor variations with breed, age and sex susceptibility between each disease group. Most lesions were found on the legs and head although other parts of the body were also affected. The size and anatomical distribution of lesions varied with each disease.
When the results of this survey were compared with reports from southern Queensland as well as from Florida and the United Kingdom, major differences between localities were observed. Some reasons for these differences are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, seismic profiling on the continental shelf, central Great Barrier Reef Province, Australia, has delineated a major sub-bottom reflector interpreted as the pre-Holocene surface.
01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the recursive least squares estimator with exponential forgetting factor is exponentially convergent for stable finite-dimensional, linear, time-invariant systems, provided the system input is persistently exciting.
Abstract: This paper demonstrates that, provided the system input is persistently exciting, the recursive least squares estimation algorithm with exponential forgetting factor is exponentially convergent. Further, it is shown that the incorporation of the exponential forgetting factor is necessary to attain this convergence and that the persistence of excitation is virtually necessary. The result holds for stable finite-dimensional, linear, time-invariant systems but has its chief implications to the robustness of the parameter estimator when these conditions fail.
TL;DR: Many horses showed evidence of past contact with H. destruens and had acquired resistance to infection, and immunological aspects of phycomycosis in clinically infected, recovered and normal in-contact horses were studied.
Abstract: One in vivo and 2 in vitro tests were developed to study immunological aspects of phycomycosis in clinically infected, recovered and normal in-contact horses. Serum from all infected horses gave positive readings in an agar-gel double diffusion test; serum from normal and recovered horses did not react. A complement fixation test detected antibody against Hyphomyces destruens in 82% clinical cases at an average titre of 20. Serum from recovered and in-contact horses reacted sporadically at positive titre. An intradermal hypersensitivity test (Heaf test) was used to detect evidence of cellular immunity to H. destruens. Positive tests were observed in 64% of clinically infected horses, 100% of recovered animals and 31% of normal in-contact horses. Negative tests in the clinically infected group were thought to be due either anergy in chronic cases or no stimulation in very acute cases. It was concluded that many horses showed evidence of past contact with H. destruens and had acquired resistance to infection.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of temperature and salinity on the acute toxicity of juvenile banana prawns (Penaeus merguiensis de Man) were evaluated at all combinations of 35, 30, 20°C with 36 and 20° salinity over 96 h.
Abstract: Bioassays were conducted to determine the effects of temperature and salinity on the acute toxicity of mercury, copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel and lead to juvenile banana prawns (Penaeus merguiensis de Man). Tests were conducted at all combinations of 35, 30 and 20°C with 36 and 20° salinity over 96 h. The general rank order of metal toxicity was Hg > (Cu, Cd, Zn) > Ni > Pb. The toxicity of all metals increased with increased temperature. This was most noticeable in the high salinity treatments, particularly for copper and zinc. Salinity appeared to influence the toxicity of all metals tested although significant differences were only found for copper and lead at 20°C. At this temperature prawns were markedly more susceptible to both metals in low salinity sea water. The data are compared with lethal concentrations found for other crustaceans and are discussed in relation to existing water quality criteria.
TL;DR: A female bearded dragon died following intermittent periods of inappetance, and histological examination revealed disordered liver architecture with numerous foci of coagulative necrosis, which was considered to be the cause of the hepatitis.
Abstract: A female bearded dragon (Atnphibolurus barbutus) died following intermittent periods of inappetance. No significant gross lesions were found at autopsy, but histological examination revealed disordered liver architecture with numerous foci of coagulative necrosis. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions were present in many hepatocytes, some epithelial cells of the bile ductules and occasional epithelial cells of renal tubes and glomeruli. Large numbers of viral particles within many nuclei, associated with the intranuclear inclusion were demonstrated by electronmicroscopy. Similar particles, sometimes in paracrystalline arrays, were also seen within membrane-bound vesicles located next to the nuclei and to a lesser degree within the cytoplasm and extracellular spaces. The virus was considered to be an adenovirus on the basis of its size, morphology, site of formation and lack of envelopment. It was considered to he tlie cause of the hepatitis.
TL;DR: The brown algae Padina tenuis and P. tetrastromatica were selected as indicator organisms to monitor levels of ten metals (Fe, Cu, Co, Cd, Ni, Cr, Ag, Pb, Mn, Zn) in seawater from stations within Halifax Bay, Cleveland Bay, and Bowling Green Bay, near Townsville, on the northeast coast of Australia as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, New Radiocarbon Results for North Queensland Prehistory were presented, showing that the radiocarbon results for the prehistory of North Queensland are consistent with the pre-history of Australia.
Abstract: (1982). New Radiocarbon Results for North Queensland Prehistory. Australian Archaeology: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 62-66.
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the continental shelf near the Conway Trough indicates that transport mechanisms operate in a net north-easterly direction, and the neritic sediment drift system is confined to within a few kilometres of the shoreface, with the result that large areas of the shelf south of the trough comprise bare bedrock, or relict late Neogene sediment.
Abstract: The Conway Trough is a 40 km × 10 km, 1000 m deep, rectangular, tectonically controlled sedimentary basin situated on an active plate boundary. The basin lies at the junction of the Alpine transform and Hikurangi subduction sectors of the Indo-Australian/Pacific plate boundary. It is incised into Cainozoic sedimentary rocks and contains a thick fill of late Neogene sediment.
Study of the continental shelf near the Conway Trough indicates: (1) that transport mechanisms operate in a net north-easterly direction, and (2) that the neritic sediment drift system is confined to within a few kilometres of the shoreface, with the result that (3) large areas of the shelf south of the trough comprise bare bedrock, or relict late Pleistocene sediment. Despite reaching to within 3 km of shore, the Conway Trough receives little modern bedload sediment, as indicated by a paucity of sand fill. However, the trough has intercepted some Holocene bedload, since the main channel contains redeposited graded gravel and sand with a C-14 age of 4670 yr. Satellite imagery and piston cores reveal that abundant mud is provided to the trough, much of it from river sources up to 200 km to the south. Some of this sediment is inferred to move by turbid layer transport through Conway Trough and out via Kaikoura Canyon into nearby Hikurangi Trough. Nonetheless, sedimentation rates in the Conway Trough may be as high as 1-7 m (1000 yr) 1.
The Conway Trough forms a modern example of a transform basin, varying Neogene examples of which are found widely in north-eastern South Island. Sedimentation models are constructed to compare transform and transduction basins, particularly with respect to the effects of Pleistocene sea-level changes.
TL;DR: In this paper, Taagepera and Ray (1977) pointed out that raw measures of dispersion such as the sample standard deviation may be inadequate for a variety of reasons and proposed several methods for comparing the relative variations of data sets having different central tendencies.
Abstract: Many situations exist in sociological research where researchers may be interested in the relative dispersion of data rather than expected values or central tendency. In such cases, raw measures of dispersion such as the sample standard deviation may be inadequate for a variety of reasons. As a result, several methods have been developed for comparing the relative variations of data sets having different central tendencies (for good discussions of these techniques, see Martin and Gray, 1971; Taagepera and Ray, 1977; and Allison, 1978). I argue in this paper that methodologists have overlooked an important flaw in current relative-variatlon measures, which prevents meaningful comparisons between data sets under a wide variety of conditions. The rectification of this flaw is straightforward, however, and the resulting measures behave more sensibly and interpretably than their conventional counterparts. First, however, it is necessary to recapitulate some recent discussions in the field and lay down the background for understanding the present difficulties. As Taagepera and Ray (1977) pointed out, a number of candidates for measuring relative variation have been proposed, but most turn out to be related to one another. Allison (1978, pp. 866-868) went one step further when he proposed two criteria for determining the acceptability of such measures. The first criterion is scale invariance, which requires that the value of a measure remain the same when the values of all data points are multiplied by a constant. The second, which Allison calls the "principle of transfers", means that the value of a measure increases when resources are transferred from the poor to the rich. On the basis of these considerations, Allison isolated three measures as prime candidates: the Gini coefficient G (see Ray and Singer, 1973), Theil's information-theoretic measure T (Theil, 1967), and
TL;DR: In this paper, five lithofacies are recognized: (1) trough-bedded sand/gravel; (2) laminated sand; (3) bubble (or vesicular) sand, (4) lambinated/disrupted sand; and (5) aeolian cross-stratified sand.
TL;DR: The membrane lipid composition of Saccharomyces was manipulated by growing cells anaerobically with or without ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acid and producing high concentrations of ethanol at substrate conversion efficiencies of around 90%.
Abstract: The membrane lipid composition of Saccharomyces was manipulated by growing cells anaerobically with or without ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acid. Cells low in ergosterol but enriched in unsaturated fatty acid residues on membrane phospholipids produced high concentrations, 13–15.5% w/v, of ethanol at substrate conversion efficiencies of around 90%.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used 3.5 kHz profiler records and other marine geologic data collected on G.R.V. “Tangaroa” Cruises 1097 and 1116 to show that the shelf north of the Motunau fault is underlain by complexly deformed sediments.
TL;DR: An interaction between the alcyonarian octocoral Nephthea brassica Kukenthal, 1904 and the scleractinian Acropora hyacinthus Dana was photographed and the assemblage collected at Rib Reef, Central Region of the Great Barrier Reef, in September 1980, showed structural features which permitted movement.
Abstract: An interaction between the alcyonarian octocoral Nephthea brassica Kukenthal, 1904 and the scleractinian Acropora hyacinthus Dana was photographed and the assemblage collected at Rib Reef (18°15′S; 146°45′E), Central Region of the Great Barrier Reef, in September 1980. The interaction, which did not involve allelopathy, was characterised by extensive deposition of undifferentiated aragonite by the scleractinian in the vicinity of the soft coral, which moved across the surface of the acroporid. The basal attachment region of the nephtheid showed structural features which permitted movement. The net effect of this interaction was a series of divided trails across the surface of the acroporid plate evidencing the movement through growth and asexual division of the parent colony. These trails were susceptible to secondary colonisation by epifauna and algae which may reduce the fitness of the acroporid. This movement appears to afford N. brassica a distinct advantage in competing for space with acroporid corals.
TL;DR: An improved technique for isolating infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is described, and is compared with homogenization, followed by membrane filtration, a procedure routinely employed by most disease diagnostic laboratories.
Abstract: . An improved technique for isolating infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is described. It involves trypsinization of the suspect tissue, separation of the trypsinized cells and their co-cultivation with indicator RTG-2 cells. This co-cultivation method is compared with homogenization, followed by membrane filtration, a procedure routinely employed by most disease diagnostic laboratories. From the two IPN-infected farms studied, IPNV could be isolated by homogenization from only 50 and 66%, respectively, of the fish from which virus was detected by co-cultivation. This difference in sensitivity can be explained in two ways, viz: (a) some of the virus is being retained by the membrane filter during filtration to remove contaminants following homogenization; (b) the presence of neutralizing factors in the tissue homogenate are neutralizing the virus and thus no cytopathic effect ensues. No correlation between serum neutralizing antibody levels and the differences in sensitivity of the two methods was found. The co-cultivation method is as practical as, and certainly no more time-consuming than, the homogenization technique.
TL;DR: The asexual and cultural characteristics of a number of Australian isolates of a Pythium causing equine phycomycosis are described and Chromatograms of cell wall hydrolysates indicated that glucose is the major component with small contributions being made by mannose, galactose and rhamnose.
Abstract: The asexual and cultural characteristics of a number of Australian isolates of a Pythium causing equine phycomycosis are described. Oospores were not found which precludes positive identification. Zoospores were induced to form after growth in a defined medium. They are ovoid to reniform, biflagellate with flagella arising from a common point within a prominent lateral groove. The groove is overarched by outgrowths from the zoospore. Anterior flagella are of the tinsel type and are shorter than the posterior whiplash flagellum. X-ray diffraction analysis of cell walls failed to demonstrate the presence of cellulose I. Chromatograms of cell wall hydrolysates indicated that glucose is the major component with small contributions being made by mannose, galactose and rhamnose.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors collected testes and epididymides from 136 young (1.5 to 3.5 years of age) and 33 mature Bos indicus strain bulls, reared under extensive range conditions in the tropics.
01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: The new identifications resolve important taxonomic problems related to the definition of Isograptus and allow a reassessment of the I. gibberulus Zone in Britain, and make possible a more accurate correlation of the zone to the graptolite sequences in other countries.
Abstract: SUMMARY A revision of collections of Isograptus gibberulus (Nicholson) from the Arenig Series of England and Wales shows that nine separate isograptid species and subspecies have previously been included under that name. They are Isograptus caduceus gibberulus (for which a lectotype is now selected), I. caduceus cf. imitatus (Harris), I. caduceus subsp. indet., I. victoriae divergens (Harris), Pseudisograptus stellus (Hopkinson), P. angel n. sp., P. ? menaiensis n. sp. and Pseudisograptus n. spp. A and B. The new identifications resolve important taxonomic problems related to the definition of Isograptus. They also allow a reassessment of the I. gibberulus Zone in Britain, and make possible a more accurate correlation of the zone to the graptolite sequences in other countries. The fauna of the zone indicates that it is no older than the Ca 3 Zone (uppermost Castlemainian) of the Lower Ordovician in Australasia.