Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1968"

Developmental aspects of passive and active avoidance learning in rats

Abstract: In Experiment 1, groups of rats 16, 19, 25, 32, and 90 to 120 days of age, were tested for retention of a passive avoidance response 2 min or 24 hr following a single training trial. Passive avoidance learning improved markedly with age, and retention over a 24-hr interval was complete for all age groups. In Experiment 2, rats 19, 25, 32, and 90 to 120 days of age were trained in a simple, active avoidance task. A trials-to-criterion measure indicated that learning was relatively independent of age, although 19-day rats were somewhat inferior to older rats. The occurrence of differences in passive avoidance learning through developmental ranges in age where simple active avoidance is little affected suggests that inhibition of responding may be selectively influenced by maturational variables.

Metecdysial Molt Staging and Changes in the Cuticle in the Crayfish Orconectes Sanborni (Faxon) 1)

Abstract: The metecdysial (postmolt) period in Orconectes sanborni was divided into a series of stages, and the stages named following Drach (1939). It was shown that not only are stages A1 and C4 based on criteria applicable to all crustaceans universally, but stages A2 and C1 may also be based on such criteria. Therefore, during the metecdysial period, only stages B, C2, and C3 must be based on criteria that vary with the species. Staining of tle cuticle with iron hematoxylin and eosin was basically the same at all stages. Only the epicuticle changed in staining with Mallory's triple stain and in reaction to the periodic acid Schiff and dihydroxy-dinaphthyl-disulfide tests. In all these, the epicuticle displayed a loss in staining or reactivity between stages Ai and B. It was found that the following criteria can be used to determine the metecdysial stages: Stage Ai begins immediately after ecdysis. The body surface is slippery and very soft. Stage A2. The integument is tough and parchment-like. Stage B. The carapace begins to feel brittle, but the postorbital ridge and cervical groove can still be bent readily with the finger nail. Stage C1. The postorbital ridge and cervical groove are rigid. Stage C2. Only the gastric region of the carapace and the areola are less rigid than they will become later. Stage C3. The entire carapace has achieved its final state of rigidity. Stage C4. The cuticle is complete. The inner, non-calcified membranous layer is now present. No reliable method for recognizing the presence of the membranous layer was found other than the examination of sections. By the use of Alizarin red S to detect calcium in sections of the cuticle, it was shown that the method used by Drach (1939) and Travis (1960) is not reliable in O. sanborni.

Bibliography on Q technique and its methodology.

Abstract: More than 580 references on Q technique and its methodology are grouped in the following categories: [1] History, Principles, Controversies, and Evaluation; [2] Factor Analysis and Related Statisti...

Averaging vs Summation in Impression Formation

Abstract: Three experiments were conducted to assess the adequacy of an averaging vs a summation model of impression formation and to explore the effect of varying the degree of implication between impressio...

Response suppression produced by vestibular stimulation in the rat.

Abstract: Seven rats were trained to stable performance levels on either Fixed Ratio 47, Variable Ratio 47, Variable Interval 1-min, or Fixed Interval 1-min schedules of food reinforcement. Subjects were then tested for sensitivity to vestibular stimulation from rotation, using an ascending method of limits technique with increments in velocity of one revolution per minute every 5 min. Centrifugal forces were minimized by locating the test chamber over the axis of rotation. Response rates decreased in all subjects as a function of increasing rotation speed. In addition, characteristic differences in the patterns of response decrement were found between subjects on ratio and on interval schedules. Repeated tests indicated high intra-subject reliability in sensitivity to rotation. Similarities of these data to “motion sickness” phenomena in other species were noted. It is suggested that this behavioral approach provides a sensitive and quantifiable technique for assessing the effects of vestibular stimulation in animals.

Palynology and systematics of cuphea (lythraceae). i. morphology and ultrastructure of the pollen wall

Abstract: A B S T R A C T A survey of pollen from 153 species of Cuphea has revealed a remarkable array of morphological forms. The survey involved light and electron microscope investigations of C. crassiflora, jorullensis, and koehneana to determine details of exine morphology, and a more general study of pollen from an additional 150 species. Comparison of pollen types within a single morphological category and within taxonomic groups (i.e., sections or subsections) indicates considerable variation at subgeneric levels. The genus is distinctly eurypalynous, and the extent to which pollen varies among the sections, subsections, species and varieties is probably exceeded by few genera of comparable size. The pollen is also variable within each taxon, but size studies of singleanther lactic acid preparations demonstrate the genus is not polymorphic, as in Lythrum, where pollen polymorphism is associated with heterostyly. The latter phenomenon is as yet unknown in Cuphea. These results reveal that pollen morphology constitutes an important and useful character for taxonomic studies of Cuphea.

Biology and Immature Stages of Megaselia aequalis, a Phorid Predator of Slug Eggs

Abstract: Megaselia aequalis (Wood) apparently is restricted to feeding on the eggs of the slug Deroceras laeve (Muller). The female oviposits directly onto the slug eggs or occasionally onto nearby vegetation. The newly hatched larva penetrates the outer covering of the egg, passes through the gelatinous matrix, and begins feeding on the perivitelline fluid. It does not attack the developing embryo. The 1st larval stadium lasts 1 or 2 days, and molting occurs within the egg. The 2nd-instar larva also remains within the egg, but unlike the 1st instar it usually destroys the embryo of the slug. The 2nd stadium lasts 2 days, with molting taking place outside the egg. The early 3rdinstar larva feeds within the gelatinous matrix surrounding the egg-capsule. Later it becomes more predatory and usually destroys at least 4 additional eggs. When fully grown, the larva abandons the cluster of eggs and pupates. The prepupal period lasts about 24 hours, the pupal period, 10–12 days. The earliest collecting record for adults in northeastern Ohio is May 27; the latest, September 10. There are at least 3 generations a year. Overwintering occurs as pupae. The egg, 3 larval instars, and puparium are described and illustrated.

Intercorrelations of Four Relationship Components of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory:

Abstract: This study tested Barrett-Lennard's conclusion that the 4 subscales of the Relationship Inventory are relatively independent of each other. Ss were 69 clients participating in initial interviews wi...

Extreme levels of dogmatism and perceived threat under conditions of group personality testing.

Abstract: It was [he purpose of this study to test Kemp's assertion that open-minded people are less threatened than close-minded people. Specifically, Kemp (1961) has stated that \"the close-minded do not approach a new experience openly; they are defensive, insecure, and threatened.\" The sample included 54 students enrolled in graduate education at Kent State University during the 1967 summer session. Ss represented the various areas of specialization in education. All Ss completed the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale. They were instructed that further resting was to be conducted and, since some means of subject identification would be necessary for data comparison, Ss were asked to identify themselves on the Rokeach Scale in one of two ways: ( 1) use of birthdate or ( 2 ) use of name. On the assumption that the use of one's name was an indication of less threat than the use of birthdate, since the use of one's name would more readily disclose S's identity, Ss were classified in one of the four following categories: ( 1 ) Low-dogmatic-Name, ( 2 ) Low-dogmatic-No-name, ( 3 ) High-dogmatic-Name, ( 4 ) High-dogmatic-No-name. A chi-square test was employed to test the null hypothesis char Low-dogmacic and High-dogmatic Ss would not differ significantly in the proporcions of their choices of Name and No-name as a means of self-identification on the personality test given under group conditions. When data were tabulated, among the high-dogmatic (score of 150 or above) 11 used their names and 19 their birthdates for self-identification; among the low-dogmatic Ss (score of 120 and below) 16 used their names and 8 their birthdates. Using a one-tailed test, x h a s calculated as 4.78 ( 1 d f ) , a res~llt which is significant at less than the .05 level. The findings, therefore, strongly suggest that Low-dogmatic Ss perceived this condition of group personality testing as less threatening than did the High-dogmatic Ss. Thus, Kemp's assertion that the close-minded (High-dogmatic Ss) are more threatened than the openminded (Low-dogmatic Ss) seems supported under conditions of personality testing utilized in this study.

Relation of levels of dogmatism and perceived threat under conditions of group personality testing.

Abstract: When self-identifications by means of name or birthdate were used as criterion measures of threat, it was found among 78 graduate students who completed the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale that high dogmatic Ss (150 or above) were most threatened, but that the middle dogmatic group of Ss (121-149) rather than the low dogmatic Ss (120 or below) were least threatened. Findings, therefore, challenge the assumption that low-dogmatic Ss are the most open-minded and least threatened.

Electromyographic recording during wind instrument performance

Abstract: The description and measurement of the role of the respiratory mechanism in phonation has produced a long and often imaginative history of research. It may seem surprising that respiration factors in wind instrument tone production, which appear to have much in common with vocalization, have on the contrary produced less interest and research, other than considerable descriptive empirical material. The latter, unfortunately, often becloud the issues rather than clarify them. R. H. Stetson (1951) is the first known researcher to systematically investigate the coordination of specific muscle areas during the production of vocalizations. Stetson’s work began in the late 19203, and although uncritically quoted on occasion, remained relatively dormant until a flurry of electromyographic research began appearing in the 1950’s and 1960’s. The awakened interest in the approaches suggested by Stetson produced a number of non-speech EMG studies and were used with speech applications in studies such as those by Campbell (19581, Ladefoged and associates (1958), Draper and associates (19591, Hoshiko (1957), Hoshiko and Berger (1965), Eblen (1961 ), and others. The present study was an outgrowth of a larger electromyographic investigation of speech breathing. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pattern and sequence of activity of the internal intercostals, the external intercostals, the rectus abdominis, and the external abdominal oblique muscles as inferred from action-potential patterns recorded by surface electromyography. These patterns were obtained during the production of single and multiple articulations and of sustained tones on the trumpet under several tonal frequency conditions.

Transfer of training in the mentally retarded: a review.

Abstract: The research reviewed herein suggests that an increase in the efficiency of transfer occurs when (a) the retardate is relatively young; (b) a high similarity exists between tasks, such that a substantial amount of the training task can be transferred as a unit; and (c) meaningful pretraining of a general and varied nature is provided. The general nature of the verbal instructions provided the retardate also seems to influence transfer performance.

Human Resource Development for Economic Growth

Abstract: Human resource development may be identified as the process through which a society augments the skills, education, and productive abilities of its people. In essence, it means increases in human capital. Human capital is accumulated and improved upon in several ways: through programs of education and formal training, training on the job, and through individual initiative. It is generally agreed that this process, if carefully designed and implemented, promotes economic growth in any country.