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Showing papers by "Keele University published in 2001"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Knee osteoarthritis sufficiently severe to consider joint replacement represents a minority of all knee pain and disability suffered by older people and healthcare provision in primary care needs to focus on this broader group to impact on community levels of pain and Disability.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis is the single most common cause of disability in older adults, and most patients with the condition will be managed in the community and primary care. AIM To discuss case definition of knee osteoarthritis for primary care and to summarise the burden of the condition in the community and related use of primary health care in the United Kingdom. DESIGN Narrative review. METHOD A literature search identified studies of incidence and prevalence of knee pain, disability, and radiographic osteoarthritis in the general population, and data related to primary care consultations. Findings from UK studies were summarised with reference to European and international studies. RESULTS During a one year period 25% of people over 55 years have a persistent episode of knee pain, of whom about one in six in the UK and the Netherlands consult their general practitioner about it in the same time period. The prevalence of painful disabling knee osteoarthritis in people over 55 years is 10%, of whom one quarter are severely disabled. CONCLUSION Knee osteoarthritis sufficiently severe to consider joint replacement represents a minority of all knee pain and disability suffered by older people. Healthcare provision in primary care needs to focus on this broader group to impact on community levels of pain and disability.

1,243 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of these calculations with those carried out using Zerner's frequently used INDO/S method is described and discussed, and it is shown that for these species, and probably for all non-solvatochromic species in general, INDO-S is a good model reproducing very well the results of the computationally much more demanding but also more reliable TD-DFRT calculations.

896 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This approach aims to map the neural substrates of consciousness at the level of large-scale, emergent and transient dynamical patterns of brain activity, and suggests that the processes crucial for consciousness cut across the brain-body-world divisions, rather than being brain-bound neural events.

866 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recent studies in patients with asthma and cutaneous basal cell carcinoma that demonstrate associations between GSTP1 and GSTT1 genotypes and disease phenotypes indicate the importance of GST polymorphism in determining disease phenotype.
Abstract: The loci encoding the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes comprise a large supergene family located on at least seven chromosomes. The function of the GST enzymes has traditionally been considered to be the detoxication of electrophiles by glutathione conjugation. A wide variety of endogenous (e.g. by-products of reactive oxygen species activity) and exogenous (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) electrophilic substrates have been identified. Interestingly, recent data has suggested a role, at least for the pi class gene product, in jun kinase inhibition. Since many GST genes are polymorphic, there has been considerable interest in determining whether particular allelic variants are associated with altered risk (or outcome) of a variety of diseases. We describe recent studies in patients with asthma and cutaneous basal cell carcinoma that demonstrate associations between GSTP1 and GSTT1 genotypes and disease phenotypes. Thus, GSTP1val105/val105 was protective against asthma symptoms and GSTT1 null was associated with a subgroup of basal cell carcinoma patients who develop large numbers of primary tumours in clusters. Importantly, these associations were characterised by relatively large odds ratios (0.11 and 7.4, respectively) implying that the allelic variants exert a substantial biological effect. These and other data indicate the importance of GST polymorphism in determining disease phenotype.

755 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors focused on the experiences of non-traditional applicants to higher education and highlighted key class and racial differences and inequalities in higher education choice process, highlighting important causes for concern as well as reasons for celebration.
Abstract: This paper draws on data from an on-going ESRC project on choice of higher education. It focuses primarily on the experiences of non-traditional applicants to higher education. Although these students are not typical of the entire university entry cohort, their narratives raise important issues in relation to race, class and higher education choice processes. These `success stories' reveal important causes for concern as well as reasons for celebration. In particular, their experiences of the choice process are qualitatively different from those of their more privileged middle-class counterparts, highlighting key class and racial differences and inequalities.

667 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that women report more distress and chronic conditions than men, but gender differences are reversed for heavy drinking, and negligible for self-rated health and restricted activity.

494 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: An all-high-latitude sky survey for cool carbon giant stars in the Galactic halo has revealed 75 such stars, of which the majority are new detections. Of these, more than half are clustered on a great circle on the sky that intersects the center of Sagittarius dwarf galaxy and is parallel to its proper-motion vector, while many of the remainder are outlying Magellanic Cloud carbon stars. Previous numerical experiments regarding the disruption of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy (the closest of the Galactic satellite galaxies) predicted that the effect of the strong tides, during its repeated close encounters with the Milky Way, would be to slowly disrupt that galaxy. Because of the small velocity dispersion of the disrupted particles, these disperse slowly along (approximately) the orbital path of the progenitor, eventually giving rise to a very long stream of tidal debris surrounding our Galaxy. The more recently disrupted fragments of this stream should contain a mix of stellar populations similar to that found in the progenitor, which includes giant carbon stars. Given the measured position and velocity of the Sagittarius dwarf, we first integrate its orbit assuming a standard spherical model for the Galactic potential and find both that the path of the orbit intersects the position of the stream and that the radial velocity of the orbit, as viewed from the solar position, agrees very well with the observed radial velocities of the carbon stars. We also present a pole-count analysis of the carbon star distribution, which clearly indicates that the great circle stream we have isolated is statistically significant, being a 5-6 σ overdensity. These two arguments strongly support our conclusion that a large fraction of the halo carbon stars originated in the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. The stream orbits the Galaxy between the present location of the Sagittarius dwarf, 16 kpc from the Galactic center, and the most distant stream carbon star, at ~60 kpc. It follows neither a polar nor a Galactic plane orbit, so that a large range in both Galactic R- and z-distances is probed. That the stream is observed as a great circle indicates that the Galaxy does not exert a significant torque on the stream, so the Galactic potential must be nearly spherical in the regions probed by the stream. Furthermore, the radial mass distribution of the halo must allow a particle at the position and with the velocity of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy to reach the distance of the furthest stream carbon stars. Thus, the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy tidal stream gives a very powerful means to constrain the mass distribution it resides in, that is, the dark halo. We present N-body experiments simulating this disruption process as a function of the distribution of mass in the Galactic halo. A likelihood analysis shows that, in the Galactocentric distance range 16 kpc < R < 60 kpc, the dark halo is most likely almost spherical. We rule out, at high confidence levels, the possibility that the halo is significantly oblate, with isodensity contours of aspect qm < 0.7. This result is quite unexpected and contests currently popular galaxy formation models.

494 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2001-Pain
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that established risk factors for chronic pain predict future episodes of neck pain, and shown that in addition a history of neck injury is an independent and distinct risk factor.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to examine the 1-year cumulative incidence of episodic neck pain and to explore its associations with individual risk factors, including a history of previous neck injury. A baseline cross-sectional survey of an adult general population sample made up of all 7669 adults aged 18-75 years, registered with two family practices in South Manchester, United Kingdom, identified the study population of adults with no current neck pain. This study population was surveyed again 12 months later to identify all those who had experienced neck pain during the follow-up period. At follow-up, cumulative 1-year episode incidence of neck pain was estimated at 17.9% (95% confidence interval 16.0-19.7%). Incidence was independent of age, but was more common in women. A history of previous neck injury at baseline was a significant risk factor for subsequent neck pain in the follow-up year (risk ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.2-2.5), independent of gender and psychological status. Other independent baseline risk factors for subsequent neck pain included number of children, poor self-assessed health, poor psychological status and a past history of low back pain. We have carried out a prospective study in a general population sample and demonstrated that established risk factors for chronic pain predict future episodes of neck pain, and shown that in addition a history of neck injury is an independent and distinct risk factor. This finding may have major public health and medicolegal implications.

464 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that anxiety should be viewed as a dimensional construct and that the multidimensionality of state and trait Anxiety should be considered in both theory and assessment.

435 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ability of several cell lines to internalise labelled polystyrene microsphere of different sizes is characterized and a good correlation was found between the uptake of 560-nm microspheres and the uptakeof a peptide-DNA polyplex formulation, when it was prepared under conditions leading to small particle sizes.

406 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the mean magnitude relative error (MMRE) and the number of predictions within 25% of the actual, pred(25) are measures of the spread and the kurtosis of the variable z, where z =estimate/actual.
Abstract: Provides the software estimation research community with a better understanding of the meaning of, and relationship between, two statistics that are often used to assess the accuracy of predictive models: the mean magnitude relative error (MMRE) and the number of predictions within 25% of the actual, pred(25). It is demonstrated that MMRE and pred(25) are, respectively, measures of the spread and the kurtosis of the variable z, where z=estimate/actual. Thus, z is considered to be a measure of accuracy, and statistics such as MMRE and pred(25) to be measures of properties of the distribution of z. It is suggested that measures of the central location and skewness of z, as well as measures of spread and kurtosis, are necessary. Furthermore, since the distribution of z is non-normal, non-parametric measures of these properties may be needed. For this reason, box-plots of z are useful alternatives to simple summary metrics. It is also noted that the simple residuals are better behaved than the z variable, and could also be used as the basis for comparing prediction systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This series of articles shares with you the lessons learned from applying and evaluating research methods and their results, in the hope of improving survey research in software engineering.
Abstract: This article is the fifth installment of our series of articles on survey research. In it, we discuss what we mean by a population and a sample and the implications of each for survey research. We ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test the viability of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a means of identifying unfolding episodes of everyday musical experience, and examine the impact of the ESM on musical experience.
Abstract: The aim of this exploratory study was to (a) test the viability of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a means of identifying unfolding episodes of everyday musical experience, (b) examine the ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the detection of a radio-emitting jet from the blackhole candidate and X-ray binary source Cygnus X-1 was presented. But this was done using milliarcsecond resolution observations with the VLBA at 15.4 GHz.
Abstract: We present the detection of a radio-emitting jet from the black-hole candidate and X-ray binary source Cygnus X-1. Evidence of a bright core with a slightly extended structure was found on milliarcsecond resolution observations with the VLBA at 15.4 GHz. Later observations with the VLBA (and including the phased up VLA) at 8.4 GHz show an extended jet-like feature extending to approx. 15 mas from a core region, with an opening angle of 0.6c) jet during this state.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the detection of a radio-emitting jet from the black hole candidate and X-ray binary source Cygnus X-1 was presented, with an opening angle of ǫ 0.6c.
Abstract: We present the detection of a radio-emitting jet from the black hole candidate and X-ray binary source Cygnus X-1. Evidence of a bright core with a slightly extended structure was found on milliarcsecond resolution observations with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 15.4 GHz. Later observations with the VLBA [and including the phased-up, Very Large Array (VLA)] at 8.4 GHz show an extended jet-like feature extending to ∼ 15 mas from a core region, with an opening angle of 0.6c) jet during this state.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared different writing selfefficacy scales differing in response format and found that a scale with a 0-100 format was psychometrically stronger than a scale using a traditional Likert format.
Abstract: Writing self-efficacy scales differing in response format were compared. A scale with a 0-100 format was psychometrically stronger than a scale with a traditional Likert format.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of either dextran or polyvinyl alcohol, yielding cluster- and necklace-like aggregates, respectively as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors carried out a series of experiments using a karst-analogue set-up in a chamber of constant temperature and 100% humidity, where NaHCO3 and CaCl2 solutions at PCO2 around 10−3 were mixed just before passage through a tube and allowed to drip onto a surface, analogous to a stalagmite.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Indicators of the metabolic syndrome are moderately stable from childhood and adolescence into young adulthood, and principal components analysis revealed a composite risk factor index (RFI) of 0.46.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The oxidation potentials have been established, showing that, in Triton X-100 micelles, lycopene is the easiest carotenoid to oxidize to its radical cation and astaxanthin is the most difficult.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2001
TL;DR: It is concluded that problems with use and limited impact on learning and teaching are more likely to occur where teachers fail to appreciate that interactivity requires a new approach to pedagogy.
Abstract: This article reports on the impact on teaching of the introduction of interactive whiteboard technology into one secondary comprehensive school. It uses research evidence from a whole-staff questionnaire and in-depth structured interviews with one third of the staff. It outlines the views of both staff and students and describes the use, learning and teaching implications, problems and potential of the technology. Findings are related to two typologies – that of use as an aid to efficiency, extension or transformation in teaching, and that of teacher attitudes as missioners, tentatives or Luddites. It concludes that problems with use and limited impact on learning and teaching are more likely to occur where teachers fail to appreciate that interactivity requires a new approach to pedagogy. Training and personal development involving coaching and mutually reflective activity is of the greatest help to staff

Journal ArticleDOI
Ilan Kapoor1
TL;DR: It is concluded that, while participation is conducive to a localized and inclusive approach to EM, many questions remain about the extent to which it is meaningful in practice or can be institutionalized.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that study methods may influence reported surgical outcome, and guidelines for improving study design in this area of clinical research are suggested.
Abstract: Achilles tendinopathy is often treated surgically after failure of nonoperative management, but results are not uniformly excellent. We critically assessed the methods of 26 studies that reported surgical outcomes of patients with this condition. Using 10 previously published criteria, and blinded to study outcomes, we derived a "methodology score" (0 to 100) for each study. This score was highly reproducible (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). Scores were generally low concerning the type of study, subject selection process, and outcome measures, which indicates methods deficiency in the way the study was designed, performed, and analyzed. We found a negative correlation between reported success rate and overall methods scores (r = -0.53, P < 0.01), and a positive correlation between year of publication and overall methods score (r = 0.70, P < 0.01). Study methods may influence reported surgical outcome, and we suggest guidelines for improving study design in this area of clinical research. We acknowledge that study methods have improved over the course of the past 20 years.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss "informed consent" in relation to research with children and young people in educational settings, and reflect upon issues that arose in the process of gaining their active consent to participate in the authors' research on children's understandings of parental involvement in education.
Abstract: This article discusses 'informed consent' in relation to research with children and young people in educational settings. In particular, it reflects upon issues that arose in the process of gaining their active consent to participate in the authors' research on children's understandings of parental involvement in education. In line with contemporary approaches to research with children, the children were provided with 'information' through leaflets and classroom activities in order for them to make 'choices' about participation. On reflection, these methods can be seen as distinctly educational, in that they drew on liberal education discourses and on practices adopted in 'progressive' British schooling. The children and young people's responses to the consent processes must be seen in the context of the authors' implicit use of broadly pedagogic approaches, and of the research taking place in a school setting inscribed with differential power relations. The authors therefore interrogate the concept of 'i...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the issue of trust as it currently appears in the newest of these distribution channels, online and Internet financial services, and smart cards, and attempt a more nuanced exploration by focusing on attempts to manage' trust, the problems such attempts encounter, the various techniques employed in their resolution and the power relations in which they are embedded.
Abstract: In recent years, the topic of trust has become the focus of renewed attention in organizational theory and research and, in particular, where electronic distribution and associated `virtual' forms of organizing are prevalent. The question of trust, always an issue in financial transactions, is exacerbated the more the physical element is removed. The paper focuses on the issue of trust as it currently appears in the newest of these distribution channels, online and Internet financial services, and smart cards. In both theory and practice, notions of trust are often opposed to concepts such as power or control, and are deployed as part of a dualistic either/or proposition. Drawing on ongoing research in the financial services sector, the paper attempts a more nuanced exploration by focusing on attempts to `manage' trust, the problems such attempts encounter, the various techniques employed in their resolution and the power relations in which they are embedded

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of riparian zone hydrology, lithology and redox chemistry on groundwater phosphate dynamics was examined in a forested floodplain connected to a large upland sand aquifer in an agricultural region of southern Ontario.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is the first systematic evaluation of the role of hydrocarbon classes as recognition cues and begins to define the recognition signature within the cuticular profile for a genus regarded as a model organism for the study of recognition in animals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the spatial variations in trace element (Sr, Mg and P) concentrations in speleothems (a stalagmite and a soda straw stalactite) from the alpine Ernesto cave (temperature 6.6±0.1°C) in a forested catchment in NE Italy have been studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and compared with environmental parameters and waters in the modern cave.