Showing papers by "Keele University published in 2022"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors exploit the effective use of the state-of-the-art CNN, YOLO-V5, in detecting date palm trees in images captured by a camera onboard of a drone flying 122m above farmlands in the Northern Emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate factors associated with intention to have the COVID-19 vaccination following initiation of the UK national vaccination programme and investigate associations between intention to be vaccinated and sociodemographic factors.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of police psychology in shaping encounters with "citizens" is explored. But, despite widespread empirical support for Procedural Justice Theory, understanding the role and role of psychology in police psychology is relatively opaque.
Abstract: Despite widespread empirical support for Procedural Justice Theory, understanding the role of police psychology in shaping encounters with ‘citizens’ is relatively opaque. This article seeks to add...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model-free deep reinforcement learning algorithm Rainbow Deep Q-Networks is used to control a battery in a microgrid to perform energy arbitrage and more efficiently utilize solar and wind energy sources.
15 citations
TL;DR: A review of the most recent advances in the manufacturing of vascular-like structures, especially techniques involving additive manufacturing, or 3D and 4D printing, can be found in this article.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a systematic review was conducted to investigate whether patient characteristics have an influence in the clinical outcomes of MPFL reconstruction for patients with patellofemoral instability, including gender, age, and the time elapsed from the first dislocation to surgery.
Abstract: Evidence concerning the influence gender, age, and the time elapsed from the first dislocation to surgery in the outcomes of Medial Patella Femoral Ligament (MPFL) reconstruction are lacking. This systematic review was conducted to investigate whether patient characteristics have an influence in the clinical outcomes of MPFL reconstruction for patients with patellofemoral instability.This study followed the PRISMA guidelines. The main databases were accessed in February 2021. All the studies reporting outcomes of primary MPFL reconstruction in patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability were considered for inclusion. A multivariate analysis diagnostic tool was used to analyse the association between age, gender and time from injury to surgery and the surgical outcomes at last follow-up.A total of 50 articles (2037 procedures) were included. The mean follow-up was 40.90 ± 24.8 months. The mean age was 23.6 ± 3.9 years. 64.3% (1309 of 2037 patients) were female. The mean time from injury to surgery was 64.5 ± 48.9 months. Women showed no statistically significant association with the Kujala score or complications. Older patients had a reduced risk to incur re-dislocations (P = 0.01) and revisions (P = 0.01). Longer time from injury to surgery was associated with greater risk to incur re-dislocations (P = 0.01), and with lower Kujala score (P < 0.0001). No other statistically significant association was evidenced.The time span from the first patellar dislocation to the surgical reconstruction was a negative prognostic factor, while sex had no influence on surgical outcomes. The role of patients age on surgical outcomes remains unclear.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a survey of Indian female consumers using the theoretical constructs of consumer's buying motives and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model is conducted.
Abstract: • The antecedents of Blockchain-Enabled E-commerce Platform (BEEP) adoption for secondhand apparel retailing are identified. • A framework based on consumers’ buying motives and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model is developed. • Economic motives, hedonic motives, critical motives, performance expectancy, facilitating conditions and attitude explain BEEP acceptance for secondhand apparel shopping. • Risk of contamination increases BEEP adoption intention and mediates the relationship between fashion motives and intention. • BEEP is recommended to eliminate the risks associated with secondhand apparel. • BEEP diffusion increases secondhand apparel purchase, reduces waste, and promotes the circular economy (CE) in turn. Increasingly, the apparel industry generates enormous waste and pollution causing extreme water scarcity in emerging economies, where circular economy (CE) adoption can help to alleviate these pressing issues of this century. Environmentally conscious consumers gradually switch to purchasing secondhand clothes, prompting apparel companies to reposition their brands on sustainability dimensions. Nevertheless, buying secondhand apparel comes with a risk of counterfeiting and authenticity of the products. Blockchain can be an effective technology for tracking and tracing the products to their origin if effectively implemented in the apparel industry. In this study, we identify and analyze the antecedents to Blockchain-Enabled E-commerce Platform (BEEP) adoption in secondhand apparel retailing. We conducted a survey of Indian female consumers using the theoretical constructs of consumer’s buying motives and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. The results show that buying motives (namely economic motives, hedonic motives and critical motives) and UTAUT constructs (viz. performance expectancy, facilitating conditions and attitude) explain BEEP acceptance for secondhand apparel shopping. Risk of contamination increases BEEP adoption intention and also mediates the relationship between fashion motives and intention. Blockchain technology promotes behavioral intention towards online second-hand fashion clothing shopping, and by so doing reduces waste and promotes CE.
11 citations
TL;DR: The DISCO RADIAL trial as discussed by the authors provides the first large-scale multicenter randomized evidence comparing DRA to TRA in patients scheduled for coronary angiography or PCI with respect to the incidence of RAO at discharge.
9 citations
TL;DR: For example, this article investigated the percentage of people who thought side effects from COVID-19 vaccination were likely and investigate factors associated with side-effect expectation, such as older age, being clinically extremely vulnerable, being afraid of needles, lower perceived social norms for COVID19 vaccination, and perceived lack of information about vaccination and vaccination.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a systematic analysis of the structure-performance relationship using chemometric techniques, which can be applied to sensor arrays with varying response patterns, was performed to demonstrate how structural and physical properties impact the performance of zeolite-modified potentiometric sensors.
Abstract: Developing simple and cost-effective electrochemical sensors for widespread on-site application is of considerable practical importance in agriculture, environmental monitoring and food science. Among multiple sensing platforms, potentiometry is particularly effective in terms of simplicity, low cost and mass-production. This work is focused on a systematic analysis of the structure – performance relationship using chemometric techniques, which can be applied to sensor arrays with varying response patterns. The potentiometric sensitivity of zeolite-modified electrodes, containing thirteen synthetic and three natural zeolites, in aqueous solutions of Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ has been correlated with a range of zeolite characteristics using PCA and PLS modelling, thus demonstrating how structural and physical properties impact the performance of zeolite-modified potentiometric sensors. In addition to steric factors, e.g. zeolite pore size, the important characteristics governing the sensor performance are the Si/Al ratio and the presence of specific extraframework cations. For instance, K+ and Na+ show a strong effect on the potentiometric sensitivity towards Ca2+. The level of precision achieved by the PLS models indicates that semi-quantitative predictions are feasible. To improve the computational models, larger sets of data with a wider range of zeolite-modified sensors are necessary. The constituent materials of such sensors should have a set of well-defined properties, which can be controlled and tuned for a particular application. It is anticipated that synthetic rather than natural zeolites would satisfy such requirements.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a case study strategy of an SME in Argentina was conducted to obtain insights regarding the experiences, perceptions and opinions about how achieving trust acts as an instrument of partners' support during an uncertain time.
Abstract: The paper explores the process of trust-building between SMEs' supply chain partners in turbulent times in emerging economies. It focuses on the role of environmental information exchange in strengthening relationships and improving responsiveness to overcome uncertainty while understanding and adapting to the changing environmental realities. A case study strategy of an SME in Argentina was conducted to obtain insights regarding the experiences, perceptions and opinions about how achieving trust acts as an instrument of partners' support during an uncertain time. A series of semi-structured interviews were conducted in Argentina and China to collect empirical data. Data were analyzed to understand partners' mutual support and the emergence of trust. The importance of supply chain partnership is that partners go to the market together, meaning that there are more opportunities to benefit from for each partner. The results demonstrate that it is incorrect to assume that an SME can prosper alone in an unknown landscape. However, because of their responsiveness and experience in operating in a turbulent working environment, decision-makers rapidly develop skills to adapt to uncertainty. Information sharing is at the core of establishing successful long-term relationships, overcoming uncertainties while transforming them into opportunities.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present an approach to explore desirable futures for nature and people that was developed through an application in Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in the Netherlands, where a new national park is developed bottom-up by a diverse group of actors reshaping their interactions with each other and with nature.
Abstract: Achieving global sustainability goals requires most people and societies to fundamentally revisit their relationship with nature. New approaches are called for to guide change processes towards sustainable futures that embrace the plurality of people’s desired relationships with nature. This paper presents a novel approach to exploring desirable futures for nature and people that was developed through an application in Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in the Netherlands. This new national park is developed bottom-up by a diverse group of actors reshaping their interactions with each other and with nature. Our approach, co-designed with key stakeholders of the national park, engages with a new pluralistic framework for human-nature relationships presented by the IPBES task force on scenarios and models to catalyze the development of nature-centered scenarios. We integrated this Nature Futures Framework with the Three Horizons Framework in a participatory workshop process designed to bring people’s diverse relationships with nature to the fore, and jointly envision desirable futures and the pathways to get there. We present a methodology to analyze and compare the visions and assess their potential contribution to the SDGs. We summarize the results of the application in Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen and reflect on lessons learned. The approach successfully engaged participants in joint exploration of desirable futures for the national park based on their plural perspectives on human-nature relationships. We see much potential for its applications to support change processes in various social-ecological contexts toward more sustainable futures for nature and people.
TL;DR: The COVIDiSTRESS dataset as mentioned in this paper was released to address diversity, equity, and inclusion by working with over 150 researchers across the globe who collected data in 48 languages and dialects across 137 countries.
Abstract: Abstract During the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the COVIDiSTRESS Consortium launched an open-access global survey to understand and improve individuals’ experiences related to the crisis. A year later, we extended this line of research by launching a new survey to address the dynamic landscape of the pandemic. This survey was released with the goal of addressing diversity, equity, and inclusion by working with over 150 researchers across the globe who collected data in 48 languages and dialects across 137 countries. The resulting cleaned dataset described here includes 15,740 of over 20,000 responses. The dataset allows cross-cultural study of psychological wellbeing and behaviours a year into the pandemic. It includes measures of stress, resilience, vaccine attitudes, trust in government and scientists, compliance, and information acquisition and misperceptions regarding COVID-19. Open-access raw and cleaned datasets with computed scores are available. Just as our initial COVIDiSTRESS dataset has facilitated government policy decisions regarding health crises, this dataset can be used by researchers and policy makers to inform research, decisions, and policy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify risk issues relating to the rapid development and redeployment of COVID-19 related e-health systems, in primary care, and in the health ecosystems interacting with it and suggest evidence-based evaluation directions under emergency response.
TL;DR: In this article , bifurcations from the homogeneous solution of a circular or square hyperelastic sheet that is subjected to equibiaxial stretching under either force- or displacement-controlled edge conditions are considered.
Abstract: We consider bifurcations from the homogeneous solution of a circular or square hyperelastic sheet that is subjected to equibiaxial stretching under either force- or displacement-controlled edge conditions. We derive the condition for axisymmetric necking and show, for the class of strain-energy functions considered, that the critical stretch for necking is greater than the critical stretch for the Treloar–Kearsley (TK) instability and less than the critical stretch for the limiting-point instability. An amplitude equation for the bifurcated necking solution is derived through a weakly nonlinear analysis and is used to show that necking initiation is generally sub-critical. Abaqus simulations are conducted to verify the bifurcation conditions and the expectation that the TK instability should occur first under force control, but when the edge displacement is controlled, the TK instability is suppressed, and it is the necking instability that will be observed. It is also demonstrated that axisymmetric necking follows a growth/propagation process typical of all such localization problems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of reaching micro-aeration with adaptation strategies on EBPR performance was investigated, and a step-wise oxygen concentration decrease, arriving at an average aeration level of 0.4 mgO2/L was evaluated.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the causality, operation and interaction of differential rater function over time (DRIFT) and contrast effects (examiners' scores biased away from the standard of preceding performances).
Abstract: Differential rater function over time (DRIFT) and contrast effects (examiners' scores biased away from the standard of preceding performances) both challenge the fairness of scoring in objective structured clinical exams (OSCEs). This is important as, under some circumstances, these effects could alter whether some candidates pass or fail assessments. Benefitting from experimental control, this study investigated the causality, operation and interaction of both effects simultaneously for the first time in an OSCE setting.We used secondary analysis of data from an OSCE in which examiners scored embedded videos of student performances interspersed between live students. Embedded video position varied between examiners (early vs. late) whilst the standard of preceding performances naturally varied (previous high or low). We examined linear relationships suggestive of DRIFT and contrast effects in all within-OSCE data before comparing the influence and interaction of 'early' versus 'late' and 'previous high' versus 'previous low' conditions on embedded video scores.Linear relationships data did not support the presence of DRIFT or contrast effects. Embedded videos were scored higher early (19.9 [19.4-20.5]) versus late (18.6 [18.1-19.1], p < 0.001), but scores did not differ between previous high and previous low conditions. The interaction term was non-significant.In this instance, the small DRIFT effect we observed on embedded videos can be causally attributed to examiner behaviour. Contrast effects appear less ubiquitous than some prior research suggests. Possible mediators of these finding include the following: OSCE context, detail of task specification, examiners' cognitive load and the distribution of learners' ability. As the operation of these effects appears to vary across contexts, further research is needed to determine the prevalence and mechanisms of contrast and DRIFT effects, so that assessments may be designed in ways that are likely to avoid their occurrence. Quality assurance should monitor for these contextually variable effects in order to ensure OSCE equivalence.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors developed a formulation and reported the presence of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and exosomes, which resulted in 50% pain reduction and improvement in knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score.
Abstract: Interest in use of perinatal allogenic tissues including clinical-grade minimally manipulated umbilical cord tissue-derived allograft formulations to treat knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients is increasing. Limited studies have characterized these formulations and evaluated their safety and efficacy in knee OA patients. We developed such formulation and reported the presence of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and exosomes. We reported that its administration is safe, and resulted in 50% pain reduction and improvement in knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (over 10%) and 36-item short form survey (25%). Another study reported no adverse events post injection of similar formulation and statistically significant (P<0.001) improvement in visual analog scale and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores and reduction in medication usage in patients (77.8%). We also summarized the clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov utilizing umbilical cord tissue for knee OA treatment. In conclusion, available studies are preliminary but pave the way to higher level appropriately powered investigations, and these formulations should be considered as nonoperative alternative to manage knee OA.
TL;DR: A systematic literature search was made in MEDLINE, CINAHL, APA PsychInfo, Ageline, AMED, and APA psychArticles to present the tools currently in use to assess digital health literacy as mentioned in this paper .
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated return to sport, patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), complications and subsequent progression to total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients undergoing arthroscopic labral repair for FAI.
Abstract: The present systematic review investigated return to sport, patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), complications and subsequent progression to total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients undergoing arthroscopic labral repair for FAI.Following the PRISMA statement, the literature search was performed in February 2021. The outcomes of interest were: rate of return to sport, modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), the subscales Activities of Daily Living and Sport-Specific Subscale of the Hip Outcome Score (HOS-ADL and HOS-SSS, respectively). Complications, revision surgeries and progression to total hip arthroplasty were recorded.Data from 210 procedures were retrieved. The mean follow-up was 34.0 (24.0-42.5) months. The mean age of the patients was 32.0 (20.0-47.0) years, while the mean BMI was 20.9 (20.1-21.7) kg/m2. 52.8% (111 of 210 patients) were women. At 24-month follow-up, 100% of the patients had returned to sport. At a mean of 34 months follow-up, the mean mHHS increased by 25.5% (P = 0.02), the mean HOS-ADL by 23.0% (P = 0.03), the mean HOS-SSS by 32.8% (P = 0.001). No complications were observed. The rate of revision was 4.3% (9 of 210 procedures). At a mean of 37.9 ± 7.5 months, 1.9% of patients (4/210) underwent THA.Arthroscopic labral refixation for FAI yields reliably positive clinical outcomes, with a low rate of revision and conversion to THA.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors use 43 Cochrane intervention reviews to empirically investigate the characteristics of meta-analysis datasets that are associated with a larger BoS statistic (from 0 to 100%) when applying a bivariate metaanalysis of binary outcomes, which may lead to greater efficiency and even different conclusions compared to separate univariate meta-analyses.
Abstract: Multivariate meta-analysis allows the joint synthesis of multiple outcomes accounting for their correlation. This enables borrowing of strength (BoS) across outcomes, which may lead to greater efficiency and even different conclusions compared to separate univariate meta-analyses. However, multivariate meta-analysis is complex to apply, so guidance is needed to flag (in advance of analysis) when the approach is most useful.We use 43 Cochrane intervention reviews to empirically investigate the characteristics of meta-analysis datasets that are associated with a larger BoS statistic (from 0 to 100%) when applying a bivariate meta-analysis of binary outcomes.Four characteristics were identified as strongly associated with BoS: the total number of studies, the number of studies with the outcome of interest, the percentage of studies missing the outcome of interest, and the largest absolute within-study correlation. Using these characteristics, we then develop a model for predicting BoS in a new dataset, which is shown to have good performance (an adjusted R2 of 50%). Applied examples are used to illustrate the use of the BoS prediction model.Cochrane reviewers mainly use univariate meta-analysis methods, but the identified characteristics associated with BoS and our subsequent prediction model for BoS help to flag when a multivariate meta-analysis may also be beneficial in Cochrane reviews with multiple binary outcomes. Extension to non-Cochrane reviews and other outcome types is still required.
TL;DR: Icodextrin has been shown in randomized controlled trials to benefit fluid management in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and their relationship to clinical outcomes was analyzed in this article .
Abstract: Icodextrin has been shown in randomized controlled trials to benefit fluid management in peritoneal dialysis (PD). We describe international icodextrin prescription practices and their relationship to clinical outcomes.We analyzed data from the prospective, international PDOPPS, from Australia/New Zealand, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Membrane function and 24-hour ultrafiltration according to icodextrin and glucose prescription was determined at baseline. Using an instrumental variable approach, Cox regression, stratified by country, was used to determine any association of icodextrin use to death and permanent transfer to hemodialysis (HDT), adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, serum albumin, urine volume, transplant waitlist status, PD modality, center size, and study phase.Icodextrin was prescribed in 1986 (35%) of 5617 patients, >43% of patients in all countries, except in the United States, where it was only used in 17% and associated with a far greater use of hypertonic glucose. Patients on icodextrin had more coronary artery disease and diabetes, longer dialysis vintage, lower residual kidney function, faster peritoneal solute transfer rates, and lower ultrafiltration capacity. Prescriptions with or without icodextrin achieved equivalent ultrafiltration (median 750 ml/d [interquartile range 300-1345 ml/d] versus 765 ml/d [251-1345 ml/d]). Icodextrin use was not associated with mortality (HR=1.03; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.48) or HDT (HR 1.2; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.57).There are large national and center differences in icodextrin prescription, with the United States using significantly less. Icodextrin was associated with hypertonic glucose avoidance but equivalent ultrafiltration, which may affect any potential survival advantage or HDT.
01 Aug 2022
TL;DR: The role of a tourniquet for knee arthroplasty remains controversial as mentioned in this paper , and the role of various protocols for tournique inflation has been investigated in various clinical trials, assessing data on pain control, clinical and functional outcomes, and rate of deep vein thrombosis.
Abstract: The role of a tourniquet for knee arthroplasty remains controversial. The present Bayesian network meta-analysis investigated the role of various protocols for tourniquet inflation for knee arthroplasty, assessing data on pain control, clinical and functional outcomes, and the rate of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).The present Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. In March 2021, all clinical trials investigating the role of tourniquet use for knee arthroplasty were considered for inclusion. Groups were divided into those which used a tourniquet in knee arthroplasty procedures versus those which completed the procedure without tourniquet, or with varying protocols of tourniquet use. The hierarchical random-effects model analysis was adopted in all comparisons.Data from 54 articles (5497 procedures) were retrieved. The absence of tourniquet group evidenced the lowest rate of DVT, and scored the lowest in the visual analogic scale (VAS) at 24-48 h, 1, 3, and 12 months follow-up. The same group evidenced the greatest gain of motion at 3-days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months follow-up, and the highest Knee Society Rating System scores at 1, 3, and 12 months follow-up. Of the outcome data assessed, the straight-leg-raise test was markedly inconsistent: therefore, no recommendations from this test can be made.With regards to the endpoints considered in the present study, knee arthroplasties undertaken without the use of a tourniquet perform better overall.
TL;DR: In this paper, the analytical properties of the Laplace transform of the lognormal distribution were studied and two integral expressions for the analytic continuation of the LSTM were provided, one of which takes the form of a Mellin-Barnes integral.
01 Oct 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated whether a minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approach has a positive impact on the outcome of total hip arthroplasty via the Watson-Jones anterolateral approach.
Abstract: There is controversy about the role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for total hip arthroplasty (THA). The present study aimed to investigate whether a MIS approach has a positive impact on the outcome of THA via the Watson-Jones anterolateral approach. Clinical scores and radiological findings of minimally and standard invasive exposures were evaluated and compared.The present study was conducted according to the STROBE statement. Patients operated between 2017 and 2018 in two different orthopaedic institutions was performed. Patients with symptomatic coxarthrosis reducing considerably patient's quality of life were asked to participate in the present study. Patients were divided into two THA groups: MIS and standard invasive surgery (SIS). Surgical procedures were performed in by two experienced surgeons via the Watson-Jones approach.Data from 140 patients were collected (70 patients for each group) at two years follow-up. Leg length discrepancy was greater in the MIS cohort (P = 0.01). The Stiffness subscale of the WOMAC score resulted minimally increased in the SIS group (P = 0.03). The overall WOMAC score and the other subscales resulted similar between the two groups. Femoral offset, acetabular offset, cup orientation, cup inclination, VAS resulted similar between the two cohorts. Only a case of revision in the SIS group was reported.THA via the Watson-Jones approach achieves short terms excellent results. Surgery performed via a MIS approach does not provide any superior outcome compared to the SIS in terms of radiographic findings and clinical scores at two years follow-up.
TL;DR: Mixtur as mentioned in this paper is an open-source package written for the statistical programming language R that facilitates the fitting of the two-and three-component mixture models to continuous report data.
Abstract: Abstract Visual short-term memory (vSTM) is often measured via continuous-report tasks whereby participants are presented with stimuli that vary along a continuous dimension (e.g., colour) with the goal of memorising the stimulus features. At test, participants are probed to recall the feature value of one of the memoranda in a continuous manner (e.g., by clicking on a colour wheel). The angular deviation between the participant response and the true feature value provides an estimate of recall precision. Two prominent models of performance on such tasks are the two- and three-component mixture models (Bays et al., Journal of Vision , 9 (10), Article 7, 2009; Zhang and Luck, Nature , 453 (7192), 233–235, 2008). Both models decompose participant responses into probabilistic mixtures of: (1) responses to the true target value based on a noisy memory representation; (2) random guessing when memory fails. In addition, the three-component model proposes (3) responses to a non-target feature value (i.e., binding errors). Here we report the development of mixtur, an open-source package written for the statistical programming language R that facilitates the fitting of the two- and three-component mixture models to continuous report data. We also conduct simulations to develop recommendations for researchers on trial numbers, set sizes, and memoranda similarity, as well as parameter recovery and model recovery. In the Discussion, we discuss how mixtur can be used to fit the slots and the slots-plus-averaging models, as well as how mixtur can be extended to fit explanatory models of visual short-term memory. It is our hope that mixtur will lower the barrier of entry for utilising mixture modelling.
TL;DR: In this paper, three different innovative mathematical models were established to assess the volumetric nitrogen conversion rates of a lab-scale ANAMMOX upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor.
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the chemistry of type A mesoionic rings has been reviewed and a review of all the known type A ring systems that has been published since 1980 is presented.
Abstract: Type A mesoionic compounds are of particular interest due to their participation in synthetically useful 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. This review covers the chemistry of type A mesoionic rings published in the period 1980–2020 together with some work published in the first half of 2021. Type A mesoionic rings are conjugated heterocyclic mesomeric betaines (HMBs). Their relationship to other heterocyclic HMBs, including cross-conjugated HMBs, semi-conjugated HMBs and type B mesoionic rings, is discussed together with general aspects of their structure and properties. This is followed by a discussion of the chemistry of all the known type A ring systems that has been published since 1980.
TL;DR: In this article , the low frequency vibrations of a thin walled functionally graded cylinder are considered within the plane strain framework and a simple explicit formula for natural frequencies emerging from the derived equation is validated by comparison with previous numerical predictions.
Abstract: Low frequency vibrations of a thin walled functionally graded cylinder are considered within the plane strain framework. The dynamic relations in elasticity are subject to asymptotic analysis over cylinder cross section resulting in a consistent approximate equation of motion on the mid-surface. A simple explicit formula for natural frequencies emerging from the derived equation is validated by comparison with previous numerical predictions. The formula demonstrates that the ratio of the natural frequencies for functionally graded and homogeneous cylinders does not depend upon the mode number. Useful expressions for the variation of all stress components across the thickness are also obtained.
TL;DR: The historical development of the concept of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines (HMBs) is briefly reviewed in this paper , with particular emphasis on the significance of molecular fragments associated with an odd number of conjugated atoms.
Abstract: The historical development of the concept of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines (HMBs) is briefly reviewed. The common features of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines are discussed with particular emphasis on the significance of molecular fragments associated with an odd number of conjugated atoms. The discussion demonstrates how the way that heteroatoms are connected to these fragments leads to three distinct types of heterocyclic mesomeric betaine: conjugated, cross-conjugated and semi-conjugated. The three types and their subclasses are systematically illustrated with examples from the literature.