Showing papers by "Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya published in 2012"

Microemulsion-based antifungal gel delivery to nail for the treatment of onychomycosis: formulation, optimization, and efficacy studies

Abstract: Onychomycosis is the most common nail disease affecting nail plate and nail bed. Onychomycosis causes onycholysis which creates cavity between the nail plate and nail bed, where drug formulations could be applied, providing a direct contact of drug with the nail bed facilitating drug delivery on the infected area. The purpose of the present study was to design and evaluate the potential of microemulsion-based gel as colloidal carrier for itraconazole for delivery into onycholytic nails for effective treatment of onychomycosis. Itraconazole-loaded microemulsions were prepared and optimized using D-optimal design. The microemulsion containing 6.24 % oil, 36 % Smix, and 57.76 % water was selected as the optimized batch (MEI). The globule size and drug loading of the optimized batch were 48.2 nm and 12.13 mg/ml, respectively. Diffused reflectance FTIR studies were performed to study drug–excipient incompatibility. Ex vivo permeation studies were carried out using bovine hoof and human cadaver skin as models for nail plate and nail bed, respectively. Microemulsion-based itraconazole gel (MBGI) showed better penetration and retention in human skin as well as bovine hoof as compared to commercial preparation (market formulation, MFI). The cumulative amount of itraconazole permeated from the MBGI after 12 h was 73.39 ± 3.55 μg cm−2 which was 1.8 times more than MF. MBGI showed significantly higher ex vivo antifungal activity (P < 0.05) against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum when compared to MFI. Stability studies showed that MBGI was stable at refrigeration and room temperature for 3 months. It was concluded that drug-loaded gel could be a promising formulation for effective treatment of onychomycosis.

Simultaneous Quantitation of HIV-Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir, Lopinavir and Indinavir in Human Plasma by UPLC–ESI-MS-MS

Abstract: A selective, sensitive and high-throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of HIV-protease inhibitors ritonavir (RTV), lopinavir (LPV) and indinavir (IDV) in human plasma. Sample clean-up involved protein precipitation of both drugs and fluconazole used as internal standard from 100 µL human plasma. All the analytes were chromatographically separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 µm particle size) analytical column using 0.1% formic acid and methanol (40:60, v/v) as the mobile phase. The parent → product ion transitions for ritonavir (m/z 721.40→ 296.10), lopinavir (m/z 629.40→ 447.40) and indinavir (m/z 614.4→ 421.0) IS (m/z 307.10 → 220.10) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion mode. The method was validated over the concentration range of 30-15,000 ng/mL for LPV and IDV and 3-1500 ng/mL for RTV. The method was successfully applied to a pilot bioequivalence study in 36 healthy human subjects after oral administration of lopinavir 200 mg and ritonavir 50 mg tablet formulation under fasting conditions.

Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin calcium, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate in a tablet formulation by HPLC.

Abstract: An accurate, simple, reproducible, and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin calcium, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate in a tablet formulation. The analyses were performed on an RP C18 column, 150 x 4.60 mm id, 5 pm particle size. The mobile phase methanol-acetonitrile-water (76 + 13 + 11, v/v/v), was pumped at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. UV detection was performed at 253 nm. Retention times of atorvastatin calcium, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate were found to be 2.25, 3.68, and 6.41 min, respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, and robustness. The response was linear in the range 2-10 microg/mL (r2 = 0.998) for atorvastatin calcium, 2-10 microg/mL (r2 = 0.998) for ezetimibe, and 40-120 microg/mL (r2 = 0.998) for fenofibrate. The developed method can be used for routine quality analysis of the drugs in the tablet formulation.

A Study on Perception and Attitude of Students Regarding Factors Which They Consider While Making Selection of Institute in MBA Programme in Gujarat State

Abstract: Education is one among the necessary service of human beings. Now a day, MBA is one of the career choices student make to pursue their post graduation studies. The objective of study is to analyze how various factors has influence on the decision of students in selecting institute for master degree. For detail study, the questionnaire was developed and all factors which can affect institute selection decision are divided into eight categories namely, Placement related factors, extra co-curricular activities related factors, infrastructure related factors, student related factors, faculty related factors, academics related factors, advertisement related factors & other factors. Study was carried out by use of factor analysis & means score analysis. The study was undertaken with sample of 150 students. While selecting the institute, placement activities done by the institute, computer lab facility, suggestion from friends and family, career goal of the students, positive word of mouth, experience of the faculty, guidance from the counselor, specialization offered and course provided by the institute, brand name of the institute & geographic location are mostly considered by students.

Impact of Economic Value Added (EVA) on Share Price: A Study of Indian Private Sector Banks

Abstract: Many Indian banks are discovering the key to their long-term growth does not lie in products and services alone but in assets that can never be replicated, that is, their unique relationship with customers, employees, suppliers and distributors, investors and the communities they serve. The objective of this study was to determine shareholders value (in terms of economic value added) of selected private sector banks during the last five years. I.e. since 2004-05 to 2009-2010. From study it was found that in year 2010, ICICI Bank has maximum NOPAT. The value of EVA was ranging from 14.48% to 91.14% during 2010. A coefficient of determination of 17.37% was highest in Induslnd bank, which indicates that about 17.37% of the variation in stock price of Indulsand (the independent variable) can be explained by the relationship to EVA of Induslnd bank (the dependent variable). Only Kotak Mahindra bank has positive correlation between Kotak Mahindra Bank EVA & Kotak Mahindra Bank share prices. Rest of banks, has negative relation between their respective EVA & share price. Hypotheses were developed to test significant impact of EVA on stock price of bank & that hypothesis was tested by using ANOVAs. For none of the bank EVA has Impact on share price, except EVA by Kotak Mahindra bank did have significant impact on stock price of Kotak Mahindra bank.

An Econometric Analysis of Bombay Stock Exchange: Annual Returns Analysis, Day-of-The-Week Effect and Volatility of Returns

Abstract: This paper investigates the presence of day-of-the-week effect, returns volatility and analyzes the annual returns of Bombay Stock Exchange. A set of parametric and nonparametric tests is used to test equality of mean returns and standard deviations of the returns across the-days-of-the-week. To supplement this analysis, graphical representation of the index annual percentage changes was explored. The results contradict the presence of the-day-of-the- week but indicate insignificant daily returns volatility in most of these Markets. The stock exchanges experienced enormous growth between 2001 and 2010. The result of the Levenes test value for Bombay Stock Exchange was 0.847 which concludes that the daily return seasonalities are not accompanied by any volatility seasonality and investing on low (high) return weekday does not necessarily mean that risk is also low or high and Index that has marginally significant Levenes statistic

Competitive and Innovative Promotional Tools Used by Toothpaste Companies for Rural Market & Its Impact on Consumer Buying Behaviour in Gujarat

Abstract: India is one of the largest emerging markets, with a population of over one billion. Out of which 68.84% are living in rural areas (Census 2011). Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census. Rural India is on the threshold of momentous change. Rural India will be a market worth USD 500-600 billion by 2020, according to McKinsey report. Rural consumption levels are also anticipated to equal current urban levels by 2017. The economy is vibrant, incomes are rising; and the habits, preferences and attitudes are changing rapidly. To be successful in the rural market, companies will have to be innovative and sensitive while devising marketing strategies. Traditional urban marketing strategies will have to be localized as per the demands of the rural market. The current paper attempts to discuss the promotional tools which are used by major toothpaste companies for improving their brand visibility, goodwill and sales in the rural markets of India. It also analyzes the drastic changes in consumer behavior due to the promotional strategies adopted by key marketers.

The Study on Co-Movement & Interdependency of Indian Stock Market with Selected Foreign Stock Markets

Abstract: Bombay stock exchange is one of the oldest markets in world. Various markets may have impact on each other. The Study was done to examine the causal relationship among equity markets to better understand how shocks in one market are transmitted to other markets. The study was done by taking stock price data of BSE, FTSE, Hangseng, JKSE, NIKKEI, CSE, SMI, SSE and TSEC Stock Market from 4/1/2001 to till 29/12/2011.The Correlation Shows that BSE is highly correlated with FTSE (96%), HANGSENG (95%), JKSE (95%), TSEC (87%), CSE (82%) & SSE (73%). The ADF Test revels that the null hypothesis of first difference of series of all indices cannot be accepted at 5% level and 10% significant level as t-statistic values are less than critical values. The granger causality test reveal that BSE is not affected by any of the selected market & BSE causes to FTSE, Hangseng, JKSE, CSE, and TSEC. It means that these markets are dependent on BSE.

Factors that Encourage Impulse Purchase & Impact of Visual Merchandising on the Purchase Decision of Women for Beauty Products in Gujarat

Abstract: Bearing a long shiny heritage of cosmetic and beauty, range of makeup products are being used by women since ancient days and Indian women are no exception. Today it appears to be a booming industry in India and moving towards becoming the largest cosmetic consuming market in a next few decades. The cosmetics market in India is growing at 15-20% annually, twice as fast as that of the U. S. and European markets. Many Internationals and National companies are expanding their product range in response to the growing demand of Beauty Products by different strata of consumers. Teenagers have become more conscious about their appearance than ever before and skin whitening products are driving the trend in Indian market. Through this Research the researchers have made a humble attempt to predict the shopping related behavior of women for beauty products and the Impact Visual Merchandising can have on store selection and purchase decision. Quantitative techniques of Research are used in this research and women of major four cities of Gujarat are surveyed through a structured questionnaire. The Research findings reveal that impulse purchase is an excitement creating factor for women while shopping of beauty products. The stores with attractive lighting, eye-catching display and clean- soothing environ surely can hold attention of customers and have more people visiting it compared to their counter parts.

Comparative study on buying behaviour of rural and urban consumer for purchasing mobile phones in ahmadabad region

Abstract: The research is done because it gives the Comprehensive Review of marketing practices in Telecom industry and the factors which cause for buying the mobile phones. Further it will guide the mobile manufactures about the applicability of marketing strategies at urban and rural markets. The main objective of the study is to study the comparison between rural and urban consumers, while purchasing the mobile phone. For this Research, Descriptive single cross sectional research design was selected. 116 respondents were selected from Ahmadabad region and data is collected regarding mobile instruments used, sources of information, influencer in decision making, place to buy and features people want in their mobile. And the findings reveal that Rural people give more importance to promotional schemes as compare to urban people, While urban people give more important to brand name as compared to rural people. While in case of basic functions of mobile both urban and rural people give equal important to it. In urban sample preferred range depends on purpose of using mobile phone.

Understanding Consumer Online Shopping Attitudes and Behaviour: Contribution from Technology, Tradition and Trust Perspective

Abstract: This research paper tries to represent the understanding about the consumers’ awareness and perception towards on line shopping in the area of Ahmadabad. In the 21st century the life of consumers becomes hard and fast, they found lack of time. At the same time growth of information technology and availability of internet help the Indian consumer a lot now a day. The main objective of this paper is to study factors which motivate people to go for online buying and which factors stop them to do so. Reasons especially relating to security, lack of time and expenditures etc impact over consumer decision making. The gender difference is also considered for analyzing the perception for online buying preference. To attain this objective, a questionnaire was sent out to our respondents by e-mail as well as we fill it by face to face meeting with respondents. The data was then submitted to multivariate statistical analysis. The main results of this research demonstrate people prefer to get information from the internet and they would like to go at a store physically. Our Indian cultures and rituals also affect the consumer preference.

Micro Finance – A Tool to Improve Living Standard

Abstract: Micro finance is defined as to provide small scale financial services - both credit and savings to the economically disadvantaged people in rural, semi-urban and urban areas. Study was done to find the impact of microfinance on living standard of urban poor women & its societal consequences with specific focus on women self help group members in Ahmedabad City. Various analytical tools such as Descriptive statistics, factor Analysis, Reliability Analysis, ANOVAs, chi-Square & Pair T-Test were applied. Through microfinance or SHG women’s social status, self confidence, decision making in household and savings are increased. They feel themselves fearless and can move out of the house and also taking care of their family. Through Microfinance Living Standard of People is improved.

A Comparative Study on Working Capital Management of Selected Steel Companies of India

Abstract: The study is done on five steel companies namely, Steel Authority of India Ltd.,Tata Steel Ltd., JSW Steel Ltd., Essar Steel Ltd. & Jindal Steel & Power Ltd. The study was done to know the comparative position of steel companies in working capital management and applying various analyses such as size-wise analysis, ratio analysis & operating cycle analysis by taking data from year 2006 to 2011. The study reveals that Tata steel ltd has highest growth of net working capital during holding period followed by Jindal steel ltd & it is negative with JSW steel. Average gross operating cycle is highest with Essar steel ltd i.e 92.36 days followed by SAIL i.e 88.38 and Jindal steel i.e 69.50 days. Net operating cycle of Jindal steel and Tata steel is negative in each year that shows there is a very good working capital management in these companies.

Present Scenario of Indian Banking Industry: An Appraisal Through CAMEL Analysis

Abstract: Many firms in the service industry face the problem of incongruent results in terms of efficiency and competence. This problem is a cause of concern for many such as bankers, insurers, hoteliers, courier companies, and so on. Particularly rapid changes have been observed in regulation, technology and competition in the Indian banks akin to the global counterparts in the last decade. Competition has affected adversely the bottom line performances of the banks. It is therefore critical to evaluate the performance of banks operating in India in order to study sturdiness of the banks in the face of competition. The paper bases the analysis of performance of banks on CAMEL Model. The results reveal that Axis bank, HDFC and Punjab national bank has shown a good growth record for its overall performance.

Investors Behavior in Equity Market: A Study of Investors in Ahmedabad City

Abstract: The financial market in India has become organized. Now a days investor use to trade in various stock markets in all over India. At that time it becomes necessary to know behavior of investor in equity market. The objective of this study was to develop a broader understanding towards behaviors of investors to identify patterns of their investing and considering investments. Study was done by using various tools such as factor analysis, one way ANOVA and chi-square test. Most of the investors consider time period before investing and they mostly invest for medium term. Chi-square further enhances that percentage of income invested in equity market is dependent on monthly family income, behavior in bearish market is dependent on investment experience and stock market Prediction is dependent on education qualification. When there is bullish trend in the market maximum people invest in alternative that gives them stable but lower expected result, Even the business or professional investors prefer to invest in same alternative. ANOVA test shows that consideration of factor of return does not varies from person to person with different education level & marital status does have significant relationship between low risk attribute.