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Showing papers by "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology published in 1972"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the critical Rayleigh numbers were determined for cell patterns with rolls parallel to the shorter side wall of a rectangular box with one side horizontal, and the results were compared with the known theoretical results of Davis.
Abstract: Convective motions in rectangular boxes with one side horizontal have been studied. The critical Rayleigh numbers were determined. In most cases cell patterns with rolls parallel to the shorter side wall of the rectangular box were observed. The results have been compared with the known theoretical results of Davis (1967). In general, good agreement has been found.

146 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1972
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the Rhinegraben has been carried out, showing that the majority of the internal and external faults are normal faults, and that the sink and shoulder uplift are controlled by the formation and growth of a laccolithic body.
Abstract: The Rhinegraben is the central segment of a rift system which traverses Western Europe from the North Sea to the Mediterranean. Rifting, which had started in the Middle Eocene, was preceded by early-Teriary nephelinitic eruptions. The center of maximum subsidence shifted along the graben axis from south to north during geologic times. The maximum thickness of sedimentary fill is observed in the northern part of the Rhinegraben to be as much as 3350 m. Most of the internal and external faults are normal faults. By theoretically returning the dip-slip movements and tilted block tectonics back to their original positions a lateral gap can be calculated in the amount of 4.8 km. The graben shoulders began to rise along the marginal fault scarps as outward tilted blocks contemporaneously when fault trough subsidence set in. The graben sinking and shoulder uplift are still in progress. Rates of annual vertical movements up to 0.7 mm, as well as seismic activity, are observed. Below both graben and shoulders a cushion-shaped body has been ascertained, intercalated between crust and mantle, with P-velocities of 7.6–7.7 km s−1. This body is interpreted to be of mantle-derived material; its crest follows the graben axis and ascends up to 24 km beneath the graben floor. It is thought that rifting, like graben subsidence and shoulder elevation, is controlled by the formation and growth of this laccolithic body. Tensional tectonics and sideward plate movements are reduced to gravity slide of the torn and upwarped crustal plates or sub-plates, decoupled from the substratum by heat transfer and consequential partial melting along the cushion surface. The lateral offsets at the transitions from the Rhinegraben to its continual segments are intersected by transversal zones of enhanced seismicity and volcanic action. The observed fault patterns are interpreted as crustal traces of subcrustal transform faulting. Rhine graben tectonism is discussed as to its local interference and temporal interaction with Alpine orogenesis, just as in its causal and spatial connection to the world rift system as a whole, Several arguments pertaining to the understanding of the driving mechanisms are discussed and a new model of rift tectonics is indicated.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the first representatives of α-selenium-substituted lithiomethanes were described, i.e., tri-, bis-, and tris-phenylseleno-methyllithium.
Abstract: Als erste einfache Derivate von α-selen-substituierten Lithiomethanen werden Mono-, Bis- und Tris-phenylseleno-methyllithium (1, 5 und 6) beschrieben. Die Losungen in Tetrahydrofuran erhalt man aus (C6H5Se)xCH4-x entweder durch H/Li-Austausch mit Lithium-diisobutylamid oder durch C6H5Se/Li-Austausch mit n-Butyllithium. Derivatisierung mit Deuteriumoxid, Methyljodid, Benzaldehyd oder Benzophenon fuhrt zu den erwarteten Produkten. 6 liefert als carbenoide Folgeprodukte mit Triphenylphosphin Triphenylphos-phoranyliden-bis-phenylseleno-methan (13) und mit 1.1-Bis-phenylmercapto-athylen ein Bisphenylseleno-cyclopropan, 15. Ein Vergleich mit den entsprechenden Schwefelverbindungen zeigt, das C6H5Se-Gruppen auf ein carbanionoides Zentrum offensichtlich nicht viel weniger stabilisierend wirken als C6H5S-Gruppen. α-(Phenylseleno)methyllithium Compounds Mono-(1), bis-(5), and tris(phenylseleno)methyllithium (6) are described as the first representatives of α-selenium-substituted lithiomethanes. Their solutions in THF are obtained from (C6H5Se)xCH4-x either by H/Li- or by C6H5Se/Li-exchange using lithium diisobutylamide and butyllithium, respectively; derivatives are prepared with deuterium oxide, iodomethane, benzaldehyde and benzophenone. 6 yields „carbenoid products” (triphenylphosphoranylidene)-bis(phenylseleno)methane (13) with triphenylphosphine and a cyclopropane 15 with 1.1-bis-(phenylthio)ethylene. Comparison with the analogous sulfur compounds shows that C6H5Se groups obviously stabilize adjacent carbanionic centers nearly as well as do C6H5S-groups.

106 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, ein schon fruher entwickeltes Modell zur Berechnung der effektiven Warmeleitfahigkeit nicht durchstromter Schuttungen wird erweitert, so das die Warmestrahlung und der Druckeinflus berichtigt werden konnen.
Abstract: Ein schon fruher entwickeltes Modell zur Berechnung der effektiven Warmeleitfahigkeit nicht durchstromter Schuttungen wird erweitert, so das die Warmestrahlung und der Druckeinflus berucksichtigt werden konnen. Fur Kugelschuttungen werden die Ergebnisse in Diagrammen wiedergegeben. Die abgeleiteten Beziehungen werden anhand von Messungen anderer Autoren uberpruft. Dabei wurde eine gute Ubereinstimmung der theoretischen Daten mit den experimentell ermittelten Werten festgestellt.

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the burning velocity in the central stream-tube of a button-shaped flame with the particle track method and compared it with data from cone-shaped flames.

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a carbenoid called tetrakis-(phenylthio)ethylene (C6H5S)2C-moiety is produced by reaction of 4 with nucleophilic reagents, e. g. bisphosphoranyliden-methane, and the reaction is accelerated by cyclohexene oxide.
Abstract: Losungen der Titelverbindung 4 in Tetrahydrofuran erhalt man durch Metallierung von Trisphenylmercapto-methan, durch Lithium/SC6H5-Austausch in Tetrakis-phenylmercapto-methan und durch „thiophile” Addition von Phenyllithium an Diphenyl-trithiocarbonat. Die Titelverbindung zersetzt sich erst oberhalb 20° in Tetrakis-phenylmercapto-athylen (9), der Zerfall wird durch Lithiumthiophenolat abgebremst, durch sperrige Elektrophile wie Cyclohexenoxid beschleunigt. Zugesetztes Lithium-p-thiokresolat wird in 4 eingebaut, mit Tris-p-tolylmercapto-methyllithium tritt statistische Verteilung der Carbenoidliganden ein. Umsetzung mit reaktionsfahigen Elektrophilen wie Methyljodid, Aldehyden, Disulfiden und Trimethylchlorsilan fuhrt zu hoheren Trithioorthocarbonsaure-triphenylestern (10). Aus 4 und Nucleophilen entstehen die Produkte 12–14, welche vom Carbenoid nur noch den (C6H5S)2C-Baustein enthalten, z. B. Bis-phenylmercapto-phosphoranyliden-methane mit Phosphinen und Cyclopropane mit Keten-acetal, Keten-thioacetalen und einem Enamin; setzt man gleichzeitig Cyclohexenoxid zu, so bilden sich die Dreiringe schneller. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich mit der Annahme eines Carbenoid/Carben-Gleichgewichtes(C6H5S)3CLi ⇆ (C6H5S)2C + C6H5SLi deuten. Tris(phenylthio)methyllithium: An Unusual Carbenoid THF-solutions of the title compound 4 are prepared by H/Li exchange in tris(phenylthio)-methane, by C6H5S/Li exchange in tetrakis(phenylthio)methane, and by thiophilic addition of phenyllithium to diphenyl-trithiocarbonate. Carbenoid 4 decomposes to give tetrakis-(phenylthio)ethylene (9) at a measurable rate only above 20°; the reaction is slowed down by lithiumthiophenolate and accelerated by cyclohexene oxide. Added lithium-p-thiocresolate is incorporated into the carbenoid 4. Complete scrambling takes place when 4 is mixed with tris(p-tolylthio)methyllithium. Treatment with reactive electrophiles such as iodomethane, aldehydes, disulfides, and chloro-trimethylsilane converts 4 into higher triphenyl-trithioorthocarboxylates 10. Compounds 12–14, containing the (C6H5S)2C-moiety of the original carbenoid, are produced by reaction of 4 with nucleophilic reagents, e. g. bis(phenylthio)phosphoranyliden-methanes with phosphines and cyclopropanes with ketene-acetal, ketene-thioacetals, and an enamine; simultaneous addition of cyclohexene oxide leads to more rapid formation of the cyclopropanes. The results described are explained by assuming the existence of an equilibrium between carbenoid 4 and a carbene: (C6H5S)3CLi ⇆ (C6H5S)2C: + C6H5SLi

93 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, the P-T projection of the high-pressure portion of the phase diagram of water, with its various modifications of ice indicated by Roman numerals, is shown.
Abstract: This chapter deals with the properties of water in its fluid phases at high temperatures and high pressures. Figure 1 shows the P-T projection of the high-pressure portion of the phase diagram of water, with its various modifications of ice indicated by Roman numerals. The temperature and pressure ranges covered in this chapter are limited by the dashed line and the melting pressure curve of ice VII, which has been measured by Pistorius et al.(847) up to 200 kbar, where the melting temperature is 442°C. Beyond the upper pressure and temperature limits of 250 kbar and 1000°C, respectively, data on the properties of water are not yet available. The lower limits are chosen somewhat arbitrarily. Therefore, it will sometimes be necessary to report also on the properties of water at lower temperatures and pressures. The immediate neighborhood of the critical point (CP), whose coordinates(798) are Tc = 374.15°C, P c = 221.2 bar, and Vc = 3.28 cm3 g-1, is treated in Chapter 11.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the frequencies of the stretching and librational modes of the OH ions in 13 hydroxyapatites were measured by means of infrared spectroscopy, and it was shown that there appears to be no hydrogen bonding between adjacent OH groups along the channels in the apatite structure.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the coefficients of an expansion of the invariant πN-amplitudes at the crossing symmetry point are calculated, considering the nucleon pole term and the Δ(1232)-exchange contribution separately.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an unambiguous synthesis of tristhiomethanes with two different RS-groups is described, where the tristhioethanes are converted to orthotrithioesters in good yields by treatment with trimethyl orthoformate in the presence of Lewis acids.
Abstract: Aliphatische, cycloaliphatische und aromatische Thiole liefern in Gegenwart von Lewis-Saure mit Orthoameisensaure-trimethylester in guten Ausbeuten die offenkettigen, monocyclischen und bicyclischen Trithioester 4a–s und 8. Methoden zur gezielten Herstellung von Derivaten mit zwei verschiedenen RS-Gruppen werden beschrieben. Die Orthotrithioester werden bei –70° in THF durch Butyllithium quantitativ zu 1 metalliert. Aus den Metallderivaten 1 und Methyljodid entstehen die 1.1.1-Tris-mercapto-athane 5. Zerfall von 1 liefert die Tetrakis-mercapto-athylene 6; die alkylsubstituierten Verbindungen 1 zerfallen schon bei Temperaturen zwischen –50 und –20°; um Tetrakis-arylmercapto-athylene herzustellen, mus man die entsprechenden Verbindungen 1 mit Cyclohexenoxid, zersetzen”. Thiolierungen von metallierten Formaldehyd-dithioacetalen und Orthotrithioameisensaureestern mit Disulfiden fuhren zu den Tetrakis-mercapto-methanen 7, 9, 17, 18 und 19. Preparation of Polyalkylthio- and Polyarylthiomethanes, -ethanes and -ethylenes from Metalated Orthotrithioformates Aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic thioles are converted to orthotrithioesters in good yields by treatment with trimethyl orthoformate in the presence of Lewis acids; open chain, monocyclic and bicyclic derivatives 4a–s and 8 are prepared. Methods for the unambiguous synthesis of tristhiomethanes with two different RS-groups are described. Metalated orthotrithioformates 1 are obtained form 4 and n-butyllithium in THF at –70° as shown by quantitative isolation of the 1.1.1-tristhioethanes 5 after reaction with iodomethane. The organometallic compounds 1 decompose to give tetrakisthioethylenes 6. Decomposition takes place, thermally” between –50 and –20° in the case of open chain alkyl derivatives 1 while the aryl analogs must be, decomposed” with cyclohexene epoxide. The tetrakisthiomethanes 7, 9, 17, 18 and 19 are prepared form metalated formaldehyde dithioacetals or orthotrithioformates and disulfides.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential curve of the lowest triplet state of Li2 was calculated for internuclear distances between 2 and 30 a 0.0012 au = 380°K at an internuclear distance of 8.2 a0.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1972-Carbon
TL;DR: In this article, a study was performed on unidirectional fiber reinforced composites, prepared by the wet-winding technique using thermosetting resins or pitch as binder.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the modes of inhibiting electrode processes and present a review on methodology for investigating inhibition experimentally, which belongs to the present tasks of the Working Party “Inhibitors” of the European Federation Corrosion.
Abstract: As to the modes of inhibiting electrode processes, it belongs to the present tasks of the Working Party “Inhibitors” of the European Federation Corrosion first to elaborate valid formulations in definition, nomenclature and classification and second to present a review on methodology for investigating inhibition experimentally. The author is offering contributions to these themes for discussion. Regarding the international character of the European Federation, these contributions were written in English. In the following part I, inhibition of electrode reactions is defined and classified in 1 Interface inhibition 2 Electrolyte-layer inhibition 3 Membrane-inhibition 4 Passivation. Different modes of covering the interface are leading to interface inhibition: Desactivating, indifferent or reactive coverage. Peculiarities in the interface inhibition of electrolytical metal deposition and dissolution are discussed. Electrolyte-layer inhibition is subdivided in a mechanical and an electrochemical species. Envisaging the origin of the inhibiting substances, primary and secondary inhibitors are distinguished. This subdivision is applied to interface and electrolyte-layer inhibition. Even by their nature, membrane inhibition and passivation are secondary. Finally, the inhibition of two or more electrode reactions running down simultaneously and their further classification are treated. It is called special attention to peculiarities of the most important representative of this group, the corrosion inhibition (including vapour phase inhibition). The review on methodology will be given in part II to be published later. Arten der Inhibierung von Elektroden-prozessen (einschlieslich Korrosion) und ihre experimentelle Unterscheidung I. Definition, Nomenklatur und Klassifizierung der Inhibierungsarten von Elektrodenreaktionen Es gehort zu den gegenwartigen Aufgaben der Arbeitsgruppe „Inhibitoren” in der Europaischen Foderation Korrosion, zu den Arten der Inhibition von Elektrodenvorgangen einmal gultige Formulierungen in Definition, Nomenklatur und Klassifikation auszuarbeiten und zweitens eine Ubersicht uber die Methodologie der experimentellen Forschung zu geben. Der Autor legt Diskussionsbeitrage zu diesen Themen vor. Mit Rucksicht auf den internationalen Charakter der europaischen Foderation wurden diese Beitrage in English niedergeschrieben. Im folgenden Teil I wird die Inhibition von Elektrodenreaktionen definiert und klassifiziert in 1 Grenzflacheninhibition 2 Elektrolytfilminhibition 3 Membraninhibition 4 Passivation Verschiedene Arten der Grenzflachenbedeckung fuhren zur Grenzflacheninhibition: Desaktivierende, indifferente oder reaktive Bedeckung. Es werden Besonderheiten in der Grenzflachenir hibition der elektrolytischen Metallabscheidung und -auflosung erortert. Elektrolyfilm inhibition last sich in eine mechanische und eine elektrochemische Spezies aufteilen. Vom Ursprung der inhibierenden Stoffe ausgehend, unterschiedet man primare und sekundare Inhibition. Diese Unterteilung wird auf Grenzflacheninhibition und Elektrolytfilminhibition angewandt. Membraninhibition und Passivation sind schon von Natur aus sekundar. Schlieslich werden die Inhibition von zwei oder mehr gleichzeitig ablaufender Elektrodenreaktionen und ihre weitere Klassifikation behandelt. Hervorgehoben werden die Besonderheiten des wichtigsten Vertreters dieser Gruppe, der Korrosionsinhibition (einschlieslich Dampfphaseninhibition).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Languages generated by context-free grammars by imposing one of the above-mentioned restrictive devices or programming, regular control language, periodic time-variance or context-sensitivity are shown to have in the case of finite index a property similar to the “uvwxyproperty≓ of context- free languages.
Abstract: For context-free grammars the restrictive devices of unordered scattered context, random context, partial ordering of productions and concatenation of productions in matrices are compared with respect to their generative power. This leads to two new characterizations of the family of type O languages in terms of unordered scattered context grammars and random context grammars, respectively. Languages generated by context-free grammars by imposing one of the above-mentioned restrictive devices or programming, regular control language, periodic time-variance or context-sensitivity are shown to have in the case of finite index a property similar to the “uvwxyproperty≓ of context-free languages.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theory of photon absorption by free carriers in degenerate semiconductors is given taking into account the influence of nonparabolic energy bands and the effects of scattering by impurities, phonons, and plasmons as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The theory of photon absorption by free carriers in degenerate semiconductors is given taking into account the influence of nonparabolic energy bands and the effects of scattering by impurities, phonons, and plasmons. Analytical formulas for the imaginary part of the dielectric function, ϵ2(ω), are derived. The quality of the asymptotic expansions of ϵ2(ω) for low and high photon energies to approximate ϵ2(ω) over a wide range of frequencies is investigated numerically. It is found that within a few percent the classical Drude theory gives an excellent approximation for photon energies up to twice the Fermi energy of the electrons. In the opposite case, the approximation for high photon energies gives a rather poor approximation of ϵ2(ω) near the Fermi energy, except for ionized impurity scattering. In dieser Arbeit wird die Absorption von Licht durch freie Ladungstrager in entarteten Halbleitern untersucht, wobei der Einflus eines nichtparabolischen Bandes und Streuung der Ladungstrager an Storstellen, Phononen und Plasmonen berucksichtigt wird. Es werden analytische Formeln fur den Imaginarteil der dielektrischen Funktion sowie Naherungsformeln fur kleine und grose Photonenenergien entwickelt. Fur kleine Photonenenergien (klassische Drude-Theorie) sind diese Naherungsformeln innerhalb weniger Prozent bis zu der doppelten Fermi-Energie der Elektronen gultig. Fur grose Photonenenergien dagegen ist die Gute dieser Naherungsformeln erheblich schlechter, mit Ausnahme bei Streuung der Elektronen an ionisierten Storstellen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a pyrolysis of a phenyl derivative above 100° with or without solvents decomposition takes place to give the following products: diphenyl disulfide (11a), phenyl dithiobenzoate (12a), tris(arylthio)methane (13a), tetrakis(phenylthio)-ethylene (14a), and tetrakIS(phenYLthio)/methanes (15a).
Abstract: Kupplung von Tris(arylthio)- und Tris(alkylthio)methyllithium-Verbindungen 6 mit Jod fuhrt zu Hexakis(organylthio)athanen 7–10. Beim Erhitzen des Phenylderivates 7a tritt oberhalb von 100° in verschiedenen Losungsmitteln Zersetzung zu Diphenyldisulfid (11a), Dithiobenzoesaure-phenylester (12a), Tris(phenylthio)methan (13a), Tetrakis(phenylthio)-athylen (14a) und Tetrakis(phenylthio)methan (15a) ein. Auch 15a liefert bei hoherer Temperatur diese Produkte. Durch 13C-Markierung wird bewiesen, das der Bildung des Athylens 14a aus dem Athan 7a eine C–C-Dissoziation vorausgeht. Alle Befunde lassen sich damit erklaren, das die Athane 7 unter C–C-, die Methane 15 unter ArS–C-Dissoziation zunachst Tris(arylthio)methyl-Radikale liefern. Simple Preparation of Hexakis(organylthio)ethanes Pyrolysis of Hexakis(arylthio)ethanes Indications of a CC Dissociation Coupling of tris(arylthio)- and tris(alkylthio)methyllithium derivatives with iodine leads to hexakis(organylthio)ethanes 7–10. In the pyrolysis of the phenyl derivative 7a above 100° with or without solvents decomposition takes place to give the following products: diphenyl disulfide (11a), phenyl dithiobenzoate (12a), tris(phenylthio)methane (13a), tetrakis(phenylthio)ethylene (14a), and tetrakis(phenylthio)methane (15a). The methanes 15 yield the same types of compounds 11–14 when heated at temperatures ranging from 165 to 230°. Formation of the ethylene 14a from the ethane 7a is proved by 13C-labelling to be preceded by C–C-bond dissociation of the latter compound. All results are readily explained by assuming that the initial reaction step is the homolysis of the C–C bond in the ethanes 7 and of the ArS–C bond in the methanes 15 to give tris(arylthio)methyls.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a quantitatively bestimmung der Haftwahrscheinlichkeit realer Staube mus empirisch erfolgen, das mit Hilfe der Hochfrequenzkinematographie gewonnen wurde.
Abstract: Die Abscheidung von Teilchen oder Tropfen ist die Folge von Transport- und Haftvorgangen. Fur die Berechnung des Abscheidegrades ist daher das Produkt von Auftreffgrad mal Haftwahrscheinlichkeit zu bilden. Es werden Berechnungen des Auftreffgrades mitgeteilt, bei denen fur den Bereich hoher Reynolds-Zahlen die Stromungsgrenzschicht an der Zylinderoberflache berucksichtigt wurde. Die Grenzschichtberucksichtigung fuhrt zu merklich geringeren Auftreffgraden im Vergleich zur reinen Potentialstromung ohne Grenzschicht. Weiterhin zeigte sich, das der Auftreffgrad nicht nur eine Funktion des Tragheitsparameters, sondern auch der Reynolds-Zahl Ref und des Dichteverhaltnisses ϱ/ϱp ist. Es wird eine Naherungsgleichung angegeben, welche die numerischen Ergebnisse im Bereich 50 < Ref < 500 und 1 ≤ ϱp ≤ 5 g/cm3 mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0,01 approximiert. Aus einer vereinfachenden Energiebilanz folgt, das die Haftwahrscheinlichkeit mit zunehmender Teilchengrose abnimmt. Die quantitative Bestimmung der Haftwahrscheinlichkeit realer Staube mus empirisch erfolgen. Es wird ein erstes Zwischenergebnis mitgeteilt, das mit Hilfe der Hochfrequenzkinematographie gewonnen wurde.

Journal ArticleDOI
W. Wüchner1, W. Böhm1, H. G. Kahle1, A. Kasten1, J. Laugsch1 
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that Tb3+ undergoes a Jahn-Teller induced phase transition from tetragonal to a lower, probably orthorhombic, symmetry at TD = (25.5 ± 2.5) K.
Abstract: Absorption spectra of Tb3+ in TbAsO4, indicate that this material undergoes a Jahn-Teller induced phase transition from tetragonal to a lower, probably orthorhombic, symmetry at TD = (25.5 ± 2.5) K. Zeeman spectra with the magnetic field in the basal plane taken below TD, show a large anisotropy which is caused not only by the g-factor but also by large internal fields. The g-tensor of the isolated two lowest singlets, which are separated less than 0.6 cm−1 at 1.74 K, is uniaxial with g110 = 17.0 ± 1.0 in the [110] direction. Measurements down to 0.77 K show a magnetic phase transition at TN, = (1.48 ± 0.04) K to an antiferromagnetically ordered state which increases the splitting of the two lowest lying singlets up to (2.62 ± 0.06) cm−1 at 0.77 K. Das Absorptionsspektrum von Tb3+ in TbAsO4, zeigt bei TD = (25,5 ± 2,5) K einen durch einen kollektiven Jahn-Teller-Effekt induzierten Phasenubergang von tetragonaler zu einer niedrigeren (wahrscheinlich orthorhombischen) Symmetrie. Der Zeeman-Effekt mit dem Magnetfeld in der Ebene senkrecht zur Kristallachse zeigt unterhalb TD, eine ausgepragte Anisotropie, die nicht allein vom g-Faktor, sondern auch von starken inneren Feldern bestimmt ist. Der g-Faktor der isolierten beiden untersten Singuletts, deren Abstand bei 1,74 K kleiner als 0,6 cm−1 ist, ist in [110]-Richtung maximal und betragt g110 = 17,0 ± 1,0, in den Richtungen senkrecht dazu ist der g-Faktor null. Messungen bis 0,77 K zeigen einen magnetischenphasenubergang bei (1,48 ± 0,04) K zum antiferromagnetisch geordneten Zustand. Die Aufspaltung der beiden untersten Singuletts wachst an auf (2,62 ± 0,06) cm−1 bei 0,77 K.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the downfield shifts of alcohol mixtures and aqueous solutions containing some nonelectrolytes (alcohols, ketones, cyclic ethers, and amines) have been measured at 60 MHz and at 0°C.
Abstract: Hydroxyl-proton chemical shifts of alcohol mixtures and aqueous solutions containing some nonelectrolytes (alcohols, ketones, cyclic ethers, and amines) have been measured at 60 MHz and at 0°C. Methyl-proton resonance of the solutes was used as the internal reference and the water-proton shifts in solutions were measured with respect to pure water. Downfield shifts for some alcohols (particularly tertiary butanol and iso-propanol), cyclic ethers, and amines in the water-rich region were confirmed For alcohols and some other nonelectrolytes in water, the observed shifts were decomposed to component contributions arising from the “polar group” effect, “solute proton” effect, and “nonpolar group” effect. Polar effects are found to contribute a substantial fraction of the observed downfield shifts. After subtracting these polar contributions, however, there still remains certain amounts of downfield shifts which may be attributed to the effect of nonpolar groups on the water structure. The downfield shifts are found to be relatively large when the solutes have branched alkyl groups with nearly spherical shape and with diameters of about 5 A. Strikingly large downfield shifts of water proton resonance were found for some secondary amines and tertiary diamines with globular shape. However, in view of the extrapolation technique employed in evaluating the “polar group” effect, the downfield “nonpolar group” effect we estimated should be considered as the upper limits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The free energy barrier of interconversion in norpinane (1) must be much smaller than that in cyclohexane (2) and tricyclo[3.1]heptane (3.2] as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Aus Norpinanon-(2) (3) werden Norpinaon-(3) (10) und weitere Norpinanderivate hergestellt. Die alkalische Zersetzung des Tosylhydrazons 7 von 3 liefert unter verschiedenen Bedingungen wechselnde Mengen an Norbornen (19), Tricyclen (20), Tricyclo[3.2.0.02.7]heptan (23) und Norpinen (8); die des Tosylhydrazons 9 von 10 ausschlieslich 8. Die Photolyse von 3-Diazo-norpinanon-(2) (27) ergibt als Hauptprodukt das unter Wolff-Umlagerung gebildete Keten-Dimere 30. Die freie Energieschwelle beim Umklappen im Norpinan (1) mus viel tiefer liegen als beim Cyclohexan, die des 3.3-Difluor-norpinans (32) mus ungefahr 4 kcal/Mol sein. Asteranes, VII. Studies on the Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane System Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-one (10) and other norpinane derivatives are obtained from bicyclo-[3.1.1]heptan-2-one (3). The decomposition of the tosylhydrazone 7 from 3 under varied basic conditions yields different ratios of norbornene (19), tricyclene (20), tricyclo[3.2.0.02.7]-heptane (23) and 2-norpinene (8). The tosylhydrazone 9 from 10 yields 8 exclusively. The photolysis of 3-diazonorpinan-2-one (27) leads only to the ketene dimer 30, which is formed by Wolff rearrangement of the carbene intermediate. The free energy barrier of interconversion in norpinane (1) must be much smaller than that in cyclohexane. The barrier in 3.3-difluoronorpinane (32) is estimated to be of the order of 4 kcal/Mol.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Energy shifts and line widths of X-ray transitions in kaonic atoms have been measured with an accuracy of about 10%. These data have been interpreted in terms of an optical potential.



Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1972
TL;DR: The influence of pressure, temperature and chloride concentration on the optical spectra of copper(II)ions in aqueous solution has been investigated in this article, where measurements could be extended to 400 °C at a pressure of 2000 bars.
Abstract: The influence of pressure, temperature and chloride-concentration on the optical spectra of copper(II)ions in aqueous solution has been investigated. The measurements could be extended to 400 °C at a pressure of 2000 bars. In dilute aqueous solutions of copper(II)chloride the hexaquocopper- (II)complex is prevailing. With increasing temperature and concentration of chloride the copper(II)tetrachlorocomplex is formed via some intermediate compounds. The composition of some of the intermediate compounds was deduced from the spectra obtained. Der Einflus von Druck, Temperatur und Chloridkonzentration auf die optischen Spektren von Kupfer(II)ionen in waβriger Losung wurde untersucht. Die Messungen wurden bis zu 400 °C und Chloridkonzentrationen bis 10 molar vorgenommen. Aus dem in verdunnten wasrigen Kupfer(II)chloridlosungen vorliegenden Kupfer(II)hexaquokomplex wird mit steigender Temperatur und Chloridkonzentration uber einige spektroskopisch nachweisbare Zwischenstufen der Kupfer(II)tetrachlorokomplex.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In planar planar complexes of platinum, a strong dependence of the conductivity upon lattice distortions and humidity was detected as mentioned in this paper, which is probably related to the strong influence of humidity on the electronic conductivity.
Abstract: In square planar complexes of platinum a strong dependence of the conductivity upon lattice distortions and humidity was detected. Besides the electronic conduction ionic conduction was found. It is probably related to the strong influence of humidity on the electronic conductivity. In planaren Platinkomplexen wurde eine starke Abhangigkeit der Leitfahigkeit von Gitterfehlern und von der Luftfeuchtigkeit gefunden. Neben der elektronischen Leitfahigkeit wurde Ionenleitung nachgewiesen. Sie hangt wahrscheinlich zusammen mit dem starken Einflus der Luftfeuchtigkeit auf die elektronische Leitfahigkeit.

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TL;DR: In this article, a precision capacitive voltage divider for impulse voltage measurements is described, which is insensitive to environmental influences, possesses outstanding high-frequency properties, and causes little loading of the high-voltage circuit.
Abstract: This paper describes a precision capacitive voltage divider for impulse voltage measurements. The main feature of the new divider is a compressed-gas capacitor in the high-voltage arm. The divider is insensitive to environmental influences, possesses outstanding high-frequency properties, and causes little loading of the high-voltage circuit. Its excellent linearity and stable ratio permit meaningful high-voltage pulse measurements in the megavolt range.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the paramagnetic shifts in the 1H n.m.r. spectra induced by the UIV ion give rise to discrete signals for each CH2 and CH3 group of the open chain substituent as well as for each single proton of the cyclohexane and the cholesterol ring A.
Abstract: Die Eigenschaften, insbesondere die 1H-NMR-Spektren, dreier neuer metallorganischer Komplexe (C5H5)3UOR mit R = n-Hexyl-, Cyclohexyl- und Cholesteryl- (1–3) werden beschrieben. Die 1H-NMR-Spektren der Alkylreste werden durch den Paramagnetismus des UIV-Ions derart aufgefachert, das jede CH2- und CH3-Gruppe des offenkettigen Substituenten bzw. jedes einzelne Proton im Cyclohexanring bzw. im Cholesterinring A ein diskretes Signal ergibt. Die Signale der Protonen am starren Cholesteringerust lassen sich aufgrund ihrer am Modell bestimmten Geometriefaktoren zuordnen. Daraus wird geschlossen, das ihre paramagnetischen Verschiebungen mit Ausnahme der des α-Protons allein auf Pseudokontakt-Wechselwirkung beruhen. Die U–O–C-Anordnung erweist sich dabei als stark gewinkelt, so das im Cholesterin-Komplex eine Rotation um die O–C-Achse infolge sterischer Behinderung unmoglich ist. Die Verschiebungen der α-Protonen der drei Komplexe lassen sich dagegen nur deuten, wenn man zusatzlich einen starken, dem Pseudokontakt-Anteil gleichgerichteten (negativen) Fermi-Kontakt-Beitrag annimmt. Die Beweglichkeit des C6H11-Rings im Cyclohexyl-Komplex ist ebenfalls stark behindert. Als unterer Grenzwert fur den ΔG°-Wert der Ringinversion ergibt sich 2.3 kcal/Mol. 1H N.M.R. Study of the Molecular Structure and Conformational Mobility of Paramagnetic Organometallic Alkoxy-uranium(IV) Complexes: Tris(cyclopentadienyl)-n-hexyloxy-, -cyclohexyloxy-, and -cholesteryloxy-uranium(IV) The properties, particularly the 1H n.m.r. spectra of three new organometallic complexes (C5H5)3UOR with R = n-hexyl-, cyclohexyl- and cholesteryl- (1–3) are described. The large paramagnetic shifts in the 1H n.m.r. spectra induced by the UIV ion give rise to discrete signals for each CH2 and CH3 group of the open chain substituent as well as for each single proton of the cyclohexane and the cholesterol ring A. In the rigid cholesterol complex the signals can be assigned by comparing their paramagnetic shifts with the geometric factors of the protons as determined from a molecular model. Thence it is concluded that the shifts of all protons except the α-protons are of the pseudocontact type. The U–O–C group appears to be strongly bent, thus inhibiting the rotation around the O–C-axis in the cholesterol complex. The paramagnetic shifts of the α-protons of all three complexes can only be accounted for by assuming an additional Fermi contact contribution of the same (negative) sign as the pseudocontact shift. The ring inversion of the C6H11 ring in the cyclohexyl complex also is strongly hindered, with a lower limit for the ΔG° value of 2.3 kcal/mole.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the ersten Tollmien-Schlichting-Wellen mit der Wellenlange λ TS ≈6·δ angefacht.
Abstract: Messungen des Anwachsens von Langswirbeln in zeitlich anwachsenden Grenzschichten an konkav gekrummten Wanden (Gortler-Taylor-Wirbel) ergaben drei deutlich getrennte Bereiche: Es traten zunachst Wirbel mit der Wellenlage λ≈0,9δ auf (δ=Grenzschichtdicke, λ=Hohe einer Zelle, die zwei gegensinnig drehende Wirbel enthalt). Je nach Grose der mit der Verdrangungsdicke δ1 der Grenzschicht gebildeten Reynolds-Zahl\(\frac{{\omega R_a \delta _1 }}{v}\) erschienen dann kurze Zeit spater Wirbel mit λ≈ 2,5δ, wenn\(\operatorname{Re} _{\delta _1 } \leqq 276\) war. Im Bereiche\(\operatorname{Re} _{\delta _1 } \geqq 312\) dagegen traten stattdessen bei den hier durchgefuhrten Versuchen immer Wirbel mit der Wellenlange λ≈6,5 δ auf. Bei\(\operatorname{Re} _{\delta _1 } \geqq 420\) werden die ersten Tollmien-Schlichting-Wellen mit der Wellenlange λ TS ≈6·δ angefacht. In ihren wandnahen Bereichen der Wellentaler konnten sich dann die oben genannten Langswirbel der Wellenlange λ≈6,5·δ ausbilden, die die zwei-in eine dreidimensionale Storung allseits gleicher Grosenordnung verwandeln konnen.