Showing papers by "James Cook University published in 1985"
TL;DR: It was concluded that larval recruitment largely determined species composition, and that reduced Larval recruitment was responsible for sparse distribution of fragmenting species.
Abstract: Multispecies assemblages of the coral genus Acropora occur commonly throughout the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Nine species from such an assemblage comprising 41 species of Acropora, at Big Broadhurst Reef on the Great Barrier Reef, were studied during 1981–1983. Similarities and differences in reproductive modes and timing, oocyte dimensions and fecundity, recruitment by larvae and by fragments, and mortality were recorded. All species had an annual gametogenic cycle, were simultaneous hermaphrodites, and had the same arrangement of gonads in polyps. In six species, most colonies released gametes on the same night of the year, in early summer, during a mass spawning event involving many coral genera. A seventh species had colonies spawning at this as well as other times of the year. Another species spawned in late summer, and gametes were not observed to mature in the last species. Eggs were very large (601 to 728 μm geometric mean diameter) and fecundity of polyps low, compared with other corals; no reduction in oocyte numbers occurred during oogenesis. Reef-flat species had slightly bigger and fewer eggs than reef-slope species. All species recruited by larvae, but four also multiplied by fragmentation, either year-round or during occasional rough weather. Yearround fragmenters had few larval recruits; non-fragmenters had many, and a rough-weather fragmenter had an intermediate number of larval recruits. It was concluded that larval recruitment largely determined species composition, and that reduced larval recruitment was responsible for sparse distribution of fragmenting species. Subsequent mortality in some species and increase by fragmentation in others probably determined relative abundances.
309 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate the prominent role of reactivation of old foliations during subsegmental deformation by using the orientation of early foliations and stretching lineations within strain shadows or inclusion trails, even where these structures have been rotated or obliterated'in the matrix.
Abstract: . Most porphyroblasts never rotate during ductile deformation, provided they do not intern- ally deform during subsequent events, with the exception of relatively uncommon but spectacular examples of spiralling garnets. Instead, the sur- rounding foliation rotates and reactivates due to partitioning of the deformation around the porphyroblast. Consequently, porphyroblasts commonly preserve the orientation of early foliations and stretching lineations within strain shadows or inclusion trails, even where these structures have been rotated or obliterated'in the matrix due to subsequent deformation. These relationships can be readily used to help develop an understanding of the processes of foliation development and they demonstrate the prominent role of reactivation of old foliations during subse- quent deformation. They can also be used to determine the deformation history, as porphyro- blasts only rotate when the deformation cannot partition and involves progressive shearing with no combined bulk shortening component.
237 citations
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that very local differences in the within-habitat component of acanthurid and scarid abundances and distributions may reflect site-associated variability in recruitment patterns, post-recruitment mortality or behaviour that is independent of A. lineatus activities.
Abstract: Abundances of the surgeon fish Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus) within a single reef-system were estimated using a hierarchical sampling design during 1982. Additional sampling was carried out during 1983 and 1984 at a restricted number of sites. This species is aggressive toward other herbivorous fishes and is strongly site-attached. On the study reef (Lizard Island; 14°40′S; 145°28′E), A. lineatus was restricted to reef-crest sites below mean low water, mainly on reefs not directly exposed to prevailing winds. Within this reef zone and depth-defined stratum, A. lineatus was distributed heterogenously with high abundance, (approximately 14 fish per 300 m2) at a single sample-locality covering 600 m of reef crest. Abundances of herbivorous species (members of the families Acanthuridae and Scaridae) at other localities did not correlate with abundance patterns of A. lineatus. Subsampling within study localities revealed considerable heterogeneity in the abundance patterns of herbivorous fishes, especially within the area of high A. lineatus density. A detailed behavioural study of interactions among herbivorous fishes at two adjacent sites within the locality of high A. lineatus abundances revealed a complex pattern of site-general and sitespecific features. A. lineatus excluded smaller scarids from its feeding territories at one site, but not at another. Scarids attaining large size (>350 mm standard length) were present at one site and consistently fed within A. lineatus territories; large scarids were rare at the second site, even though the distances involved were small. In addition, the small surgeon fish A. nigrofuscus, a consistent target for A. lineatus aggression, was rare at one site but moderately common at the other. Finally, the abundant surgeon fish Ctenochaetus striatus was present at high densities at both sites and fed within A. lineatus territories. This species was not attacked by A. lineatus nor did it attack other herbivorous fishes within the vicinity. Small but consistent differences in reef structure were detected at each site. Local-scale heterogeneity in these interactions makes it difficult to develop generalizations concerning the role of territorial herbivores such as A. lineatus within reef systems. We hypothesize that very local differences in the within-habitat component of acanthurid and scarid abundances and distributions may reflect site-associated variability in recruitment patterns, post-recruitment mortality or behaviour that is independent of A. lineatus activities. Replicated removal experiments which include explicit tests for local site-effects and better descriptions of recruitment in larger herbivorous fishes are required before these interpretations can be evaluated.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the crystal structure of the kaolinite : dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) intercalate (P 1, a = 5.187(2), b = 8.964(3), c = 11.838(4), a = 91.53(1) ~ = 108.59(2) ~ T = 89.92(1)*) was determined using spectroscopic and X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data.
Abstract: The crystal structure of the kaolinite : dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) intercalate (P 1, a = 5.187(2), b = 8.964(3), c = 11.838(4) A, a = 91.53(1) ~ = 108.59(2) ~ T = 89.92(1)*) has been determined using spectroscopic and X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data. Both the X-ray and neutron powder diffraction patterns were refined. Solid-state ~3C, 298i, and 27A1 nuclear magnetic resonance data and previously collected infrared spectroscopic data provided a useful starting model for structural refinement. Due to the extreme overlap of reflections of this low-symmetry unit cell, the Rietveld method proved inadequate, and quasi-single crystal methods were employed. Each DMSO molecule was found to be triply hydrogen bonded above the octahedral vacancy in the glbbsitic sheet of the kaolinite layer. One methyl group is keyed into the ditrigonal hole in the tetrahedral sheet with the other S--C bond parallel to the sheet. The DMSO molecules are accommodated by significant horizontal displacement of individual kaolinite layers to achieve almost perfect overlap of the octahedral vacancy by the adjacent ditrigonal hole.
131 citations
TL;DR: Although there was general agreement between the two techniques, the one inconsistent fusion suggests that caution should be exercised in the application of histocompatibility tests as bioassays for clonal population structure, and that electrophoresis is the more appropriate technique for this species.
Abstract: Tissue grafting and electrophoresis were used to study the genotypic structure of a population of the scleractinian coral, Pavona cactus. Three growth forms were distinguished within one continuous population of this morphologically variable species. Both techniques provided evidence of localized asexual reproduction within each growth form, a result consistent with numerous field observations of naturally occurring fragments. A perfect association between clonal genotype and growth form was found in an electrophoretic survey of 80 colonies. 23 multi-locus genotypes were detected in the 80 colonies tested. All genotypically similar colonies had the same growth form, even where colonies were separated by 50 m. Although environmental gradients undoubtedly modify colony morphology, the high correlation between genotype and growth form suggests that major differences in colony morphology are genetically determined. Tissue grafting tests did not reliably identify all clones. Fusions developed between all electrophoretically indistinguishable colonies, consistent with the initial assumption that fusion between paired colonies would indicate ‘selfrecognition’. However, there was also one fusion in 20 pairings of electrophoretically different colonies. Although there was general agreement between the two techniques, the one inconsistent fusion suggests that caution should be exercised in the application of histocompatibility tests as bioassays for clonal population structure, and that electrophoresis is the more appropriate technique for this species. The ability of genotypes to dominate in intraspecific competitive interactions and to survive fragmentation was assessed. An intraspecific dominance hierarchy was identified among the 6 clones tested. Competition was highly asymmetrical between dominant and subordinate-ranking clones. Genotypes that were most successful in producing widespread clones were found to dominate intraspecific competitive interactions and had high rates of fragment survival.
124 citations
TL;DR: The in vivo incorporation of mevalonolactone specifically into the terpene portion of a sesquiterpene hydroquinone is reported for the soft coral Sinularia capillosa Eudesma -4, 7(11)- diene -8β- ol (20 ) and the corresponding 8-keto derivative (21 ) for the first time as discussed by the authors.
123 citations
105 citations
TL;DR: Both species of scleractinian corals were found to cause approximately equal amounts of tissue necrosis in alcyonaceans, implying a combination of anti-predatory and anti-competitor roles for the secondary metabolites.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multidimensional scaling analysis revealed five general clusters of reasons to avoid seeking help: Fear and Stigma, Problem Avoidance and Denial, Helper Evaluation, External Barriers, and Independence.
Abstract: Respondents from the general population rated the degree to which 25 different motives contributed to their decision to delay or avoid seeking help for a distressing personal problem. Multidimensional scaling analysis revealed five general clusters of motives to avoid helpseeking. These were labelled: Fear and Stigma, Problem Avoidance and Denial, Helper Evaluation, External Barriers, and Independence. Respondents who rated the Fear and Stigma items highly had problems that were seen as being intimate and internally attributed. Females were more likely to report Problem Avoidance and Denial motives than were males. Respondents with an external locus of control were somewhat more concerned with Helper Evaluation and External Barriers, and were somewhat less concerned with Independence, than were respondents with an internal locus of control. It is argued that a greater understanding of people's reluctances to seek help will facilitate the development of a general decisionmaking model of helpseekin...
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the CSIRO Division of Water and Land Resources has cooperated with the Australian Survey Office (ASO) to establish comprehensive remote sensing based reef mapping procedures, and the ASO has completed a full scale mapping program (involving some 24 Landsat scenes) based on this research and development in the GBR Region.
70 citations
TL;DR: The fates of Montipora ramosa fragments have been followed and related to physical factors on the reef and the degree of genetic homogeneity between colonies of M. ramosa was assessed by reciprocal grafting techniques, and the cross reef cline interpreted in terms of the level of fragmentation.
Abstract: The fates of Montipora ramosa fragments have been followed and related to physical factors on the reef. The degree of genetic homogeneity between colonies of M. ramosa was assessed by reciprocal grafting techniques, and the cross reef cline interpreted in terms of the degree of fragmentation. Two botanical terms, genet and ramet, referring to individuals derived from sexual (planula settlement) and asexual (fragmentation of colonies) processes respectively have been introduced to the coral literature.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used magic-angle spinning bas to study the short-range ordering and bonding in the structures of intercalates of kaolinite with formamide, hydrazine, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and pyridine-Noxide (PNO).
Abstract: 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with magic-angle spinning bas been used to study the short-range ordering and bonding in the structures of intercalates of kaolinite with formamide, hydrazine, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and pyridine-N-oxide (PNO). The 29Si chemical shift indicated decreasing levels of bonding interaction between the silicate layer and the intercalate in the order: kaolinite: formamide (δ) = -91.9, ppm relative to tetramethylsilane), kaolinite: hydrazine (-92.0), kaolinite: DMSO (-93.1). The 29Si signal of the kaolinite:PNO intercalate (-92.1) was unexpectedly deshielded, possibly due to the aromatic nature of PNO. The degree of three-dimensional ordering of the structures was inferred from the 29Si signal width, with the kaolinite: DMSO intercalate displaying the greatest ordering and kaolinite: hydrazine the least. 13C resonances of intercalating organic molecules were shifted downfield by as much as 3 ppm in response to increased hydrogen bonding after intercalation, and in the kaolinite: DMSO intercalate the two methyl-carbon chemical environments were non-equivalent (δ = 43.7 and 42.5).
TL;DR: A diallel cross using four breeds of dog—Labrador, German shepherd, boxer, and kelpie—and recorded 38 measures of fearfulness concluded that Labradors were the least fearful and German shepherd dogs the most fearful of the four breeds.
Abstract: Fearfulness is the most common reason causing dogs to be unsuitable for training as guide dogs We have carried out a diallel cross using four breeds of dog—Labrador, German shepherd, boxer, and kelpie—and recorded 38 measures of fearfulness The variation between litters was described by three discriminant functions One function, which measured general fearfulness, showed significant genetic variation but no nongenetic between-litter variation The other two functions showed a mixture of genetic and environmental variation Of the three functions, only general fearfulness affected a dog's suitability as a guide dog Labradors were the least fearful and German shepherd dogs the most fearful of the four breeds There was no heterosis for general fearfulness, but there was significant within-breed genetic variation, implying that fearfulness could best be reduced by a selection program among Labradors Optimum methods of selecting against general fearfulness are discussed
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of the silica dolomite with the Cu orebodies is separated in time from the adjacent syngenetic, stratiform Ag-Pb-Zn ores by a period including at least two regional deformation events.
Abstract: The Mount Isa base metal deposits show a definite spatial separation between stratiform Ag-Pb-Zn lenses, generally regarded as syngenetic, and Cu ores within a recrystallized and brecciated host lithology, the silica dolomite. Microstructural evidence indicates that the Cu orebodies and the silica dolomite formed during early syndeformational (syn-D 3 ) replacement processes in a dolomitic shale sequence. Three stages of alteration are distinguished: (1) dolomite recrystallization-silicification, (2) dolomitization, and (3) chalcopyrite + or - Fe sulfide + or - quartz + or - chlorite deposition. Structural timing constraints suggest a post-D 2 to pre-S 3 interval for the first stage, whereas the last two stages occurred during (early) D 3 . The formation of the silica dolomite with the Cu orebodies is separated in time from the adjacent syngenetic, stratiform Ag-Pb-Zn ores by a period including at least two regional deformation events.
TL;DR: The diet, feeding habits and feeding structures of 519 Sillago sihama and 493 S. analis specimens collected from beaches and estuaries in the Townsville region are described.
Abstract: The diet, feeding habits and feeding structures of 519 Sillago sihama and 493 S analis specimens collected from beaches and estuaries in the Townsville region are described The species are carnivores on a wide range of benthic, epibenthic and planktonic prey Both undergo size related dietary shifts; S sihama from predominantly planktonic crustaceans in fish of less than 80 mm tl to polychaetes, penaeid and brachyuran crustaceans and molluscs at larger sizes; S analis from a mixture of small Mesodesma eltanae and amphipods at sizes of less than 80 mm tl to predominantly M eltanae and small quantities of penaeids and brachyuran crabs in larger fish The dietary shift was not associated with migration from a nursery area
While the species showed considerable overlap in the types of prey utilized, there were significant differences in the relative importance of shared components in their diets The major difference was in the relative importance of the bivalve mollusc, M eltanae This was the dominant food of S analis but of secondary importance in S sihama Associated with this basic difference in diet was a specialization of the pharyngeal dentition in S analis to molariform crushing plates and a reduction of the gill rakers to vestigial knobs In S sihama, the pharyngeal teeth are sharp and pointed and the gill rakers normal
The feeding activity of S analis, but not S sihama, is limited by the tidal cycle, a factor which may be a form of temporal partitioning
TL;DR: The agonistic behaviour of dogs changes with maturity and also with the nature of the dog with which they are confronted, which helps in the interpretation of these displays.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of a number of travel-related roles was conducted using a 100-person student sample, and the data were analyzed with fuzzy set theory and multidimensional scaling analysis.
Abstract: Academic and professional studies of tourists and tourism both need a sound emic or experiential definition of the tourist role. In this study, a comparison of a number of travel-related roles was conducted using a 100-person student sample, and the data were analyzed with fuzzy set theory and multidimensional scaling analysis. The findings indicated that there were clear and highly interpretible differences among 15 travel-related roles. It was also demonstrated that such an approach to defining the tourist role was useful for understanding previous perspectives in the social science literature on tourism.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed ways of coding authenticity and career levels in tourists' written descriptions of holidays and suggested an initial link between career levels and authenticity was suggested by analysing the data in terms of proportional reduction of error scores.
Abstract: Developments in applied social psychology have included a recent interest in the phenomenon of tourism. Two concepts to explain tourists' experiences and behaviour are employed in this research: the notion of authenticity and the view that tourists have a travel career. In the first study tourists' written descriptions of holidays were analysed (N = 198) and it was demonstrated that the proposed ways of coding authenticity and career levels were viable. Additionally an initial link between career levels and authenticity was suggested by analysing the data in terms of proportional reduction of error scores. In a more controlled study subjects' responses to holidays varying in authenticity levels were recorded (N = 160). It was demonstrated using analysis of variance that people's perception of holidays in terms of satisfaction and independence was jointly determined by the two concepts under investigation, namely travellers' career levels and the authenticity of the holiday description. Links betw...
TL;DR: The zonation of 15 species of Littoraria in the scabra group is described, using a transect method, at 13 mangrove localities in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and Hawaii, and it is suggested that vertical distribution is determined mainly by behavioural responses, while the landward limits of horizontal distribution may be set by physiological tolerance.
Abstract: The zonation of 15 species of Littoraria in the scabra group is described, using a transect method, at 13 mangrove localities in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and Hawaii. At these localities the littorinids occurred only on trees, and showed both vertical and horizontal patterns of zonation, with broad overlaps between co-occurring species. It is suggested that vertical distribution is determined mainly by behavioural responses, while the landward limits of horizontal distribution may be set by physiological tolerance. Several species occurred predominantly on either leaf or bark substrates, but no consistent associations with tree species were found. On the basis of local distribution patterns, Littoraria species can be classified as continental or oceanic in character. Oceanic species may be less tolerant of sediment in the water or on the substrate.
TL;DR: The mid-Tertiary blueschists, eclogites and clogitic gneisses of northern New Caledonia are the products of four phases of regional meta-morphism and deformation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The mid-Tertiary blueschists, eclogites and eclogitic gneisses of northern New Caledonia are the products of four phases of regional meta- morphism and deformation (D,--D4). Omphacite, lawsonite and Mn-rich garnet isogradic surfaces were developed during the second deformation (D2) under prograde pressure and temperature conditions. Subsequent deformations (D3-D,) folded these D, isogradic surfaces. However, within the P-retrograde, T-prograde metamor- phic environment of the D, phase, omphacite altered to albite and chlorite; as a result, a late- stage sub-horizontal isogradic surface developed for omphacite-out where this mineral is preserved as relics within syn-D, albite porphyroblasts. Other minerals that crystallized for the first time (epidote) or had rim additions (almandine, phengite) during D,, also form nearly horizontal isogradic surfaces. Porphyroblastic garnet and albite contain inclusion trails, which allow their microstructural development and crystallization of the matrix to be traced from D, to D,. Late syn-D, the temperature increased mark- edly in association with an extensive exothermic decarbonation, even though the rocks were in a state of pressure retrogression. This caused considerable neocrystallization, recrystallization and growth of matrix and porphyroblasts such that, although S, foliation crenulated by D, and D, is readily observable, almost all signs of stored strain due to D, and D, have been removed, and the deeper schists and eclogitic gneisses superficially appear to have undergone a drastic annealing recrystallization, post-dating deformation.
TL;DR: Spatial patterns of graft acceptance and rejection were different for two species of the coral Montipora from Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, indicating that clonal identity is not necessarily inferred by acceptance of grafts.
Abstract: Spatial patterns of graft acceptance and rejection were different for two species of the coral Montipora from Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Electrophoretically distinct tissues were capable of fusing, indicating that clonal identity is not necessarily inferred by acceptance of grafts. For M. dilatata, 18 of 40 cases of fusion were between dissimilar genotypes and for M. verrucosa, 3 of 7 cases. In one case, fusion occurred between genotypes which shared no alleles. A greater understanding of the genetics of invertebrate immunology is required before histocompatibility criteria can be used independently to assess population genetic structure with confidence.
TL;DR: In this paper, four types of rocky shore are recognized: Type 1 with platform and notch and a full range of morphologic features; Type 2 with sandy beach; Type 3 with breccia; and Type 4 with truncated profile.
TL;DR: This article identified the dimensions of meaning individuals use in discriminating among natural settings, and the relationship of these dimensions to aesthetic response, through the use of pairwise similarity judgements and a repertory grid methodology.
Abstract: This research identified, through the use of pairwise similarity judgements and a repertory grid methodology, the dimensions of meaning individuals use in discriminating among natural settings, and the relationship of these dimensions to aesthetic response. Randomly selected photographic stimuli were presented to 52 subjects in an experimental setting, using a micro-computer to control presentation of stimuli and tasks. Five dimensions of meaning were identified, with subjects differentially weighting these dimensions in terms of their salience to aesthetic response. It is argued that although the collative properties of experimentally derived stimuli are important in modifying arousal levels (Berlyne, 1971), when investigating “environments” and not “stimuli”, the perceived meaning or ecological properties (Berlyne, 1971) are additional and important determinants of aesthetic response.
TL;DR: Calves held in isolation showed a progressive decline in maternally derived antibody titres to bovine parvovirus but low concentrations of inhibitors resistant to heat and kaolin treatment persisted as the animals matured, which may have been because the low parasite burden in the animals reduced mitotic activity in susceptible tissues.
TL;DR: Differences were noted in the intensity of infection between the three sections of the large intestines with the ventral colon being the most heavily infected and having the highest number of species, followed by the dorsal colon and the caecum.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the occurrence of deep-seated flowslides in coking coal stockpiles at the North Queensland port of Hay Point, which result from particularly loose placement of the light, cohesionless material, and saturation of the lower levels of the stockpile due to rainfall infiltration and initial moisture at placement.
TL;DR: The post-mortem history of a prolific Maastrichtian ammonite and nautiloid fauna preserved as phosphatic steinkerns in chalk of the upper Miria Formation of Western Australia is described in this article.
Abstract: The post-mortem history of a prolific Maastrichtian ammonite and nautiloid fauna preserved as phosphatic steinkerns in chalk of the upper Miria Formation of Western Australia is described. Sediment infilling of phragmocones, required for their fossilisation, was accomplished by means of perforations in the shell wall induced by the activity of abundant endoliths. These include borings ascribed to clionid sponges (Entobia), thallophytes, polychaete worms (including Caulostrepis and probable Maeandropolydora), phoronids (Talpina and Gnathichnus) and others of conjectural origin. Sediment infilling by this mechanism is considered to be more applicable to the taphonomy of phragmocones in general than sediment entry through the siphuncle and to be indicative of low sedimentation rates for the hosting strata. Nonheteromorph ammonites, and the nautiloid Cimomia, are preserved almost exclusively as phragmocones in the upper Miria Formation, and are numerically subordinate to the heteromorph Eubaculites which, together with Glyptoxoceras, is preserved predominantly as body chambers. This phragmocone/body chamber preservational contrast is attributed to the influence of shell shape on pre-burial mechanical abrasion. The apparent dominance of Eubaculites is considered to be largely a preservational artifact and ascribed to the ease with which body chambers were infilled, and thereby favoured for steinkern formation, relative to phragmocones. Phragmocones, or parts thereof. not filled with sediment were eliminated from the fossil record by diagenetic aragonite dissolution. Many ammonites with open umbilici have the early whorls missing. This we attribute to the trapping of sediment in the umbilicus prior to burial, preventing endolith attack whereby the early whorls avoided a sediment infilling. However, the protected inner whorls of involute ammonites and Cimomia, which have closed umbilici, and the inner whorls of evolute ammonites where a cemented umbilical plug supported the mouldic cavity left by shell dissolution, were preserved and were commonly infilled with calcite spar later in diagenesis. The dearth of cephalopod fossils in chalk underlying the upper Miria Formation is ascribed to diagenesis in which aragonite dissolution was not preceded by cementation.
TL;DR: In this article, the current state of visitor evaluation research is considered by outlining the literature on four topics; psychological research into visitor evaluation, psychological research in the field of travel, travel planning, and travel planning.
Abstract: An attempt is made to collate and develop psychological research into visitor evaluation. The current state of visitor evaluation research is considered by outlining the literature on four topics; ...