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Showing papers by "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the Hall coefficient of β-FeSi2 doped with cobalt (n-type) or aluminium (p-type), and found that the activation energy of the mobility is 0.06 eV, the density of states N = 1.2 × 1022 cm−3.
Abstract: Electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power and Hall coefficient of β-FeSi2 doped with cobalt (n-type) or aluminium (p-type) are measured between 100 and 1200 °K. The conductivity of n-FeSi2 follows an exponential dependence on temperature. The temperature dependence of the thermoelectric power cannot be interpreted on the basis of conduction in a band. With the assumption that conduction in n-FeSi2 is caused by small polarons, the mobility at room temperature is found to be μn = 0.26 cm2/Vs. The activation energy of the mobility is 0.06 eV, the density of states N = 1.2 × 1022 cm−3. The electrical properties of p-FeSi2 can be interpreted using the band model with a hole mobility μp ≈ 2 cm2/Vs, which varies as T−1/2 in the region of extrinsic conduction. From intrinsic conduction a band gap of 0.9 to 1.0 eV is deduced. The disappearance of the thermoelectric power at high temperature is related to the semiconductor-to-metal transition at 1200 °K.

225 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the concentration of conduction electrons is changed by a heat treatment between ne = 1017 and 1020 cm−3 (T = 300°K), indicating an intense scattering at charged imperfection centres which are due to a considerable intrinsic lattice disorder.
Abstract: Thin films of n-conducting In2O3 are prepared by reactive sputtering. The concentration of conduction electrons is changed by a heat treatment between ne = 1017 and 1020 cm−3 (T = 300°K). Concentration and temperature dependence of the electron mobility indicate an intense scattering at charged imperfection centres which are due to a considerable intrinsic lattice disorder. The intrinsic absorption is also influenced by this disorder. Dunne, n-leitende In2O3-Schichten wurden durch reaktive Kathodenzerstaubung hergestellt. Durch Tempern konnte die Konzentration der Leitungs-Elektronen in weiten Grenzen (ne = 1017 bis 1020 cm−3 bei T = 300°K) variiert werden. Betrag und Temperaturabhangigkeit ihrer elektrischen Beweglichkeit lassen auf eine starke Streuung an ionisierten Storstellen-hervorgerufen durch eine erhebliche Eigen-Fehlordnung-schliesen. Durch diese Fehlordnung wird auch die Eigenabsorption beeinflust.

133 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the results of conductivity and density measurements of liquid, gaseous, and supercritical mercury up to 1700mmode and 2100 bar were presented, where the conductivity of supercritical fluid decreases with increasing density and approaches very small values around 5 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}
Abstract: This article presents the results of conductivity and density measurements of liquid, gaseous, and supercritical mercury up to 1700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 2100 bar. Beyond the critical temperature of 1490\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the conductivity varies continuously from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ to ${10}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ if the density is increased from 2 to 6 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. This variation is an example of nonmetal-metal transition and is discussed accordingly. The activation energy of conductivity in the supercritical fluid decreases markedly with increasing density and approaches very small values around 5 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Conductivity data for dense gaseous mercurycesium mixtures are given.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1968-Carbon
TL;DR: Zusammenfassung et al. as discussed by the authors studied the effects of catalytic graphitization on vanadium carbide melt with different degrees of crystalline order (glasslike carbon, pyrolytic carbon, natural graphite).

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mossbauer spectra of bulk CO3O4, doped with 57Co, show the two spinel sites as mentioned in this paper, which are composed of two quadrupole-split lines corresponding to Fe3+ at both the tetrahedral (A) sites and octahedral (B) sites.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the same concept is used to evaluate the stability of a slope in a three-dimensional but planar GEOLOGIC structure, and the effect of different types of HEMISPHERIC Propositions (e.g., equatorial net, MERIDIONAL NET, POLE DIAGRAMS, GREAT CIRCLES, SMALL CRCLES) on the slope stability.
Abstract: GRAPHIC PROJECTIONS ON A REFERENCE HEMISPHERE, USING EITHER STEREO NETS OR EQUAL-AREA NETS, ARE UTILIZED IN GEOLOGIC ANALYSES. THE SAME GRAPHIC CONCEPT CAN BE USED IN PRACTICAL ENGINEERING EVALUATIONS OF THE STABILITY OF SLOPES AFFECTED BY A THREE-DIMENSIONAL BUT PLANAR GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE. THE EFFECTS OF REMEDIAL MEASURES CAN ALSO BE EVALUATED. THE ELEMENTS OF HEMISPHERIC PROJECTIONS SUCH AS EQUATORIAL NETS, MERIDIONAL NETS, POLE DIAGRAMS, GREAT CIRCLES, SMALL CIRCLES, FRICTION CONES ETC. ARE ILLUSTRATED ON BOTH EQUAL-AREA NETS AND SPATIAL VIEWS. AN EXAMPLE SHOWS THE USE OF THESE ELEMENTS IN BOTH GEOLOGIC AND ENGINEERING PHASES OF A SLOPE STABILITY STUDY. BOTH WEDGE-TYPE SLIDES ALONG TWO PLANES AND BLOCK-TYPE MOVEMENTS ON ONE PLANE WITH THE OPENING OF THE OTHER PLANES ARE CONSIDERED. BLANKS FORMS OF THE THREE NETS USED ARE INCLUDED. /ASCE/

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the superconductivity of a metal increases as the temperature is lowered towards the transition temperature to superconducting state, and this behaviour was explained quantitatively by ASLAMAZOV and LARKIN 3, and SCHMIDT 4 by a microscopic theory.
Abstract: GLOVER 1 has observed (and subsequently STRONGIN et al. 2) that the conductivity of a metal increases as the temperature is lowered towards the transition temperature to the superconducting state. Thus the approach of superconductivity is revealed above the transition temperature. This behaviour was explained later quantitatively by ASLAMAZOV and LARKIN 3, and SCHMIDT 4 by a microscopic theory. In the following I want to show that this effect can also be understood fairly simple on the basis of the Ginzburg-Landau equations 5 and their time dependent generalisation given by the author 6. We will use the concept that in a metal above the critical temperature, (small) superconducting regions will grow and decay in due course of time as a result of fluctuations, similar to the growth and decay of condensed droplets in a gas at temperatures just above the critical point. Let us consider a metal of very short mean free path such that the normal electrons are virtually stuck in the dense jungle of lattice defects. Then, only the superconducting regions (=drople ts) contribute to the current, and the conductivity can be calculated by means of

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the decay of the photocurrent in trigonal selenium single crystals is investigated as a function of temperature, applied voltage, and simultaneous illumination with quenching light.
Abstract: The decay of the photocurrent in trigonal selenium single crystals is investigated as a function of temperature, applied voltage, and simultaneous illumination with quenching light. At 90°K the photocurrent decays logarithmically with time. This behaviour is explained by the assumption that the recombination process is due to transitions of minority carriers, i. e. electrons, from traps to recombination centres. The decay rate is considerably enhanced when trapped minority carriers are raised to the conduction band: at higher temperature by thermal activation or at low temperature both by optical activation and by a strong electric field. Two kinds of electron traps are found, the optical activation energies of which exceed by far the thermal ones. An trigonalen Selen-Einkristallen wird das Abklingen des Photostroms in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur, der angelegten Spannung und der Einstrahlung von tilgendem Licht untersucht. Bei 90°K klingt der Photostrom nach einem logarithmischen Zeitgesetz ab, das durch einen Rekombinationsprozes erklart wird, der direkt zwischen Haftstellen der Minoritatstrager-hier Elektronenhaftstellen-und Rekombinationszentren stattfindet. In Konkurrenz dazu tritt ein schnelleres Abklingen, wenn Minoritatstrager aus Haftstellen in das Leitungsband angeregt werden. Diese Anregung erfolgt bei hoherer Temperatur thermisch und bei tiefer Temperatur sowohl optisch als auch durch ein hohes elektrisches Feld. Es treten zwei Sorten von Elektronenhaftstellen in Erscheinung, wobei die optischen Anregungsenergien erheblich groser als die thermischen sind.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of conduction electrons on the optical properties in the near infrared has been investigated for sputtered In2O3 films using the present theories of absorption and dispersion by free carriers.
Abstract: The influence of conduction electrons on the optical properties in the near infrared has been investigated for sputtered In2O3 films. The results are interpreted using the present theories of absorption and dispersion by free carriers. The optical properties in the investigated frequency range are considerably influenced by the anisotropy of the predominant scattering mechanism (scattering at charged defect centres) and by the low mean free time of the electrons (τ ≈ 1.5 × 10−15 s). In dunnen, durch reaktive Kathodenzerstaubung hergestellten In2O3-Schichten wurde der Einflus der Leitungs-Elektronen auf die optischen Konstanten im nahen Ultrarot untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden auf der Grundlage der bestehenden Theorien der Absorption und Dispersion durch freie Elektronen diskutiert. Dabei zeigt sich, das die Anisotropie des vorherrschenden Elektronen-Streuprozesses (Streuung an ionisierten Storstellen) und die kleine mittlere Stoszeit der Elektronen (τ ≈ 1,5 × 10−15 s) die optischen Eigenschaften im untersuchten Wellenlangen-Gebiet wesentlich beeinflussen.

32 citations


DOI
01 Sep 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, a structural and thermodynamic analysis of negative hydration has been carried out, and it is shown that negative hydrations are caused by a weak electrostatic field predicted from the rough geometry of the ion considered.
Abstract: The paper is opened by a structural and thermodynamic analysis of the phenomenon of negative hydration (or structure breaking effect). This treatment shows that the state of negative hydration is energetically higher than the state of hydration which is caused by an inert solute particle. Furthermore, in the state of negative hydration the molecular configurations of the hydration sphere are spread over a comparatively wide range. Proton relaxation rates in aqueous solutions of an extended number of ions of different types have been measured in order to investigate which ions show negative hydration. The reorientation time of the water molecule is taken as an indicator for the nature of the hydration. Among others some doubly charged anions were found to be structure breakers. In non-aqueous solvents generally no negative solvation seems to be present, there are, however, at least two exceptions: ethylene glycol and glycerol. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the negative hydration is a cooperative effect between many water molecules since the addition of organic molecules to the solution generally destroys this effect. In the concluding discussion it is shown that the structure breaking effect is caused by a weak electrostatic field to be predicted from the rough geometry of the ion considered. Die vorliegende Arbeit wird eingeleitet durch eine strukturelle und thermodynamische Analyse des Phanomens der negativen Hydratation (oder Struktutbrecheffekt). Diese Untersuchung zeigt, das der Zustand der negativen Hydratation energetisch hoher liegt als der Zustand der Hydratation, welcher durch inerte geloste Teilchen verursacht wird. Ferner sind im Zustand der negativen Hydratation die molekularen Konfigurationen, welche die Hydratation bilden, uber einen verhaltnismasig weiten Bereich verteilt. Protonenrelaxationsraten in wasrigen Losungen von einer ausgedehnten Auswahl von Ionen verschiedenen Typs wurden mit dem Ziel ausgefuhrt zu sehen, welche Ionen negative Hydratation zeigen und welche nicht. Die Umorientierungszeit des Wassermolekuls in den jeweiligen Losungen diente als Indikator fur die Art der Hydratation. Neben anderen wurden einige zweifach geladene Anionen als strukturbrechend erkannt. Nichtwasrige Losungsmittel scheinen im allgemeinen keine negative Solvatation zu zeigen, es gibt jedoch mindestens zwei Ausnahmen: Athylenglycol und Glycerin. Weiter wurde gezeigt, das die negative Hydratation ein kooperativer Effekt zwischen mehreren Wassermolekulen ist, denn die Hinzugabe von organischen Molekulen zur wasrigen Losung zerstort im allgemeinen den Effekt. In der abschliesenden Diskussion wird dargelegt, das der Strukturbrecheffekt durch ein hinreichend schwaches elektrostatisches Feld bewirkt wird, welches sich aus der groben Geometrie des betrachteten Ions voraussagen last.

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The oxygen parameters x and z of ErPO4 and ErVO4 (I 4/amd) have been refined fron neutron diffraction powder data by least squares analysis as mentioned in this paper.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the yields of pionic and muonic 2p-1s X-rays were given for N, 16 O, 18 O, F, and Na, and the populations of the pionic 2p levels were determined and the natural widths were deduced.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this article, the Eliashberg equation is reduced to a quadrature once the equilibrium Green functions are known and the deviation of the pair density from equilibrium is small and where the equilibrium state is homogeneous.
Abstract: Electron-phonon and electron-electron collisions are the processes which determine the relaxation timeτR of the Cooper pair density. The case is considered for which the deviation of the pair density from equilibrium is small and where the equilibrium state is homogeneous. Starting from the Eliashberg equation, one is able to reduce the problem to a quadrature once the equilibrium Green functions are known. If the deviation is constant in space, andT/Tc≳0.5, we find\(\tau _R \approx \sqrt {T_c /(T_c - T)} \tau _c\), whereτc is the collision time (≈10−8 sec). For a deviation modulated in space,τR very quickly reaches the limiting valueτc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Warmeubergang was untersucht bei freier Konvektion im Druckbereich zwischen 0, 1 and 10 bar experimentell.
Abstract: Der Warmeubergang bei der Verdampfung verschiedener Kaltemittel an der Ausenseite horizontaler, glatter und berippter Rohre wurde bei freier Konvektion im Druckbereich zwischen 0,1 und 10 bar experimentell untersucht. Bei freier Konvektion ohne Blasenbildung ist die Warmeubergangszahl unabhangig vom Druck; die Ergebnisse konnen fur glatte und berippte Rohre durch eine einheitliche Beziehung zwischen der Nuselt-Zahl, der Grashof-Zahl und der Prandtl-Zahl dargestellt werden, wenn man bei den Rippenrohren die Warmestromdichte auf die gesamte ausere Rohroberflache bezieht. Dagegen ergibt sich bei der Blasenverdampfung eine lineare Zunahme der Warmeubergangszahl mit dem Druck; sie last sich ebenfalls fur glatte und berippte Rohre fur die verschiedenen Kaltemittel durch eine einheitliche Funktion des mit dem kritischen Druck normierten Siededruckes darstellen. Ein Vergleich mit Literaturangaben zeigt, das diese einheitliche Beziehung auch fur zahlreiche organische Flussigkeiten zutrifft.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the rhytmische Abscheidung von Kupfer in Gegenwart von o -Phenanthrolin ( o-Phen) wird durch zwei Reaktionsprodukte von o −Phen hervorgerufen, entstehen potentialabhangig an der Phasengrenze Metall/Elektrolyt and wirken als Inhibitoren.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method for the determination of the potential of zero charge is described, which involves the measurement of the capillary liquid rise on a metal plate, as a function of applied potential.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pionic 4f-3d X-ray from In, I, Cs, La and Pr, and 5g-4f X-rays from Ta, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl and Bi have been measured with Ge detectors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, die bischer von uns in Apfein verschiedener Sorten und in unterschiedlichen Vegetations-and Reifestadien aufgefundenen fluchtigen Aromastoffe zusammengestellt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Vergleich zwischen dem Warme-and Stoffubergang an der Einzelduse and dem am Dusenfeld zeigt, das die Ergebnisse der EINZElduse auch auf Dusensfelder ubertragbar sind. Vorhandene Abweichungen konnen fur weite Bereiche durch eine einfache empirische Feldkorrektur erfast werden.
Abstract: Der Vergleich zwischen dem Warme- und Stoffubergang an der Einzelduse und dem am Dusenfeld zeigt, das die Ergebnisse der Einzelduse auch auf Dusenfelder ubertragbar sind. Vorhandene Abweichungen konnen fur weite Bereiche durch eine einfache empirische Feldkorrektur erfast werden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the external beam of 51.5 MeV deuterons from the Karlsruhe isochronous cyclotron was used to investigate the three particle reactionsp(d,pp)n anddd, dp)n.
Abstract: The external beam of 51.5 MeV deuterons from the Karlsruhe isochronous cyclotron was used to investigate the three particle reactionsp(d,pp)n andd(d, dp)n. A kinematically complete experiment was performed by detecting the two emitted protons respectively the proton and the deuteron in coincidence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, intensity measurements of pionic and muonic X-rays in targets of different physical or chemical composition are reported, and the results show that the pionic X-ray intensity is significantly higher than the muonic one.


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1968
TL;DR: In this article, the longitudinal relaxation of the nuclear magnetization is calculated by use of the density matrix theory for a system of three nuclei each with spin 1/2, however, with one nucleus having a gyromagnetic ratio different from that of the other two (SI2-type).
Abstract: The longitudinal relaxation of the nuclear magnetization is calculated by use of the density matrix theory for a system of three nuclei each with spin 1/2, however, with one nucleus having a gyromagnetic ratio different from that of the other two (SI2-type). The three spins are located at the corners of an isosceles triangle. Typical examples for such systems are partially fluorinated methyl groups (isosceles triangle) or internally non-rotating methyl groups (equilateral triangle) in which one hydrogen nucleus shows a chemical shift different from that of the other two hydrogens. The calculations are based on a relaxation mechanism due to fluctuating magnetic dipolar interaction. It is shown that the size of the relaxation matrix can be considerably reduced using group theoretical methods. By numerical evaluation of the reduced relaxation matrix for different ratios of the gyromagnetic ratios γS/γI and internuclear distances rSI/rII, under the condition of extreme narrowing the influence of correlations between different pairwise interactions is studied. It is found that such correlation effects are completely negligible in all cases. Furthermore it is shown that for internally rotating methyl groups the theory for three like spins is applicable. Die longitudinale Relaxation der Kernmagnetisierung wurde mit Hilfe der Dichtematrixtheorie fur ein System berechnet, das aus drei Kernen mit dem Spin 1/2 besteht, wobei jedoch ein Kern ein anderes gyromagnetisches Verhaltnis besitzt als die beiden anderen Kerne (SI2-Typ). Die drei Spins sollen auf den Ecken eines gleichschenkligen Dreiecks liegen. Typische Beispiele fur solche Systeme sind teilweise fluorierte Methylgruppen (gleichschenkliges Dreieck) oder auch Methylgruppen (gleichseitiges Dreieck), die keine innere Rotation ausfuhren und in denen ein Proton durch eine chemische Verschiebung relativ zu den beiden anderen Protonen ausgezeichnet ist. Den Berechnungen liegt als Relaxationsmechanismus die fluktuierende magnetische Dipol-Dipol-Wechselwirkung zugrunde. Die Relaxationsmatrix kann mit gruppentheoretischen Methoden erheblich reduziert werden. Durch numerische Auswertung dieser reduzierten Relaxationsmatrix fur den “extreme-narrowing”-Fall unter Benutzung verschiedener Werte fur das Verhaltnis der beiden gyromagnetischen Verhaltnisse γS/γ1 und der Kernabstande rSI/rII, wurde der Einflus der Korrelation zwischen verschiedenen Paarwechselwirkungen untersucht. Das Ergebnis ist, das derartige Korrelationseffekte in allen untersuchten Fallen vollig zu vernachlassigen sind. Schlieslich wurde gezeigt, das bei Methylgruppen mit innerer Rotation die Theorie fur drei gleiche Spins zustandig ist.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reaction of Fe(CO)5 with (CF3)2EI (E = P, As) and (CF 3)2PCl yields the binuclear complexes [Fe(CO),3E(CF3]2I]2 and [Fe[CO]3P(CF 3]2]2 with bridging groups.
Abstract: Die Umsetzung von Fe(CO)5 mit (CF3)2EJ (E = P, As) und (CF3)2PCl fuhrt zu farbigen sublimierbaren Zweikernkomplexen der Zusammensetzung [Fe(CO)3E(CF3)2J]2 (E = P, As) bzw. [Fe(CO)3P(CF3)2]2 mit E(CF3)2-Brucken. Die 19F-Kernresonanz- und Infrarot-Spektren der neuen Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt und im Zusammenhang mit den vorgeschlagenen Strukturen diskutiert. The reaction of Fe(CO)5 with (CF3)2EI (E = P, As) and (CF3)2PCl yields the binuclear complexes [Fe(CO)3E(CF3)2I]2 (E = P, As) and [Fe(CO)3P(CF3)2]2 with E(CF3)2 bridging groups. The 19F-N.M.R. and infrared spectra of the complexes are given and discussed. The proposed molecular structures are considered in the light of the chemical and spectral data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the so-called Ostwald-Rule was applied successfully for the growth of a metastable crystalline Ga-modification, which grows with tensile stresses, whereas all films with a crystalline structure show clearly such stresses.
Abstract: The homogeneous mechanical stresses of vacuum deposited Gallium-films have been studied during deposition and annealing. The liquid-like phase which can be frozen in by condensation onto a substrate at He-temperatures is built up almost without any homogeneous stresses, whereas all films with a crystalline structure show clearly such stresses. A metastable crystalline Ga-modification grows with tensile stresses. Compressive stresses however have been observed for the wellknown Ga-modification stable at normal conditions. To understand this rather complex behaviour the so-called “Ostwald-Rule”, an empirical rule for the crystal growth, can be applied successfully.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pionic 3d-2p transitions from Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn have been measured with Ge counters.