Showing papers by "James Cook University published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this paper, six stages of crenulation cleavage development during a single deformation event (D2) can be recognized in both matrix and porphyroblast inclusion trails in the Robertson River Formation, N.E. Australia.
247 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that soft corals can effectively compete for space against hard corals, and it is inferred that toxic exudates from the soft coral might be responsible for causing localized mortality in hardCorals, since extensive mortality occurred in certain cases in the absence of contact.
Abstract: A striking retardation of grwoth was observed in the scleractinian coralPavona cactus (Coelenterata: Scleractinia) growing in the vicinity of the soft coralSinularia flexibilis (Coelenterata: Alcyonacea). More extensive field observations of naturally occurring interactions between soft corals and scleractinian corals suggested that members of the former group can be the more effective competitors for space on hard substrate. To test this hypothesis, colonies of three soft corals,Lobophytum pauciflorum, Sinularia pavida, andXenia sp. aff.danae, were relocated next to stands of two hard corals,Pavona cactus andPorites andrewsi (=Porites cylindrica), and compared with undisturbed control areas. In areas where soft corals and scleractinian corals were in direct contact, significantly high levels of local mortality in the latter occurred in three of the six interaction pairs. One soft coral,L. pauciflorum, also caused extensive and significant mortality inPorites andrewsi in a non-contact situation. The scleractinian corals had no effect on the soft corals considered here. These results indicate that soft corals can effectively compete for space against hard corals. Furthermore, it is inferred that toxic exudates from the soft coral might be responsible for causing localized mortality in hard corals, since extensive mortality occurred in certain cases in the absence of contact. Competitive abilities of soft corals in interactions with hard corals varied in a species-specific manner. Susceptibility of hard corals to competitive mechanisms utilized by soft corals, particularly allelopathic ones, likewise varied species-specifically. It is commonly believed that the adaptive value of toxic compounds in soft corals stems from their effectiveness as a chemical defence mechanism in predator-prey interactions. This study has demonstrated their further role as allelopathic agents in interspecific competitive interactions.
152 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of experimental data with published values for “saturating” irradiance and Pmag, suggests that the endosymbiotic algae within reef-building corals are photosynthetically intermediate between classical “sun” and “shade” plants.
131 citations
TL;DR: Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) has seasonal gametogenesis and planula release at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, in contrast with several previous reports on the species at other locations.
Abstract: Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) has seasonal gametogenesis and planula release at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, in contrast with several previous reports on the species at other locations. The number of planulae released and gonad development varied considerably among colonies sampled at the same time, but reproductive activity occurred predominantly in winter. P. damicornis planulae settled preferentially on algal-covered substrata, rather than bare coral substrata, but showed subsequent mortality inversely related to this settlement preference. Competition with algae and biological disturbance contribute to spat mortality at different stages of settlement and growth.
127 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of dogs from the breeding programme of the Royal Guide Dogs for the Blind Association of Australia with dogs donated to the Association as puppies showed that thebreeding programme had improved the dogs in the 3 important traits, fearfulness, being too easily distracted, especially by other dogs, and aggressiveness.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, large-scale repetition of Mount Isa and Haslingden Group rocks in the anticline north of Mt Isa is interpreted as the core of a thrust duplex which has been subsequently folded parallel to the direction of thrusting.
Abstract: Large-scale repetition of Mount Isa and Haslingden Group rocks in the anticline north of Mount Isa is interpreted as the core of a thrust duplex which has been subsequently folded parallel to the direction of thrusting. Displacement of Mount Isa Group rocks above the duplex is extremely significant to the regional geology and exploration for more Mount Isa style Pb–Zn and Cu orebodies. Interpretation of the geometry of the thrust belt indicates thrusting on different stratigraphical levels below and above the duplex during its formation, horses formed from a heelwards protruding footwall ridge instead of a trough, and the complex effects on stratigraphical cross-sections through duplexes of sloping lateral footwall ramps on horses.
113 citations
TL;DR: Siphonodictidine is the major secondary metabolite of an undescribed Indo-Pacific sponge that burrows into living coral heads as mentioned in this paper, and the structure of S. coralliphagum was determined from spectral data.
Abstract: Siphonodictidine is the major secondary metabolite of an undescribed Indo-Pacific sponge Siphonodictyon sp. that burrows into living coral heads. The structure of siphonodictidine was determined from spectral data. Laboratory bioassays suggest that siphonodictidine and, by analogy, the siphonodictyals from S. coralliphagum are responsible for maintaining zones of dead coral polyps around the oscular chimneys of these sponges.
111 citations
TL;DR: The results presented here contrast with earlier assumptions of almost uniform viviparity of corals and supports the generalization that a brief annual spawning period with larvae developing externally may prove to be the dominant form of sexual reproduction in hermatypic corals.
Abstract: Reproductive ecology of four scleractinian species, Lobophyllia corymbosa, Favia favus, Porties lutea and Porites australiensis was studied for two years on a patch reef near Lizard Island. Two major reproductive patterns were found: L. corymbosa and F. favus were simultaneous hermaphrodites and released gametes over several days in summer; and P. lutea, and P. australiensis were dioecious and released gametes over several weeks to several months respectively, in summer. Three of the four species spawned predominantly in the lunar period between the full and last quarter moon. In all four species, ovaries began developing several months earlier than testes. Number of ova per colony varied greatly amongst the species and was inversely related to mature egg size. The results presented here contrast with earlier assumptions of almost uniform viviparity of corals and supports the generalization that a brief annual spawning period with larvae developing externally may prove to be the dominant form of sexual reproduction in hermatypic corals.
105 citations
TL;DR: In situ rates of linear growth (branch extension) for Acropora formosa showed that individual branches at the deep site extended twice as fast, and deposited more calcium carbonate than branches atThe shallow site, which is interpreted as evidence that the extension of each branch tip at theDeep site was supported by translocated metabolites derived from a greater volume of zooxanthellae-bearing tissue than at the shallow site.
97 citations
TL;DR: Conventional selection index theory assumes that the total merit or profitability of animals is a linear function of measurable traits, however, in many cases merit may be a non-linear function of these traits.
Abstract: Conventional selection index theory assumes that the total merit or profitability of animals is a linear function of measurable traits. However, in many cases merit may be a non-linear function of these traits. A linear selection index can still be used in this situation but the optimum index depends on the selection intensity to be used and on the number of generation over which the selection response is to be maximized. Nonlinear selection indices have been suggested but these result in a lower selection response than the best linear index. Linear selection indices suggested in the past are shown to correspond to the optimum linear index for either a very small selection response or, in the case of restricted indices, a very large selection response. The economic value of a trait may depend on management decisions taken by the farmer. In this situation the economic values should be calculated assuming that the management decisions taken maximize profit given the present genetic value of the animals.
79 citations
TL;DR: This article showed that reef flat development may have been at a level slightly higher than modern sea level and that many fringing reefs developed true reefal structures only since mid-Holocence times, over rapidly accumulated non-reefal sediments.
Abstract: Increasing information on the internal structure of north Queensland fringing reefs shows that many have developed true reefal structures only since mid-Holocence times, over rapidly accumulated non-reefal sediments. The reefal veneer consists mainly of head corals and is generally less than 7 m in thickness. Early reef flat development may have been at a level slightly higher than modern sea level.
TL;DR: By combining previously published information with data obtained in the present study, ecological life-cycles for Pythium sp.
Abstract: Although ‘phycomycosis’ is a common disease of horses in northern Australia little is known about the causative fungi. In this paper the laboratory methods for diagnosis are described. These revealed 38 cases caused by Pythium sp. (Hyphomyces destruens), 6 cases caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus and 2 caused by Conidiobolus coronatus. Laboratory studies on the chemotactic behaviour of zoospores of Pythium sp. showed that they were strongly attracted to both animal hairs and plant tissue. Because of this behaviour a simple baiting method using human hair was used to trap the fungus from water samples taken from different locations near Townsville, Queensland.
B. haptosporus was isolated by indirect culture from the faeces of 5 bearded dragon lizards (Amphibolurus barbatus) captured near a small creek near Brisbane. By combining previously published information with data obtained in the present study, ecological life-cycles for Pythium sp., B. haptosporus and C. coronatus are proposed. They include mechanisms whereby horses may become infected.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that competition has determined the nature of the avifauna on some Torres Strait islands, and the Torres Strait apparently represents a barrier to the movements of 28% of the species, including 38% the land birds, that are shared by Australia and New Guinea.
Abstract: Two hundred and forty-three species of birds have been recorded from the Torres Strait. Of these 87 are resident and breed on the islands, 26 remain for the wet or dry season only, 73 cross the Strait on a regular or irregular basis and 57 are vagrant visitors or await confirmation. The number of land bird species found on islands is more a function of the area of forest or woodland than of the total area of the island. Both oceanic and land bridge islands are present in the Torres Strait. Some species found on land bridge islands appear to have been stranded there when sea levels rose. The ranges of some birds found only on land bridge islands are mutually exclusive of several wide ranging species found on most other islands., Evidence is presented that competition has determined the nature of the avifauna on some Torres Strait islands. The Torres Strait apparently represents a barrier to the movements of 28% of the species, including 38% of the land birds, that are shared by Australia and New Guinea. Many populations of Australian birds cannot, therefore, be replenished from New Guinea. Nearly half the birds seen in the Torres Strait are migratory. The most numerous Palaearctic passage migrants are the Mongolian Plover and the Grey-tailed Tattler. Many passage migrants breed in Australia and over-winter in New Guinea. Half of these cross the Strait at low altitudes and several appear to need the Torres Strait islands as resting places, especially when travelling south into the prevailing adverse trade winds. Seven migrants breed on Torres Strait islands. Human effects on the avifauna are localised although introduced species, the House Sparrow and the Common Mynah, have become resident on three islands within the last four years. Apart from these introductions, the avifauna of only Murray Island changed naturally during the study period between 1977 and 1982.
TL;DR: The life-cycle of Trichobilharzia australis n.sp.
Abstract: The life-cycle of Trichobilharzia australis n.sp. from northern Australia is outlined and the morphology of each stage described. Adult worms occur in the nasal blood vessels of the black duck (Anas superciliosa Gmelin, 1789). Cercariae develop in a lymnaeid snail, Austropeplea vinosa (Adams & Angus, 1864) (= Lymnaea lessoni Deshayes in part).
TL;DR: In this paper, two numerical methods for solving the problem of solute transport in unsteady flow in unconfined aquifers are studied: the method of characteristics (MOC) based on the finite difference method (FDM), and the finite element method(FEM).
Abstract: Two numerical methods for solving the problem of solute transport in unsteady flow in unconfined aquifers are studied. They are the method of characteristics (MOC) based on the finite difference method (FDM), and the finite element method (FEM). The FEM is further subdivided into four schemes: moving mesh, pseudo-Lagrangian (FEM1); stationary mesh, pseudo-Lagrangian (FEM2); pseudo saturated-unsaturated, Eulerian (FEM3); and non-stationary element, Eulerian (FEM4).
Experiments on a one-dimensional flow case are performed to illustrate the schemes and to determine the effect of discretization on accuracy. In two-dimensional flow the above methods are compared with experimental results from a sand box model. Results indicate that for a similar degree of accuracy, the FEM requires less computational effort than the MOC. Among the four FEM schemes, FEM4 appears to be most attractive as it is the most efficient and most convenient to apply.
TL;DR: The bipaliid fauna of Vietnam, to which B. kewense belongs, appears to have closer phenetic affinities with the faunas of adjacent southern rather than northern regions.
TL;DR: Sediment cores of late Quaternary age from the continental margin and deep sea (Bounty Trough) southeast of New Zealand reveal an alternating sequence of glacial and interglacial sediments as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Sediment cores of late Quaternary age from the continental margin and deep sea (Bounty Trough) southeast of New Zealand reveal an alternating sequence of glacial and interglacial sediments. During glacial episodes of lowered sea level, glaciation in the Southern Alps was at its peak, and east coast rivers delivered enormous volumes of terrigenous sediments to the shelf edge. At these times, sediments of the deep adjacent basins were dominated by micaceous hemipelagic deposits with a low biogenic component consisting mostly of siliceous remains (radiolaria and sponge spicules). Planktonic foraminifera, although present, were much reduced in abundance because of increased dissolution, as in deeper water subantarctic cores farther to the south. Cool-water forms dominated.
During interglacial episodes, terrigenous sediment supply to the deep basins was reduced in response to higher sea levels and as glaciers retreated and deposited much of their loads in newly formed glacial lakes and on the plains. Terrigenous sediment dilution of the biogenic portion was thus much reduced. Calcium carbonate dissolution also was reduced. These processes, in combination, led to the deposition of foraminifera-rich hemipelagic sediments. Siliceous biogenic productivity decreased.
Thus, the late Quaternary marine sediment record in the area adjacent to southeast New Zealand is dominated by paleoclimatic influences that control terrigenous input, calcium carbonate dissolution, biogenic productivity, and the migration of planktonic assemblages.
TL;DR: The experiments reported here show that heat shock treatment of a number of different strains of Saccharomyces results in a marked increase in ethanol tolerance as compared to control cells, implying a relationship between the synthesis of heat shock proteins and the acquisition of ethanol tolerance in yeast.
Abstract: The experiments reported here show that heat shock treatment of a number of different strains ofSaccharomyces results in a marked increase in ethanol tolerance as compared to control cells. Our observations thus imply a relationship between the synthesis of heat shock proteins and the acquisition of ethanol tolerance in yeast.
TL;DR: In this article, the response of human and bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA stimulation was measured in the presence of low concentrations of sodium arsenite and sodium arsenate, and it was suggested that arsenic compounds may, by potentiating mitogenesis, increase the possibility of errors in DNA replication, some of which could be potentially carcinogenic.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the perception of appropriate self-disclosure as a function of sex of the interactants, intimacy, and valence of selfdisclosure, and found that female recipients were more receptive to disclosure thus viewing it as appropriate.
Abstract: Summary The perception of appropriate self-disclosure was examined as a function of sex of the interactants, intimacy, and valence of self-disclosure. Dependent variables investigated in addition to perceived appropriateness were perceived friendliness, maturity, warmth, psychological adjustment, openness, emotional stability, and sensitivity of the discloser; and mutual liking of, and desire for future contact with, the discloser. Normative evaluations of male or female confederate disclosure where intimacy level and valence had been experimentally manipulated, were provided by 64 male and 64 female volunteer undergraduate Ss, who were randomly assigned to the 16 cells of a 2(sex of discloser/confederate) × 2(sex of recipient/subject) × 2(intimacy) × 2(valence) factorial design. Interpersonal evaluations of the discloser occurred in the context of a structured acquaintance session. Female recipients were more receptive to disclosure thus viewing it as appropriate. Positive disclosure in contrast to negat...
TL;DR: The faecal pellets from specimens of the prosobranch mollusc Ovula ovum found feeding on the soft coral, sarcophytoxide, suggested that the latter had been transformed into the former within the cowrie, suggesting that the transformed compound is significantly less toxic to the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard than the ingested compound.
Abstract: The faecal pellets from specimens of the prosobranch mollusc Ovula ovum found feeding on the soft coral Sarcophyton sp. at Eclipse Island, Palm Island Group (18°46′S; 146°33′E) in November 1980 were analysed. The only terpene present in the faeces, 7,8-deoxysarcophytoxide, differed from the major constituent of the soft coral, sarcophytoxide, suggesting that the latter had been transformed into the former within the cowrie. This transformation is not trivial, and could not be produced simply by acid catalysis. Subsequent analysis of tissues dissected from different regions of O. ovum indicates that the transformation is probably effected by enzymes in the digestive diverticula stomach region of the prosobranch. The transformed compound is significantly less toxic to the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard than the ingested compound.
TL;DR: Specimens of juvenile Penaeus merguiensis de Man (1888) were captured by seine netting from the shores of Cleveland Bay, Townsville, Queensland Australia between February 1980 and November 1981.
Abstract: Specimens of juvenile Penaeus merguiensis de Man (1888) were captured by seine netting from the shores of Cleveland Bay, Townsville, Queensland Australia between February 1980 and November 1981. Accurate determination of moult cycle stage can be achieved rapidly by microsopical examination of setal development in an excised whole pleopod. Four major stages and 5 substages within premoult were clearly defined. The rate of setogenesis varies along the length of a pleopod, precluding the examination of only one specific location on the pleopod for accurate moult cycle staging. The process of ecdysis lasts for no more than 40 s.
TL;DR: In this paper, a successful and economical fractional step algorithm for the convection-dispersion-reaction equation is described, where exact solutions are adopted for the reaction and convection steps, the latter by the introduction of a moving co-ordinate system.
Abstract: A successful and economical fractional step algorithm for the convection-dispersion-reaction equation is described. Exact solutions are adopted for the reaction and convection steps, the latter by the introduction of a moving co-ordinate system. The dispersion step uses an optimized finite difference algorithm which specifically accommodates the grid non-uniformity. The excellent performance of the algorithm is confirmed by numerical experiments together with computations of the Fourier response and integrated square error characteristics.
TL;DR: In this paper, the tacticities of polyvinylpyrrolidones prepared under various free radical polymerization conditions have been examined by 13 C n.m. at both 25 and 75 MHz.
TL;DR: Rabbits injected by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intravenous routes with suspensions of motile zoospores of a Pythium sp.
Abstract: Rabbits were injected by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intravenous routes with suspensions of motile zoospores of a Pythium sp. isolated from a subcutaneous lesion of a horse in north Queensland. Some animals injected by the subcutaneous route were also treated by cortisone injections. Animals in each group were found to be highly susceptible to infection. Injection by the subcutaneous route resulted in progressive granulomatous eosinophilic abscesses in all normal and cortisone-treated animals. Preferential hepatic invasion developing into severe necrotizing hepatitis was the most common lesion in the intraperitoneally injected group. In intravenously injected animals severe embolic mycotic nephritis was the principal lesion. A significant progressive leukocytosis with moderate neutrophilia and mild monocytosis was observed in the subcutaneously and intraperitoneally injected immune competent animals. Cortisone-treated subcutaneously injected animals did not develop a leukocytosis. Many of the cortis...
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of field studies was carried out in Papua New Guinea to see if similar urban-rural differences existed there, including differences in the "pace of life", affiliative behavior toward strangers, and helping behavior towards strangers.
Abstract: Research conducted in Western societies has revealed urban-small town differences in a number of social behaviors, including differences in the "pace of life," affiliative behavior toward strangers, and helping behavior toward strangers. The present series of field studies was carried out in Papua New Guinea to see if similar urban-rural differences existed there. In the first series of studies, people in Port Moresby, the largest city, were found to carry out certain activities at a greater speed than people observed in two rural centers. In the second series of studies, interactions between buyers and sellers in traditional marketplaces and in European-style shops were found to exhibit less positive affect in the large city than in the rural areas. However, in the third set of studies, interactions with tourists of European descent were found to be equally positive in urban and rural areas. The findings in relation to tourist-host contacts are discussed in relation to the special role the tourist occupi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the downward movement of soil water on a runoff plot was traced using tritiated water injected at 0·20 m below the surface which marks the lower boundary of active subsurface storm flow.
Abstract: In a tropical rainforest catchment, shallow piezometers respond almost instantaneously to rainfall, but the dominant ground water recharge mechanisms are not well understood. To improve understanding, the downward movement of soil water on a runoff plot was traced using tritiated water injected at 0·20 m below the surface which marks the lower boundary of active subsurface storm flow. The tritium pulse was translated slowly down the profile, apparently dominated by interstitial piston flow on the lines described by Zimmermann's theoretical model. This recharge mechanism accounted for about 35 per cent of rainfall or 50 per cent of throughfall. The pulse's advance may have also been delayed by the upward movement of soil water indicated by the distribution of hydraulic potential under different hydrological conditions. The result was an increase in soil water transit time particularly below 1·0 m. There was also evidence in the tracer profiles for rapid by-pass flow but the volumes concerned could not be quantified in this experiment.
TL;DR: Preliminary results on the effects of soft coral derived terpenes on respiration and photosynthesis in several scleractinian corals are detailed.