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Showing papers by "Jawaharlal Nehru University published in 1984"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proved that for a group G, a fuzzy subgroup is fuzzy normal if and only if it is constant on the conjugate classes of G .

150 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a sampling of the entire region of the Ganges basin, chemical and sediment load supplied at various parts of the basin have been computed based on sampling data collected from the entire basin.

140 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that a large proportion of the metallic substances discharged into water bodies is ultimately incorporated into sediments, a complex mixture with three main components: clays, organic matter, and oxides of iron and manganese.
Abstract: The behavior of heavy metals in a natural aqueous system is attracting researchers because of environmental issues. Man's activities have increased the quantity and distribution of heavy metals in the atmosphere, on the land, and in rivers, lakes, and seas. The extent of this widespread contamination has caused concern about its possible effects on plants, animals and human beings. One of the first steps in any systematic study of the aquatic chemistry of a potential contaminant is an elucidation of the principal modes of transport and sinks for the contaminant. It appears that a large proportion of the metallic substances discharged into water bodies is ultimately incorporated into sediments. (Warren, L. J.,112 and others). The sediment is a complex mixture with three main components: clays, organic matter, and oxides of iron and manganese. While the role of clays and biota in affecting the transport of heavy metals is commonly recognized, the significance of Fe and Mn among the factors that are involved...

132 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There was a considerable increase in tumor incidence in hamster buccal pouches following short‐term and long‐term topical exposures to graded doses of benzo(a)pyrene, B( a)P alone or in combination with extract of tobacco, betel nut or betel leaf extract.
Abstract: The present study evaluates the incidence of tumors in hamster buccal pouches following short-term (10 days) and long-term (6 months) topical exposures to graded doses of benzo(a)pyrene, B(a)P (25 micrograms, 50 micrograms and 100 micrograms per pouch either daily for 10 days or thrice weekly for 6 months) alone or in combination with extract of tobacco (1 mg/pouch, twice daily), betel nut (1 mg/pouch, twice daily) or betel leaf (5 mg/pouch, twice daily). Given alone, the three doses of B(a)P respectively yielded, 6 months after the last treatment, 4%, 8.7% and 16.7% tumors in the short-term study, and 20%, 35% and 61% tumors in the long-term study. Short-term treatments with individual ingredients of betel quid did not produce any tumors while long-term treatments produced tumors only with tobacco (17.6%) and betel nut (10.5%). When B(a)P, and betel quid ingredients were painted concomitantly for 10 days, there was, depending upon the dose of B(a)P, complete or partial suppression of tumor production. But when B(a)P-plus-tobacco or B(a)P-plus-betel nut treatments were given for 6 months, there was a considerable increase in tumor incidence. Betel leaf extract, in both short-term and long-term studies, expressed its inhibitory influence on B(a)P-induced tumorigenesis.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a methode de difference finie a 3 points for le probleme singulier a 2 points limites: y''+(2/x)y'+f(x,y)= 0, 0
Abstract: On considere une methode de difference finie a 3 points pour le probleme singulier a 2 points limites: y''+(2/x)y'+f(x,y)=0, 0

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data indicate that chlorpromazine inhibition of lipid peroxidation and of accumulation of lipofuscin can result from elevation of the activity of brain antioxidant enzymes.
Abstract: In this work, the effect of chronic intraperitoneal administration of chlorpromazine (5 and 10 mg/kg) on the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CA), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GP); lipid peroxidation; and lipofuscin accumulation in the brains of rats ages 6, 9, and 12 months was studied. Chlorpromazine increased the activities of SOD, GR, and GP in particulate fraction from cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem in a dose-dependent manner. While GR and SOD associated with soluble fraction increased, GP associated with soluble fraction was not affected. CA did not change after chlorpromazine administration in any regions of the brain of rats from all age groups. Chlorpromazine, thus, had a somewhat different action on antioxidant enzymes in different subcellular fractions. Chlorpromazine inhibited lipid peroxidation, both in vivo and in vitro, and it also inhibited accumulation of lipid peroxidation fluorescent products (lipofuscin), which was studied histochemically and biochemically as well. The data indicate that chlorpromazine inhibition of lipid peroxidation and of accumulation of lipofuscin can result from elevation of the activity of brain antioxidant enzymes.

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make an attempt at interpretation, putting together the possible solutions of two types of historical puzzles, those arising from not knowing what had been the case, and the second kind of historical puzzle in which the difficulty is that we know the facts but not what to do with them.
Abstract: Historical puzzles appear to be generally of two types. Some are about facts~those arising out of our not knowing what had been the case. There is a second kind of historical puzzle in which the difficulty is that we know the facts but not what to do with them. Puzzles about contemporary history are often of the second kind. These problems elicit different kinds of responsein the first, empirical solutions, in the second solutions of an interpretative kind. This essay is an attempt at interpretation, putting together the possible

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Significant increase in the number of SCEs was observed in the treated groups, and this increase, although dose-dependent, was not dependent upon the duration of exposure.

44 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: With the addition of mitotic inhibitors, vinblastine and methylglyoxal in the growth medium, the enzyme activity was inhibited by 92 percent and 50 percent respectively, at the most effective concentration and the callus growth was also reduced.
Abstract: Glyoxalase-I activity in growingDatura callus showed 184% increase with the age of the culture. Spermidine increased the enzyme activity together with DNA and protein synthesis. With the addition of mitotic inhibitors, vinblastine and methylglyoxal in the growth medium, the enzyme activity was inhibited by 92 percent and 50 percent respectively, at the most effective concentration and the callus growth was also reduced. Similar results were obtained with specific glyoxalase I inhibitors, iso-ascorbate and squaric acid.

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The genotoxic effects of orally administered garlic and turmeric were evaluated in bone-marrow cells of mice by performing the micronucleus test and another spice, asafoetida, showed a weak SCE-inducing effect in spermatogonia.
Abstract: The genotoxic effects of orally administered garlic and turmeric were evaluated in bone-marrow cells of mice by performing the micronucleus test. Another spice, asafoetida, was tested for the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in spermatogonia of mice. Results of the micronucleus test with garlic and turmeric were not significantly different from control values. Orally administered asafoetida, however, showed a weak SCE-inducing effect in spermatogonia.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of low levels of SO2 (78·6, 131 and 262 μg m−3) on ascorbic acid were evaluated in three crop plant species, namely Brassica nigra L., Phaseolus radiatus L. and Zea mays L.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of the different hormones tested, cytokinins stimulated nitrate-induced nitrate reductase activity in the dark and kinetin and red light, when given together, or given with a darkness interruption, stimulated the NR activity more than with either of them alone.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of ambient air and simultaneous air bubbling and cooling of the glass cover have been reported, and the extent of increase in distillate output compared to a reference, has been found to be 33.5 and 47.5 percent respectively.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that although glyoxalase-I activity is a good indicator of cell growth status, it is not involved in cell cycle regulation of this eukaryotic organism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both rho+ and rho− cells were capable of accumulating l -serine against a concentration gradient; however, the extent of serine accumulation differed between these two strains.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors refer to the Dalits in India as the oppressed and refer to them as the Dalit sub-stratum of the Indian population which is subjected to cumulative domination by the rest of the population in the country.
Abstract: While I have no intention of attempting an elaborate conceptual clarification, it is necessary to briefly specify the frame of reference of this paper. In India, more than 50 per cent of the population lives below the poverty line, even by the official criteria of classification. On the other hand, nearly 22 per cent of the people are ’scheduled’ by the Government (15 per cent Scheduled Castes and 7 per cent Scheduled Tribes), recognising their traditional sociocultural and economic disabilities. The continuation of economic exploitation and socio-cultural oppression have rendered them politically voiceless, although a handful of individuals from among them have recently experienced upward mobility. That is, notwithstanding the fact that the vast majority of India’s population is underprivileged, viewed against the background of the contemporary world situation-levels of economic development, political participation and socio-cultural involvement there is a sub-stratum of the Indian population which is subjected to cumulative domination by the rest of the population in the country. When I refer to the Dalits in India, I have in mind this segment of the Indian population. But it is important to keep in mind that even they constitute a vast body of a hundred million people distributed into nearly 400 different jatis drawn from different parts of India. Several terms―Exterior Castes, Out-Castes, Depressed Classes, Scheduled Castes, Harijans* Ex-Untouchables-have been invoked by the clean castes, officials or social reformers to refer to this social category. However, the victims prefer to describe themselves as Dalits (the oppressed) which encapsulates all aspects of oppression. Hence, I will also refer to them as the Dalits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The absorption spectrum showed a “Red shift” in the absorption maxima when the spectra of the non‐Triton‐treated purified preparations were compared with those of the Triton-treated ones, thus possibly revealing that the mitochondrial and the cytosolic monoamine oxidases may be two different enzyme entities.
Abstract: Mitochondrial and cytosolic monoamine oxidases were purified 220- and 129-fold, respectively, from rat brain. The purification procedure involved extraction (without the use of detergents for mitochondrial monoamine oxidase), ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and a DEAE-cellulose column. The properties of both enzymes with kynuramine as substrate, including Km values and pH optima at different kynuramine concentrations; the Rf values on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and the thermal in-activation patterns were different. 2-Mercaptoethanol, together with heat treatment, released the flavin and decreased the enzyme activity differentially for the two enzymes. The absorption spectrum showed a “Red shift” in the absorption maxima when the spectra of the non-Triton-treated purified preparations were compared with those of the Triton-treated ones, thus possibly revealing that the mitochondrial and the cytosolic monoamine oxidases may be two different enzyme entities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The uptake of L - leucine and glycine into pea protoplasts was studied under various conditions and it was found that uptake is multiphasic, suggesting that glycine uptake was not mediated by an active process.
Abstract: The uptake of L - leucine and glycine into pea protoplasts was studied under various conditions. The uptake of both L - leucine and glycine was pH dependent with the optimal pH being 4.0 and 5.0 for L - leucine and glycine, respectively. A kinetic study of L - leucine uptake showed that uptake is multiphasic; K m values of different phases were 1.1 mol m -3 , 33.3 mol m -3 and 100 mol m 3 . A similar analysis for glycine at a concentration range of 0.1-10 mol m -3 also showed a multiphasic transport system for it. The uptake of L - leucine at lower concentrations(between 0.1 - 2.0 mol m -3 ) was energy dependent, since arsenate, azide, dinitrophenol and iodoacetate inhibited the uptake. However, the uptake of L - leucine was not inhibited by ouabain at any concentration of L - leucine employed. The uptake of glycine was not inhibited by any of these inhibitors suggesting that glycine uptake was not mediated by an active process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of varying mineral content and various trace elements in bone composities on its electrical behavior and possible use in design of transducers, various physical, dielectric, piezoelectric and electromechanical parameters have been measured.
Abstract: To study the effects of varying mineral content and various trace elements in bone composities on its electrical behavior and possible use in design of transducers, various physical, dielectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical parameters have been measured. For electrical characterization of various such composites in the high-frequency region (1–108 MHz), variation of impedance (Z), phase angle (tan λ), and relative output voltage with frequency has been examined. Furtherfore, the Curie temperature has been determined and the temperature variation of capacitance and loss factor (tan σ) studied (24–225°C). Two types of bone composites were prepared and studied. First, powdered collagen and apatite obtained from full bone were mixed intimately in various proportions by weight to prepare eleven bone compositions. Second, such bone materials were made to contain 5–10% various doping foreign additives (A1Br3, Na2CO3, SrCO3, LiCO3, Sb2O3, ZnO, Nb2O5, piezoelectric ceramic (PZT), and Pb(NO3)2. It has been observed that a bone composition of 50% collagen + 50% apatite has possible piezoelectric application and other compositions [85% collagen + 15% apatite, 90% collagen + 10% ZnO, and 90% bone + 10% Ba(OH)2] have a sharp rise in capacitance near the Curie temperature. The Curie temperature is generally shifted towards higher values by additives. It is expected that such results will be relevant in characterizing bone behavior.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A generalized Gierer-Meinhardt model has been used to account for the transplantation experiments in Hydra and a cross inhibition between the two organizing centres is assumed to be the only mode of interaction in setting up a stable morphogen distribution for the pattern formation in Hydra.
Abstract: A generalized Gierer-Meinhardt model has been used to account for the transplantation experiments in Hydra. In this model, a cross inhibition between the two organizing centres (namely, head and foot) are assumed to be the only mode of interaction in setting up a stable morphogen distribution for the pattern formation in Hydra.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The activity and thickness of individual isoenzyme bands were found to increase following SO 2 fumigation, which altered GDH isoen enzyme pattern in all the 3 plant species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Though research work on selenium in soil, plants and animal system was started a decade ago, the findings are significant and are critically reviewed in this paper.
Abstract: The research work on selenium in soils, plants and animals is of recent origin in India. Since milch cattle suffer due to selenium deficiency or toxicity through fodder, a systematic study of selenium was undertaken. Though research work on selenium in soil, plants and animal system was started a decade ago, the findings are significant and are critically reviewed in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the CCl 4-induced reduction in cold tolerance is secondary to hypoglycemia and not due to the direct effect of CCl4 on the thermoregulatory mechanism in the CNS.
Abstract: Male Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g maintained under standard laboratory conditions and given Hindustan Lever Pellets and waterad libitum were exposed to −20°C for determination of the rate of fall of rectal temperature and survival time. The rate of fall of body temperature was significantly increased and the survival time was reduced, when animals were given an intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml/kg BW of CCl4 24 h but not 2 h earlier. Pre-treatment of the animals with 0.006 ml of garlic oil in a 2% solution of arachis oil for 3 days gave a significant protection to the animals against the CCl4-induced fall in cold tolerance. Administration of glucose orally 300 mg in 2 ml of saline eliminated the CCl4-induced fall in cold tolerance. The animals displayed a hypoglycemia 24 h, but not 2 h after injection of CCl4. CCl4-induced hypoglycemia was reduced by pre-treatment with garlic oil. The results indicate that the CCl4-induced reduction in cold tolerance is secondary to hypoglycemia and not due to the direct effect of CCl4 on the thermoregulatory mechanism in the CNS. The critical level of blood glucose below which the cold tolerance is reduced was found to be 76 mg/100 ml of blood.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of three herbicides viz., triazole, pyrazon and metribuzin on total chlorophyll, carotenoids and cell protein in leaves, and PS II and PS I activity in the chloroplasts isolated from control and herbicide treated pea plants is studied.
Abstract: We have studied the effect of three herbicides viz., triazole, pyrazon and metribuzin on total chlorophyll, carotenoids and cell protein in leaves, and PS II and PS I activity in the chloroplasts isolated from control and herbicide treated pea plants. Pyrazon and metribuzin at 10μм concentration affect these parameters resulting in the chlorosis of the leaves.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that the regulation of PI metabolism is mediated by the gene cdc 28 and that microtubules may play a major role in the mechanism of action of this gene product.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the determination of total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the ambient air of Delhi was done for a period of six months at five sampling stations.
Abstract: This investigation is concerned with the determination of total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the ambient air of Delhi. Air sampling was done for a period of six months at five sampling stations. PAH was determined by the quinine sulphate method. A city average profile was obtained; seasonal variation of PAH concentration, as well as its correlation with total suspended particulates (TSP) and wind‐velocity, were ascertained.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the institutions for the exercise of power and authority are central to the study of complex societies, and that the deeply layered societal resources have a certain long-term continuity; their appraisal comparatively may help unravel what may otherwise seem to be incomprehensible situations.
Abstract: It would be fair to say that the situation carries similar marks of incomprehension for many in the social sciences too; for it seems not to answer to many of the paradigms which have held sway for three decades past. In this paper I wish to approach the issue from three standpoints: that the institutions for the exercise of power and authority are central to the study of complex societies; that the deeply layered societal resources have a certain long-term continuity; and that their appraisal comparatively may help unravel what may otherwise seem to be incomprehensible situations.’ 1 The centrality of power and authority in shaping the course of a society has in recent years had to be recognised afresh in contexts as diverse as early

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The monoamine oxidase activity in the cerebral hemispheres decreased significantly after 2, 4, 8 and 16 hr of 6-amino-nicotinamide administration, while in the cerebellum, the MAO activity was not affected significantly and the Na+K+ATPase activity did not change significantly.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evidence indicates that direct effects of beta-irradiation can cause conformational changes in enzyme molecules, however, damage to DNA and membranes as being causal factors for variations in the enzyme levels cannot be ruled out.
Abstract: SummaryThe radiobiological consequences of chronic exposure to 3H at a dose level of 37 kBq/ml or 1 μCi/ml is reported. An inbred strain of Swiss albino mice was exposed up to 5 generations. Metabolic disorders were recorded by monitoring quantitative and qualitative changes in hexokinase and its isozymes from brain, liver and spleen from both sexes. The delivered dose ranged from approximately 41 mGy to 98 mGy. Nonetheless, the changes in enzyme activities as well as electrophoretic mobilities were significant. Deviations from normal levels were recorded in both sexes. The evidence indicates that direct effects of β-irradiation can cause conformational changes in enzyme molecules. However, damage to DNA and to membranes as being causal factors for variations in the enzyme levels cannot be ruled out. These disorders culminated in a gradual reduction in litter size. The implications of exposure to this dose of tritiated water is discussed in the light of NCRP recommendations and relevant literature.