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Institution

Karolinska Institutet

EducationStockholm, Sweden
About: Karolinska Institutet is a education organization based out in Stockholm, Sweden. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 46212 authors who have published 121142 publications receiving 6008130 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work aims to acquire an understanding of the societal costs of dementia and how they affect families, health and social care services, and governments to improve the lives of people with dementia and their caregivers.
Abstract: Objective To acquire an understanding of the societal costs of dementia and how they affect families, health and social care services, and governments to improve the lives of people with dementia and their caregivers. Methods The basic design of this study was a societal, prevalence-based, gross cost-of-illness study in which costs were aggregated to World Health Organization regions and World Bank income groupings. Results The total estimated worldwide costs of dementia were US$604 billion in 2010. About 70% of the costs occurred in western Europe and North America. In such high-income regions, costs of informal care and the direct costs of social care contribute similar proportions of total costs, whereas the direct medical costs were much lower. In low- and middle-income countries, informal care accounts for the majority of total costs; direct social care costs are negligible. Conclusions Worldwide costs of dementia are enormous and distributed inequitably. There is considerable potential for cost increases in coming years as the diagnosis and treatment gap is reduced. There is also likely to be a trend in low- and middle-income countries for social care costs to shift from the informal to the formal sector, with important implications for future aggregated costs and the financing of long-term care. Only by investing now in research and the development of cost-effective approaches to early diagnosis and care can future societal costs be anticipated and managed.

902 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Feb 2005-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that murine CD8α+ dendritic cells are activated by double-stranded (ds)RNA present in virally infected cells but absent from uninfected cells, which indicates that TLR3 may have evolved to permit cross-priming of CTLs against viruses that do not directly infect dendedritic cells.
Abstract: Cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens plays an important role in regulating CD8+ T cell responses to proteins that are not expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Dendritic cells are the principal cross-presenting APCs in vivo and much progress has been made in elucidating the pathways that allow dendritic cells to capture and process cellular material. However, little is known about the signals that determine whether such presentation ultimately results in a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response (cross-priming) or in CD8+ T cell inactivation (cross-tolerance). Here we describe a mechanism that promotes cross-priming during viral infections. We show that murine CD8alpha+ dendritic cells are activated by double-stranded (ds)RNA present in virally infected cells but absent from uninfected cells. Dendritic cell activation requires phagocytosis of infected material, followed by signalling through the dsRNA receptor, toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Immunization with virus-infected cells or cells containing synthetic dsRNA leads to a striking increase in CTL cross-priming against cell-associated antigens, which is largely dependent on TLR3 expression by antigen-presenting cells. Thus, TLR3 may have evolved to permit cross-priming of CTLs against viruses that do not directly infect dendritic cells.

900 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the increased risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses and violence and violent offending appears to be partly mediated by substance abuse comorbidity.
Abstract: Background Although expert opinion has asserted that there is an increased risk of violence in individuals with schizophrenia and other psychoses, there is substantial heterogeneity between studies reporting risk of violence, and uncertainty over the causes of this heterogeneity. We undertook a systematic review of studies that report on associations between violence and schizophrenia and other psychoses. In addition, we conducted a systematic review of investigations that reported on risk of homicide in individuals with schizophrenia and other psychoses.

897 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Roger Simm1, Michael Morr, Abdul Kader1, Manfred Nimtz, Ute Römling1 
TL;DR: The data suggest that c‐di‐GMP is a novel global second messenger in bacteria the metabolism of which is controlled by GGDEF and EAL domain proteins.
Abstract: Cyclic nucleotides represent second messenger molecules in all kingdoms of life. In bacteria, mass sequencing of genomes detected the highly abundant protein domains GGDEF and EAL. We show here that the GGDEF and EAL domains are involved in the turnover of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in vivo whereby the GGDEF domain stimulates c-di-GMP production and the EAL domain c-di-GMP degradation. Thus, most probably, GGDEF domains function as c-di-GMP cyclase and EAL domains as phosphdiesterase. We further show that, in the pathogenic organism Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the commensal species Escherichia coli, GGDEF and EAL domains mediate similar phenotypic changes related to the transition between sessility and motility. Thus, the data suggest that c-di-GMP is a novel global second messenger in bacteria the metabolism of which is controlled by GGDEF and EAL domain proteins.

896 citations


Authors

Showing all 46522 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Meir J. Stampfer2771414283776
Albert Hofman2672530321405
Guido Kroemer2361404246571
Eric B. Rimm196988147119
Scott M. Grundy187841231821
Jing Wang1844046202769
Tadamitsu Kishimoto1811067130860
John Hardy1771178171694
Marc G. Caron17367499802
Ramachandran S. Vasan1721100138108
Adrian L. Harris1701084120365
Douglas F. Easton165844113809
Zulfiqar A Bhutta1651231169329
Judah Folkman165499148611
Ralph A. DeFronzo160759132993
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
2023101
2022500
20217,763
20206,922
20196,057
20185,548