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Showing papers by "Johns Hopkins University published in 1983"


Journal Article•DOI•
11 Mar 1983-Science
TL;DR: Advances in neurotransmitter systems involved in the symptomatic manifestations of neurological and psychiatric disorders reflect a close interaction between experimental and clinical neuroscientists in which information derived from basic neurobiology is rapidly utilized to analyze disorders of the human brain.
Abstract: Great emphasis is being placed on identification of neurotransmitter systems involved in the symptomatic manifestations of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In the case of Alzheimer's disease, which now seems to be one of the most common causes of mental deterioration in the elderly, compelling evidence has been developed that acetylcholine-releasing neurons, whose cell bodies lie in the basal forebrain, selectively degenerate. These cholinergic neurons provide widespread innervation of the cerebral cortex and related structures and appear to play an important role in cognitive functions, especially memory. These advances reflect a close interaction between experimental and clinical neuroscientists in which information derived from basic neurobiology is rapidly utilized to analyze disorders of the human brain.

2,995 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
11 Feb 1983-JAMA
TL;DR: Two hundred fifteen randomly accessed cancer patients who were new admissions to three collaborating cancer centers were examined for the presence of formal psychiatric disorder, and the large majority of conditions were judged to represent highly treatable disorders.
Abstract: Two hundred fifteen randomly accessed cancer patients who were new admissions to three collaborating cancer centers were examined for the presence of formal psychiatric disorder. Each patient was assessed in a common protocol via a psychiatric interview and standardized psychological tests. The American Psychiatric Association'sDSM-IIIdiagnostic system was used in making the diagnoses. Results indicated that 47% of the patients received aDSM-IIIdiagnosis, with 44% being diagnosed as manifesting a clinical syndrome and 3% with personality disorders. Approximately 68% of the psychiatric diagnoses consisted of adjustment disorders, with 13% representing major affective disorders (depression). The remaining diagnoses were split among organic mental disorders (8%), personality disorders (7%), and anxiety disorders (4%). Approximately 85% of those patients with a positive psychiatric condition were experiencing a disorder with depression or anxiety as the central symptom. The large majority of conditions were judged to represent highly treatable disorders. (JAMA1983;249:751-757)

1,704 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The Mini-Mental State Examination was designed as a clinical method for grading cognitive impairment and produces a score that can be used to follow the course of patients or as a case detection technique after cutoff scores are established.
Abstract: To the Editor.— In response (Archives1982;39:1443-1445) to a letter by Ganguli and Saul (Archives1982;39:1442-1443), Robins and Helzer noted that the Mini-Mental State Examination, 1 incorporated into the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to assess cognitive impairment, had been reported by Folstein et al to differentiate between pseudodementia and true organic brain syndromes. We would like to make that statement more specific. The Mini-Mental State Examination was designed as a clinical method for grading cognitive impairment. It produces a score that can be used to follow the course of patients or as a case detection technique after cutoff scores are established. In a clinical psychiatric setting, a low Mini-Mental score can be associated with many disorders including mental retardation, delirium, manicdepressive disorder, and schizophrenia, as illustrated by Folstein et al in their pre- DSM-III article in 1975. 1,2 However, on a medical unit like the one from which Ganguli and

1,632 citations


Book Chapter•DOI•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The power of the Marxian critique of class domination stands as an implicit suggestion that feminists should consider the advantages of adopting a historical materialist approach to understand phallocratic domination as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The power of the Marxian critique of class domination stands as an implicit suggestion that feminists should consider the advantages of adopting a historical materialist approach to understanding phallocratic domination. A specifically feminist historical materialism might enable us to lay bare the laws of tendency which constitute the structure of patriarchy over time and to follow its development in and through the Western class societies on which Marx’s interest centered. A feminist materialism might in addition enable us to expand the Marxian account to include all human activity rather than focussing on activity more characteristic of males in capitalism. The development of such a historical and materialist account is a very large task, one which requires the political and theoretical contributions of many feminists. Here I will address only the question of the epistemological underpinnings such a materialism would require. Most specifically, I will attempt to develop, on the methodological base provided by Marxian theory, an important epistemological tool for understanding and opposing all forms of domination — a feminist standpoint.

1,564 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the achievement effects of cooperative learning instructional methods, in which students work in small groups to learn academic materials, is presented, and the authors conclude that only methods that provide group rewards based on group members' individual learning consistently increase student achievement more than control methods.
Abstract: This article reviews research on the achievement effects of cooperative learning instructional methods, in which students work in small groups to learn academic materials. Methodologically adequate field experiments of at least 2 weeks' duration in regular elementary and secondary schools indicate that among cooperative learning methods in which students study the same material together) only methods that provide group rewards based on group members' individual learning consistently increase student achievement more than control methods. Cooperative learning methods in which each group member has a unique subtask have positive achievement effects only if group rewards are provided. Group rewards and individual accountability are held to be essential to the instructional effectiveness of cooperative learning methods. Over the past 30 years there has been a considerable quantity of research concerning the effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic incentive structures on individual and group productivity. A cooperative incentive structure is one in which two or more individuals are rewarded based on their performance as a group; a competitive incentive structure indicates that two or more individuals are compared with one another, and those performing best are rewarded; and an individualistic incentive structure is one in which individuals are rewarded based on their own performance, regardless of others' performances. The research on these incentive structures has been reviewed on several occasions (e.g., Johnson & Johnson, 1974; Michaels, 1977; MillerHSlavin, 1977). All of these reviewers agreed that research relating different incentive structures to performance produces inconsistent findings. Some studies find that cooperative incentive

832 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: It is concluded that high-dose chemotherapy with busulfan and cyclophosphamide, followed by allogeneic-marrow transplantation, can produce long-term remission of acute leukemia.
Abstract: Fifty-one patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (16 with end-stage disease, 17 in second or third remission or in early relapse, and 18 in first remission) were given infusions of HL...

792 citations


Robert Hogan1•
01 Jan 1983

753 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The representations of ventricle and arterial system by their Ps-SV relationships are useful in understanding how these two systems determine SV when they are coupled and interact.
Abstract: We developed a framework of analysis to predict the stroke volume (SV) resulting from the complex mechanical interaction between the ventricle and its arterial system. In this analysis, we characterized both the left ventricle and the arterial system by their end systolic pressure (Ps)-SV relationships and predicted SV from the intersection of the two relationship lines. The final output of the analysis was a formula that gives the SV for a given preload as a function of the ventricular properties (Ees, V0, and ejection time) and the arterial impedance properties (modeled in terms of a 3-element Windkessel). To test the validity of this framework for analyzing the ventriculoarterial interaction, we first determined the ventricular properties under a specific set of control arterial impedance conditions. With the ventricular properties thus obtained, we used the analytical formula to predict SVs under various combinations of noncontrol arterial impedance conditions and four preloads. The predicted SVs were compared with those measured while actually imposing the identical set of arterial impedance conditions and preload in eight isolated canine ventricles. The predicted SV was highly correlated (P less than 0.0001) with the measured one in all ventricles. The average correlation coefficient was 0.985 +/- 0.004 (SE), the slope 1.00 +/- 0.04, and the gamma-axis intercept 1.0 +/- 0.2 ml, indicating the accuracy of the prediction. We conclude that the representations of ventricle and arterial system by their Ps-SV relationships are useful in understanding how these two systems determine SV when they are coupled and interact.

741 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
23 Sep 1983-Science
TL;DR: The ligand 3-N-[11C]methylspiperone, which preferentially binds to dopamine receptors in vivo, was used to image the receptors by positron emission tomography scanning in baboons and in humans, and holds promise for noninvasive clinical studies of dopamine receptor in humans.
Abstract: Neurotransmitter receptors may be involved in a number of neuropsychiatric disease states. The ligand 3-N-[11C]methylspiperone, which preferentially binds to dopamine receptors in vivo, was used to image the receptors by positron emission tomography scanning in baboons and in humans. This technique holds promise for noninvasive clinical studies of dopamine receptors in humans.

689 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The study results suggest that the development of macular degeneration is mainly influenced by familial, genetic, and personal characteristics, rather than by the few environmental factors studied.
Abstract: Senile macular degeneration, although a leading cause of visual loss in the United States, remains a poorly understood disease. To assess the effects of host and environmental factors on this condition, a study of 228 cases and 237 controls matched by age and sex, who had visited any of 34 Baltimore ophthalmologists between September 1, 1978 and March 31, 1980, was conducted. Study participants were interviewed for past medical, residential, occupational, smoking and family histories, as well as social and demographic factors. Diagnoses were validated by means of fundus photographs. The 162 cases and 175 controls who met the study diagnostic criteria for cases and controls were included in the analysis. Statistically significant associations were demonstrated between senile macular degeneration and family history of macular disease (odds ratio (OR) = 2.9), chemical work exposures (OR = 4.2), blue or medium pigmented eyes (OR = 3.5), history of one or more cardiovascular diseases (OR = 1.7), decreased hand grip strength, and hyperopia. The risk of macular degeneration in cigarette smokers was significant for males only (OR = 2.6). The study results suggest that the development of macular degeneration is mainly influenced by familial, genetic, and personal characteristics, rather than by the few environmental factors studied. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate the role of environmental factors.

593 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
02 Dec 1983-Science
TL;DR: The results obtained by both procedures establish that by age 13 a large sex difference in mathematical reasoning ability exists and that it is especially pronounced at the high end of the distribution: among students who scored greater than or equal to 700, boys outnumbered girls 13 to 1.
Abstract: Almost 40,000 selected seventh-grade students from the Middle Atlantic region of the United States took the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test as part of the Johns Hopkins regional talent search in 1980, 1981, and 1982. A separate nationwide talent search was conducted in which any student under age 13 who was willing to take the test was eligible. The results obtained by both procedures establish that by age 13 a large sex difference in mathematical reasoning ability exists and that it is especially pronounced at the high end of the distribution: among students who scored greater than or equal to 700, boys outnumbered girls 13 to 1. Some hypothesized explanations of such differences were not supported by the data.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, a procedure for simultaneous analysis of multiple fluorescence decay curves is described, which exploits relationships between individual decays, and results in increased model testing sensitivity and more accurate parameter recovery.


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Investigation of 12 patients with Parkinson disease demonstrates that the demented patients with this disease also show a selective loss of cells in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, thus providing an important link between the dementias of Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease.
Abstract: Demented patients with Parkinson disease share certain neuropathological and neurochemical features with patients suffering from Alzheimer disease. Recently, loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, particularly the nucleus basalis of Meynert, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease. The present investigations of 12 patients with Parkinson disease demonstrates that the demented patients with this disease also show a selective loss of cells in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, thus providing an important link between the dementias of Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Tissues from six functioning and four failed filtering blebs in glaucomatous eyes examined by light and electron microscopy showed normal epithelium and the response of the subepithelial connective tissue differed in the two groups.
Abstract: Tissues from six functioning and four failed filtering blebs in glaucomatous eyes examined by light and electron microscopy showed normal epithelium. The response of the subepithelial connective tissue differed in the two groups. Failed blebs had dense collagenous connective tissue in their walls. In functioning blebs, the subepithelial connective tissue was loosely arranged and contained histologically clear spaces. These clear spaces corresponded in size and position to microcystic spaces seen clinically in functioning blebs. The presence of microcystic spaces visible by slit-lamp examination is probably a good sign of bleb function.

Patent•
01 Sep 1983
TL;DR: A nucleic acid-protein conjugate which is specific with respect to a selected living cell is prepared by linking said nucleic acids to a protein specific to said living cell as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A nucleic acid-protein conjugate which is specific with respect to a selected living cell is prepared by linking said nucleic acid to a protein specific to said living cell.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Although the randomized controlled experiment conceptualized as a "black box" approach has dominated the discussions of impact assessment since the classic statements of Campbell and Stanley (1966), the use of theoretical models in connection with impact assessment can both heighten the power of experimental designs and compensate for some of the major deficiencies of quasi-experimental designs.
Abstract: Arguing for more serious theorizing in connection with evaluation, this article shows that although the randomized controlled experiment conceptualized as a "black box" approach has dominated the d...

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The results suggest that mild xerophthalmia justifies vigorous community-wide intervention, as much to reduce childhood mortality as to prevent blindness, and that night blindness and Bitot's spots are as important as anthropometric indices in screening children to determine which of them need medical and nutritional attention.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The sarcolemmal lattice, detected because vinculin is one of its molecular components, integrates the contractile apparatus with the sarcolemma during lengthening and shortening of the muscle cells.
Abstract: We have found that vinculin is localized at the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells in a two-dimensional orthogonal lattice. Perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cell, bands of vinculin encircle the muscle cell and repeat along its length with a periodicity corresponding to the subjacent sarcomeres. Because of their appearance and probable function, we call the transverse elements of the lattice "costameres" (Latin costa, rib; Greek meros, part). Costameres have a substructure consisting of densely clustered patches of vinculin; the patches are segregated into two rows which flank the Z line and overlie the I band of the underlying sarcomere. It is likely that the costameres are physically coupled to the underlying myofibrils because: (i) the costameres broaden and narrow in concert with the underlying I band in stretched and contracted muscle, and (ii) adjacent but misaligned myofibrils are mirrored by corresponding discontinuities in the overlying costameres. We hypothesize that the sarcolemmal lattice, detected because vinculin is one of its molecular components, integrates the contractile apparatus with the sarcolemma during lengthening and shortening of the muscle cells.

Patent•
17 Oct 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, an implantable programmable infusion pump (IPIP) is described, which includes a microprocessor, a permanent memory containing a series of fixed software instructions, and a memory for storing prescription schedules, dosage limits and other data.
Abstract: An implantable programmable infusion pump (IPIP) generally includes: a fluid reservoir (15) filled with selected medication; a pump (18) for causing a precise volumetric dosage of medication to be withdrawn from the reservoir (15) and delivered to the appropriate site within the body; and, a control means (21) for actuates the pump (18) in a safe and programmable manner. The control means (21) includes a microprocessor, a permanent memory containing a series of fixed software instructions, and a memory for storing prescription schedules, dosage limits and other data. The microprocessor actuates the pump (18) in accordance with programmable prescription parameters and dosage limits stored in the memory. A communication link allows the control means (21) to be remotely programmed. The control means (21) incorporates a running integral dosage limit and other safety features which prevent an inadvertent or intentional medication overdose. The control means (21) also monitors the pump (18) and fluid handling system and provides an alert if any improper or potentially unsafe operation is detected.

Journal Article•DOI•
01 May 1983-Cell
TL;DR: Three main patterns of actin gene expression are defined which are correlated with changing Drosophila morphology, particularly muscle differentiation and reorganization.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the 50,000- and 58-000-dalton keratin classes may be regarded as "permanent" markers for stratified squamous epithelial cells (keratinocytes), and that the expression of these keratin markers does not depend on the process of cellular stratification.
Abstract: The keratins are a highly heterogeneous group of proteins that form intermediate filaments in a wide variety of epithelial cells. These proteins can be divided into at least seven major classes according to their molecular weight and their immunological reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. Tissue-distribution studies have revealed a correlation between the expression of specific keratin classes and different morphological features of in vivo epithelial differentiation (simple vs. stratified; keratinized vs. nonkeratinized). Specifically, a 50,000- and a 58,000-dalton keratin class were found in all stratified epithelia but not in simple epithelia, and a 56,500- and a 65-67,000-dalton keratin class were found only in keratinized epidermis. To determine whether these keratin classes can serve as markers for identifying epithelial cells in culture, we analyzed cytoskeletal proteins from various cultured human cells by the immunoblot technique using AE1 and AE3 monoclonal antikeratin antibodies. The 56,500- and 65-67,000-dalton keratins were not expressed in any cultured epithelial cells examined so far, reflecting the fact that none of them underwent morphological keratinization. The 50,000- and 58,000-dalton keratin classes were detected in all cultured cells that originated from stratified squamous epithelia, but not in cells that originated from simple epithelia. Furthermore, human epidermal cells growing as a monolayer in low calcium medium continued to express the 50,000- and 58,000-dalton keratin classes. These findings suggest that the 50,000- and 58,000-dalton keratin classes may be regarded as "permanent" markers for stratified squamous epithelial cells (keratinocytes), and that the expression of these keratin markers does not depend on the process of cellular stratification. The selective expression of the 50,000- and 58,000-dalton keratin classes, which are synthesized in large quantities on a per cell basis, may explain the high keratin content of cultured keratinocytes.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The results of these studies suggest that cells in GPe, GPi, and STN may be involved in the control of movement parameters.
Abstract: We describe the relations between the direction, amplitude, and velocity of step-tracking arm movements and the frequency of single cell discharge in the external (GPe) and internal (GPi) segments of the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the behaving monkey. Statistically significant relations to the direction, amplitude, and peak velocity of the movement were found in all structures studied predominantly during the movement but also during the reaction time. For movements in a particular direction, the discharge rate was frequently a linear function of the movement amplitude and/or peak velocity. The slopes of this relation differed for different cells and comprised both positive and negative values. STN differed from both GPe and GPi in that (a) a larger proportion of neurons in STN showed significant relations to the direction of movement and (b) the onset times of changes in neural activity related to movement occurred earlier in STN than in GPe or GPi. The results of these studies suggest that cells in GPe, GPi, and STN may be involved in the control of movement parameters. Loss of the basal ganglia output related to the amplitude or velocity of movement might account for the impairments of step movements observed in Parkinsonian patients. On the other hand, deranged or excessive output related to amplitude or velocity control might result in the excesses of movement observed in other disorders, such as chorea and hemiballismus. These studies also provide direct evidence that the STN exerts a specific influence on basal ganglia output related to the control of movement parameters.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Both acute and chronic leukemia can cause ocular signs, either initially or later in the disease process; the clinical features and pathologic correlations of this involvement are reviewed.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The results from this longitudinal study provide evidence to encourage health practitioners to utilize such educational programs in the long-term management and control of high blood pressure.
Abstract: Three health education interventions for urban poor hypertensive patients were introduced sequentially in a randomized factorial design: 1) an exit interview to increase understanding of and compliance with the prescribed regimen; 2) a home visit to encourage a family member to provide support for the patient's regimen; and 3) invitations to small group sessions to increase the patient's confidence and ability to manage his/her problem. Previous evaluation of the initial two-year experience demonstrated a positive effect of the educational program on compliance with the medical treatment and blood pressure control. Data accumulated over an additional three years, including mortality analysis, are now presented. The study group consisted of the same cohort of 400 ambulatory hypertensive outpatients in the eight experimental and control groups. The five-year analysis shows a continuing positive effect on appointment keeping, weight control, and blood pressure control. All-cause life table mortality rate was...

Journal Article•DOI•
01 Nov 1983-Nature
TL;DR: The functional abilities and parallel architecture of the human visual system are a rich source of ideas about visual processing and several parallel algorithms have been found that exploit information implicit in an image to compute intrinsic properties of surfaces, such as surface orientation, reflectance and depth.
Abstract: The functional abilities and parallel architecture of the human visual system are a rich source of ideas about visual processing. Any visual task that we can perform quickly and effortlessly is likely to have a computational solution using a parallel algorithm. Recently, several such parallel algorithms have been found that exploit information implicit in an image to compute intrinsic properties of surfaces, such as surface orientation, reflectance and depth. These algorithms require a computational architecture that has similarities to that of visual cortex in primates.

Journal Article•DOI•
18 Feb 1983-Science
TL;DR: The stress fibers were oriented parallel to the direction of blood flow and were prominent in endothelial cells from regions exposed to high-velocity flow, such as the left ventricle, aortic valve, and aorta.
Abstract: Fluorescence microscopy with 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-3-diazole phallacidin was used to survey vertebrate tissues for actin filament bundles comparable to the stress fibers of cultured cells. Such bundles were found only in vascular endothelial cells. Like the stress fibers of cultured cells, these actin filament bundles were stained in a punctate pattern by fluorescent antibodies to both alpha-actinin and myosin. The stress fibers were oriented parallel to the direction of blood flow and were prominent in endothelial cells from regions exposed to high-velocity flow, such as the left ventricle, aortic valve, and aorta. Actin bundles may help the endothelial cell to withstand hemodynamic stress.

Journal Article•DOI•
15 Jul 1983-Science
TL;DR: An assay was developed to determine whether basement membrane collagens (types IV and V) are degraded by endothelial cells migrating toward a chemotactic stimulus, and Metalloproteinases that cleaved type IV and type V collagen could be extracted from the endothelial Cells with detergents.
Abstract: One of the first steps in neovascularization is dissolution of the basement membrane at the point of endothelial outgrowth. An assay was developed to determine whether basement membrane collagens (types IV and V) are degraded by endothelial cells migrating toward a chemotactic stimulus. Fetal bovine endothelial cells were placed on one side of a filter containing the collagen substrate, and a chemoattractant derived from retinal extracts was placed on the opposite side. Degradation of both type IV and type V collagens was observed when the retinal factor was placed on the side of the filter opposite the endothelial cells. Metalloproteinases that cleaved type IV and type V collagens could be extracted from the endothelial cells with detergents. Such endothelial cell-associated (possibly membrane-bound) proteinases may locally disrupt the basement membrane and facilitate the outgrowth of capillary sprouts toward the angiogenic stimulus.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: It is concluded that kinins are produced during local allergic reactions in the nose and may contribute to the symptomatology of the allergic response.
Abstract: Using a recently developed model of nasal challenge, we have obtained data that clearly demonstrate, for the first time, kinin generation during a local allergic reaction in vivo. Allergic individuals (n = 8) and matched nonallergic controls (n = 8) were challenged intranasally with the appropriate antigen and nasal washes were taken before and after challenge. Washes were assayed for kinin, histamine, and [3H]-N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME)-esterase activity. Increased kinin generation was found by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the nasal washes of all the allergics (5,560 +/- 1,670 pg/ml) but in none of the controls (38 +/- 16 pg/ml). The presence of kinin was highly correlated with that of histamine and TAME-esterase activity and with the onset of clinical symptoms (P less than 0.001). Serial dilutions of nasal washes produced RIA displacement curves that paralleled the standard curve, and recovery of standard kinins that were added to nasal washes was 100 +/- 4% (n = 14). Kinin recovery was identical in both allergics and controls and did not vary significantly with antigen challenge. The immunoreactive kinin in nasal washes was stable to boiling and not precipitated by ethanol, but completely destroyed by carboxypeptidase B. It was evenly distributed between the sol and gel phases of nasal washes. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the immunoreactive kinin in nasal washes showed it to be a mixture of lysylbradykinin and bradykinin. We conclude that kinins are produced during local allergic reactions in the nose and may contribute to the symptomatology of the allergic response.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Posterior capsule opacification following extracapsular cataract extraction is a manifestation of proliferation of anterior lens epithelium onto the posterior capsule that provides a therapeutic alternative to surgical or laser discission.