Showing papers by "Keele University published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this article, five minor and trace elements, known to be chemically stable during alteration and metamorphism, have been combined in a set of binary diagrams that distinguish fresh tholeiites from alkali basalts.
793 citations
TL;DR: These experiments examined the way in which experienced musicians differed from non-musicians in their recognition of briefly exposed pitch notation, and investigated the nature of the abstract code for musicians.
Abstract: Music bears formal relations to language which suggest that perceptual processes in the two modes may also be similar. These experiments examined the way in which experienced musicians differed from non-musicians in their recognition of briefly exposed pitch notation. Experiments I and II together demonstrated that musicians are superior to non-musicians in their immediate written recall of stimuli containing more than three notes, but only when the stimulus is available to them for 150 ms or more. These results are accounted for well by a model proposed by Coltheart (1972) for letter perception under conditions of brief exposure. In this model, two coding processes act simultaneously on the stimulus, one a fast visual coding, and the other a slower, but more permanent abstract (or name) coding. In this case non-musicians appear to be lacking a second, abstract, coding which musicians possess. Experiments III and IV attempted to investigate the nature of the abstract code for musicians by presenting vario...
144 citations
TL;DR: In simultaneous bilateral tachistoscopic recognition tasks, normal right-handers named more words in the rightVisual field and recognized more faces in the left visual field and priming the right hemisphere with a face-recognition task reduced the right visual field superiority for words.
128 citations
TL;DR: The perceptual delay test has the advantage over EP tests that it can detect islands of demyelination as small as 3 degrees diameter, and the apparatus is cheap and straightforward to use.
Abstract: (1) We have used both subjective and evoked potential tests to study cases of multiple sclerosis with no history of retrobulbar neuritis (spinal patients) and compared them with patients with multiple sclerosis who had experienced an attack of retrobulbar neuritis (RBN). We measured the delay of steady-state evoked potentials (EPs) elicited by flicker in the medium-frequency (13-25 c/s) range, by flicker in the high-frequency (30-60 c/s) range, and by pattern-reversal. We also measured the delay in seeing (perceiving) both an increase of light intensity and a decrease of light intensity. (2) The difference between perceptual delays for the left and right eyes (D s) was abnormal when retrobulbar neuritis affected only one eye (22/22 patients) even when acuity and discs were normal. It might be supposed that this perceptual test would be ineffective when both eyes were affected by retrobulbar neuritis. However, the value of D was abnormal in cases of bilateral retrobulbar neuritis (5/5 patients). Probably the principal reason is that demyelination was patchy in the patients studied. For this same reason the difference between perceptual delays for two sites in the visual field (T s) may also be abnormal. In principle the perceptual delay test can be effective even when both eyes are similarly delayed: abnormal values of T were recorded in 5 spinal patients for whom D was normal. (3) Perceptual delays were measured for an extended group of 19 patients suffering from spinal multiple sclerosis. Taking both D and T into account, the perceptual delay test alone picked out 12/19 spinal patients. The perceptual delay test has the advantage over EP tests that it can detect islands of demyelination as small as 3 degrees diameter, and the apparatus is cheap and straightforward to use. (4) Thirteen patients with spinal multiple sclerosis, including 6 with no ocular signs or symptoms, were examined with a battery of two evoked potential and one perceptual test. Ten patients had clearly abnormal visual delays. Results for the remaining 3 were equivocal. Delay tests can reveal visual damage in most patients who have not experienced an attack of RBN as well as in practically all patients who have experienced an attack. (5) Correlations between the results of the various tests were different in spinal patients and in multiple sclerosis patients who had experienced an attack of retrobulbar neuritis. Flicker EPs, pattern EPs and visual perception were all delayed in every RBN patient, whereas for spinal patients different tests could pick up different patients. Flicker EPs picked up 5/13 spinal patients, pattern EPs 6/13, perceptual delay (D) picked up 4/13 and perceptual delay T picked up 7/13. (6) Delay tests divided spinal multiple sclerosis patients into two fairly distinct groups. In one group pattern EPs and perception were delayed; in the other group flicker EPs were delayed. This grouping corresponded to a clinical distinction between long-standing patients with visual signs and recent patients without visual signs...
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical approach to efficiency based on minimizing variance for given privacy requirements is proposed, where privacy requirements are defined in units of jeopardy from different points of view and indexed by measures suggested by information theory.
Abstract: Randomized response methods allow different kinds and degrees of privacy depending upon models and parameters. A theoretical approach to efficiency is suggested based on minimizing variance for given privacy requirements. Privacy requirements are defined in units of jeopardy from different points of view and indexed by measures suggested by information theory. Variances of competing models are compared only when the procedures meet the privacy requirements in terms of not exceeding the maximal jeopardizing information allowable for the particular application. The approach is illustrated through developing minimum variance under given jeopardizing information restrictions for a general dichotomous-population-dichotomous-response model.
85 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that if trypan blue in teratogenic doses similarly inhibits pinocytosis by the yolk sac during the organogenetic period teratogenesis might result from a transient interruption in the flow of metabolites through theYolk sac to the embryo.
Abstract: Day 17.5 yolk sacs from rats injected with partially denatured 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin (I-BSA) were cultured in vitro by a raft technique. The rates of release of [125I] iodotyrosine were similar in control yolk sacs and in yolk sacs from rats preinjected with trypan blue. Day 17.5 rat yolk sacs were also cultured in medium containing I-BSA. Following pinocytic uptake the substrate was degraded intracellularly and [125I]iodotyrosine released into the medium. Trypan blue, when present in the medium in concentrations above 100 ug/ml, inhibited pinocytosis of I-BSA and so decreased the rate of [125I]iodotyrosine production. Trypan blue similarly decreased the rate of pinocytic uptake of 125I-labeled polyvitiylpyrrolidone. Pinocytic uptake of macromolecules was not decreased in yolk sacs from rats pretreated with trypan blue. The relevance of these results to the mechanism of teratogenic action of trypan blue is discussed. It is proposed that if trypan blue in teratogenic doses similarly inhibits pinocytosis by the yolk sac during the organogenetic period teratogenests might result from a transient interruption in the flow of metabolites through the yolk sac to the embryo.
70 citations
60 citations
53 citations
TL;DR: Five experiments are described which examine relationships between the design of lecture handouts and students’ note‐taking practices, and indicate that note‐ taking practices vary as a function of the designed handouts.
Abstract: In this paper five experiments are described which examine relationships between the design of lecture handouts and students’ note‐taking practices. The experiments look at the effects on note‐taking of (i) the presence of a handout; (ii) deleting items in order to provide more space on a handout; (iii) increasing the amount of space between items on a handout; and (iv) omitting words and phrases on the handout which have to be completed by the student during the lecture. The results in each experiment indicate that note‐taking practices vary as a function of the design of lecture handouts.
52 citations
TL;DR: Larvae from treated eggs from both the halved and intact cysts had a higher water content than controls and reasons are advanced for the view that the hatching factor may work via a neurosecretory mechanism.
Abstract: 1. Larvae-containing eggs of the potato cyst nematode were soaked in root diffusate in artificial tap water or in artificial tap water alone. In one experiment, the eggs were still contained in intact cysts; in another experiment they were in a halved cyst. 2. Eggs were ruptured after 0–5 days treatment and the water content of the liberated larvae immediately estimated by interference microscopy. 3. Larvae from treated eggs from both the halved and intact cysts had a higher water content than controls. 4. Larvae liberated from treated eggs from the halved cyst reached their maximum water content after 24 h treatment; those from intact cysts attained the same value after 2 days. The delay, for the intact cyst, is in keeping with the hatching response for intact cysts and supports the view that the results for water content are due to the activity of the hatching factor. 5. Reasons are advanced for the view that the hatching factor may work via a neurosecretory mechanism.
50 citations
TL;DR: This chapter describes seven different methods for the micro determination of ecdysones, and with the exception of the acid-induced fluorescence method, they can all be applied to the analysis of ecDysones in biological material.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Growth and development in arthropods (insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) are dependent upon a periodic shedding of the hard exoskeleton, through a complex process of new cuticle formation, apolysis, and ecdysis, and this can be further complicated by metamorphosis from juvenile to pupal or adult forms. The naming of ecdysones is unsystematic and sometimes confusing. The physiological role of ecdysones in insects has been reviewed recently; the essential details are known, but hedged with uncertainties. Prompted by unknown stimuli, a proteinaceous brain hormone activates the prothoracic gland, which secretes a substance, which is converted to ecdysone, or is ecdysone itself, which in turn is transformed into ecdysterone somewhere in the abdomen, probably the oenocytes, and then travels to the epithelium, possibly by direct action on chromosones to cause “puffing” and synthesis of mRNA for specific proteins and enzymes for ecdysis. This chapter describes seven different methods for the micro determination of ecdysones. With the exception of the acid-induced fluorescence method, they can all be applied to the analysis of ecdysones in biological material. The remaining six methods are contrasted in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, ease of application to routine samples, degree of skill required for their operation, and relative cost per analysis.
TL;DR: A stroking perceptual effect which invites inte~retation in simtlar terms is observed using an electronic CRT display designed primarily for visual neurophysiology, and z-modulation is derived from digital hardware circuitry.
TL;DR: The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in preparations obtained by lysis of spheroplasts of three species of blue-green algae was found to be 1.5- to 5-fold higher at 20°C than that of RuDP carboxyase, suggesting that these algae may have the ability to fix carbon dioxide by a C4 pathway.
TL;DR: A considerable number of texts of official pronouncements of Roman emperors (which will be referred to, rather inaccurately, as constitutions, for the sake of brevity) have been preserved on inscriptions, in papyri and in the writings of the classical jurists and the imperial Codes as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A considerable number of texts of official pronouncements of Roman emperors (which will be referred to, rather inaccurately, as constitutions, for the sake of brevity) have been preserved on inscriptions, in papyri and in the writings of the classical jurists and the imperial Codes. Such texts provide the kind of documentary evidence which is regarded by historians of more recent periods as primary material, as narrative histories and biographies are not. Such rigour is not possible in Roman history, but it is clearly desirable to make the best use of these documents, especially in a period such as that between Hadrian and Commodus, when they are especially plentiful but, as far as literary sources go, there is not even the doubtful light of a panegyric to supplement the glimmerings of an epitome. But the kind of use to which they are put depends on the question of their authorship: are they to be treated as the work of the individual emperors in whose names they were issued, or of a civil service which continued to operate in much the same way while emperors came and went? The latter hypothesis has commonly been taken for granted until recently, even if not explicitly stated and argued for. In 1967 Millar showed that all the external descriptions of the methods of work of the emperors took it for granted that the emperors normally dealt in person with problems presented to them and produced the constitutions issued in their names themselves: hence those who wished to uphold the second hypothesis described above would have to prove that ‘vast ranges of imperial business were handled by the bureaux in private, systematically concealed from the view of our literary sources.’
TL;DR: The method has been applied to the determination of ecdysones in the fourth and fifth instars of the desert locust.
TL;DR: More than 40,000 km of bathymetric, magnetic, and gravity data and 2,000km of seismic-reflection data were obtained in 1971 and 1972 aboard the NOAA ships Researcher and Discoverer over the Barbados Ridge complex and the adjacent southwestern North Atlantic.
Abstract: More than 40,000 km of bathymetric, magnetic, and gravity data and 2,000 km of seismic-reflection data were obtained in 1971 and 1972 aboard the NOAA ships Researcher and Discoverer over the Barbados Ridge complex and the adjacent southwestern North Atlantic. Most of the tracklines were oriented east-west and spaced closely (20 km) to attempt correlation between adjacent lines. About a dozen long, north-south-trending tracklines provided control on the structural variations in that direction. From bathymetric and magnetic data it was established that from the Late Cretaceous to Holocene the development of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in this area is essentially the same as in the rest of the North Atlantic. Indications for relatively recent tectonic activity were found on some seismic records along several east-west faults, some of which were in alignment with offset zones of the magnetic-anomaly lineations. The implicit suggestion is that intraplate tectonic activity is common, and that the western extension or "dead traces" of transform faults may provide avenues where the accumulated tectonic energy within the oceanic plate is released. The influence of many of the major east-west faults extends westward from the Atlantic basin across the Barbados Ridge complex to the platform of the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc. Major topographic changes, as well as changes in the character of the geophysical anomalies and in the chemistry of the volcanic rocks across the fault lines suggest that the faults have played a significant role in the evolution of this area. As these faults apparently have affected the structure west of the shallow earthquake belt and the axis of the gravity minima, this area appears ideal to study possible anomalies in the subduction process or, perhaps, the applicability of the concept itself.
TL;DR: The hydroxyl groups of 20-hydroxyecdysone react with trimethylsilylimidazole with varying ease, in the positional order 2,3,22,25 ⪢ 20⪢ 14 as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, a group of eleven-year-old children who say they are often bored in their spare time are identified and compared with the remainder of the N.C.D.S. sample and found to be of lower social class and to come from larger families.
Abstract: SUMMARY Using data from the National Child Development Study, a group of eleven-year-old children who say they are often bored in their spare time are identified. They are compared with the remainder of the N.C.D.S. sample and found, on average, to be of lower social class and to come from larger families. Their leisure activities are reported to be less varied but, according to mothers' ratings, this is not due to lesser provision of facilities. Evidence of lower school attainment and poorer adjustment to school is also presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the seasonal movements of buffalo in the Canadian Plains during the fur trade period were examined using primary accounts of fur traders and missionaries, and it was shown that a regular mi...
Abstract: This paper examines the seasonal movements of buffalo in the Canadian Plains during the furtrade period. Using the primary accounts of fur traders and missionaries, it demonstrates thata regular mi...
TL;DR: Ethological tests have shown that three effects recognized earlier for the Dufour's gland can be attributed to these components: acetaldehyde synergized by ethanol produces an attractive effect on foraging workers, and changes in sinuosity of movement are induced by ethanol synergizing by butanone.
TL;DR: This note describes a method for rapidly measuring the latency of a steady-state visual evoked potential (EP) by running three Fourier analysers in parallel.
TL;DR: This repor t describes the responses of sus ta ined and t rans ien t cells recorded f rom the l amina t ed la teral genicula te ( L G N d ) and media l i n t e rl amina r (MIN) nucle i of the lateral geniculas te complex to tex tured 'no ise ' st imuli.
Abstract: Light and dark edges and bars have b e e n used extensively in s ingle-uni t studies at var ious levels of the cat 's visual system. However , in recent reports f rom this labora tory , H a m m o n d and MacKay (1975a, b, 1976) have demons t r a t ed that s imple and complex cells in the cat 's striate cortex are differential ly sensit ive to mo t ion of tex tured 'visual noise ' . This repor t describes the responses of sus ta ined and t rans ien t cells recorded f rom the l amina t ed la teral genicula te ( L G N d ) and media l i n t e r l amina r (MIN) nucle i of the lateral genicula te complex to tex tured 'no ise ' st imuli (see lower inset, Fig. 1).
TL;DR: The results indicate that the entire lysosome population is impermeable to glycogen and maltose, but a proportion of lysOSomes are permeable to alpha-fluoroglucoside and a still higher proportion permeables to p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucosidase.
Abstract: The latency of the alpha-glucosidase activity of intact rat liver lysosomes was studied by using four substrates (glycogen, maltose, p-nitrophenyl, alpha-glucoside, alpha-fluoroglucoside) at a range of substrate concentrations The results indicate that the entire lysosome population is impermeable to glycogen and maltose, but a proportion of lysosomes are permeable to alpha-fluoroglucoside and a still higher proportion permeable to p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside Incubation at 37 degrees C in an osmotically protected buffer of of pH 50 caused lysosomes to become permeable to previously impermeant substrates and ultimately to release their alpha-glucosidase into the medium The latencies of lysosomal beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase were examined by using p-nitrophenyl beta-glucoside and beta-galactoside as substrates The results indicate permeability properties to these substrates similar to that to p-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside On incubation in an osmotically protected buffer of pH 5, lysosomes progressively released their beta-galactosidase in soluble form, but beta-glucosidase remained attached to sedimentable material Lysosomal beta-glucosidase was inhibited by 01% Triton X-100; alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase were not inhibited
TL;DR: Junius II in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, is the only one of the four principal manuscripts of Old English poetry to be illustrated as mentioned in this paper, and the pictures are important not only because they form the most extensive sets of Genesis illustrations of the early Middle Ages but also because the text which they illustrate is a composite one, 600 lines of which were translated into Old English from an Old Saxon poem probably of the second quarter of the ninth century.
Abstract: Junius II in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, is the only one of the four principal manuscripts of Old English poetry to be illustrated. The pictures are important not only because they form one of the most extensive sets of Genesis illustrations of the early Middle Ages but also because the text which they illustrate is a composite one, 600 lines of which were translated into Old English from an Old Saxon poem probably of the second quarter of the ninth century. By tracing the sources of these illustrations one can throw light on the history and transmission of the text as well as on the history of manuscript art in the late Anglo-Saxon period.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the results of fabric analysis of pebble, granule, sand, silt and clay in small depositional landforms beneath currently-active glaciers are described.
Abstract: The distinction between clast-dominant, matrix-dominant and well-graded tills is important in view of the influence of texture on the definition and function of till fines. Till fabric includes a wide range of features of both primary and secondary origin including folds, thrusts, fissures (the macrofabric), disposition of clasts (the mesofabric) and organization of the matrix (the microfabric). The results of fabric analysis of pebble, granule, sand, silt and clay in small depositional landforms beneath currently-active glaciers are described. Deformation fabrics are distinguished in freshly deposited end moraines and flutes. The sand-size material in deformed till may or may not behave in the same way as larger clasts, depending on the degree to which the till is matrix-dominant. While clasts in saturated subglacial till tend to align themselves sub-parallel to the depositional surface, the matrix usually retains abundant pore spaces. With slow, unloaded drainage, clast fabrics appear to be little modified. Such material is potentially unstable and any subsequent increase in overburden and hydraulic pressures may cause slope collapse and flowtill development. It is concluded that examination of a wide range of fabric parameters provides a means of distinguishing tills of diverse origins and of assessing their potential instability.
TL;DR: In this article, levels of concept acquisition in terms of attribute perception were examined for 20 different chemical concepts featuring in GCE O-level school chemistry courses and the instrument used was a "concept perception" test describing concept attributes in a hierarchical sequence ranging from a specific, concrete level to a generalised abstract level.
Abstract: Summary. Levels of concept acquisition in terms of attribute perception were examined for 20 different chemical concepts featuring in GCE O-level school chemistry courses. The instrument used was a ‘concept perception’ test describing concept attributes in a hierarchical sequence ranging from a specific, concrete level to a generalised abstract level. This test was administered to 560 14 to 16-year-old secondary school pupils. Findings indicate that levels of concept acquisition change significantly from the concrete to the abstract description with the advancement of students from the third to the fifth form level, but the absolute level of the association of concept labels with their abstract interpretation is generally low even at the highest educational level examined. The adjustment from concrete to abstract attributes of chemical concepts appears strongly dependent on the length of concept maturation periods, but is not influenced by students' IQ levels.
TL;DR: A simple, parallel-mode tactile transducer for extracting three-dimensional digital representations of complex engineering components is proposed and algorithms for computer processing of the tactile information to produce a compact structural description of the scrutinized object are evolved.
Abstract: A simple, parallel-mode tactile transducer for extracting three-dimensional digital representations of complex engineering components is proposed. In addition, algorithms for computer processing of the tactile information to produce a compact structural description of the scrutinized object are evolved. The possibility exists that these techniques might be applied to future generations of automatic assembly machines with sensory feedback.
TL;DR: Solutions of DNA, spin-labelled with the radical cation of chlorpromazine, were used to produce oriented species of fibres pulled from a gel obtained by ultracentrifugation, and the electron spin resonance spectra are given.
Abstract: Solutions of DNA, spin-labelled with the radical cation of chlorpromazine, were used to produce oriented species of fibres pulled from a gel obtained by ultracentrifugation. The electron spin resonance spectra, recorded at X and Q band frequencies, are given for both gel and fibres; 14N hyperfine coupling parameters were obtained by computer fitting. The spectra are explained in terms of a strongly immobilized label having one principal hyperfine tensor axis parallel to the axis of the DNA helix, and the preferential orientation of the chlorpromazine ions with their planes perpendicular to the DNA helical axis.
TL;DR: Homogenates of rat kidney cortex obtained 1,3 or 14 days after a single injection of HgCl2 were used to prepare the post-microsomal pH5 supernatant fraction, and the activity of this fraction for peptide synthesis from [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA was significantly increased at 1 and 3 days, at which time the proximal tubules are regenerating.
Abstract: Homogenates of rat kidney cortex obtained 1,3 or 14 days after a single injection of HgCl2 were used to prepare the post-microsomal pH5 supernatant fraction. The activity of this fraction for peptide synthesis from [14C]phenylalanyl-tRNA was significantly increased at 1 and 3 days, at which time the proximal tubules are regenerating [Cuppage & Tate (1967) Am. J. Pathol. 51, 405-429]. This increased activity could not be attributed to a decreased inhibitory activity, but was due to an increased aminoacyl-tRNA binding, i.e. elongation-factor-1 activity, in the supernatant fraction.
TL;DR: The lower incorporation with dystrophic muscle pH 5 supernatant was not due to altered activity of ribonuclease, elongation factors, proteolytic enzymes, GTP or sulfhydryl reagents, but was attributable to the presence of activity that was inhibitory to protein synthesis.