Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1970"

A reconstruction of the femur of Australopithecus africanus

Abstract: Up to the present, no complete femur of Australopithecus has been discovered. Several proximal and distal femoral fragments are available and a fairly complete pelvis. Using this material and the biomechanical requirements of the femur implicit in an erect biped, we have calculated the bicondylar length of the femur of A. africanus to have been about 28 cm. This is smaller than most previous estimates and is consistent with a body size as small as 42–43 inches and a weight of between 40 and 50 pounds.

Numerical methods of high-order accuracy for singular nonlinear boundary value problems

Abstract: is a 2n-th order self-adjoint linear differential operator, and it was shown that the Rayleigh-Ritz-Galerkin method is an efficient scheme, both theoretically and numerically, for solving such problems. Our aim here is to extend the results of [2] and [3] to the case of nonsel[adjoint linear differential operators whose coefficients have a singularity at one or both end points of the interval [0, t ]. For ease of exposition, we shall restrict ourselves here to second order operators, as in the particular case of

On The Use of Variance Designs in Q Methodology

Abstract: Misgivings concerning the use of variance design and analysis in the structuring and evaluation of Q samples derive from the basic assumptions of deductive methodologies. Several alternative uses of variance design, as discussed by Stephenson, are suggested. Criticism of Stephenson’s use of factorial arrangement is based on a misunderstanding of his position, too strict a reliance on the logical properties of Q samples, and failure to realize the synthetic quality of self-referent statements. Principles are illustrated with empirical examples.

Instigation to aggression as a function of degree of defeat and the capacity for massive retaliation.

Abstract: Summary Forty-eight subjects, half of whom were assigned to a condition of massive retaliation (MR) and half of whom were not (NMR), competed against a presumed opponent The loser on each trial received a shock of intensity level selected by the winner at the beginning of a trial and, simultaneously, feedback on the opponent's shock setting The winner received only feedback on the opponent's shock setting Defeat and feedback of aggressive intent (opponent's shock setting) were varied independently In the MR condition, an extreme level of shock could be selected Although its use was avoided, its psychological presence influenced perception of the opponent, aggressive behavior, and physiological arousal Consistent with previous findings, primary frustration was found to be a relatively inconsequential instigator to aggression compared to learned social attitudes

Recognition reaction time and size of the memory set: A developmental study*

Abstract: Kindergarten, fourth-grade, and college Ss were tested on a recognition reaction-time task with memory sets of two, three, and four items. Though overall reaction time (RT) varied with age, the slopes of the functions relating RT to size of the memory set did not differ significantly as a function of age. Within the context of a theory of recognition memory developed by Sternberg (1966), the results suggest that young children scan memory for familiar pictures as quickly as do adults.

Self-esteem, attitude similarity, and attraction

Abstract: Summary Subjects evaluated three stimulus persons on several rating scales who were either 10%, 50%, or 90% similar to themselves in attitudes Subjects were divided into low, moderate, and high self-esteem groups on the basis of an earlier Q sort The results showed a strong positive relation between perceived similarity and positive attribution for each of the dependent variables, including liking, sophisticated, intelligent, sincere, happy, and a social distance scale A negative relation was obtained for two undesirable traits, arrogant and cynical Self-esteem interacted with similarity on several of the measures The difference between self-esteem groups was largely restricted to highly dissimilar stimulus persons Moderate esteem subjects were more favorable toward dissimilar persons than either of the other two groups, and the high and low groups tended to resemble each other more than either group resembled the moderate esteem group These results were discussed in terms of the relation between self-esteem and adjustment, and in terms of McGuire's (1968) theory that predicts a nonmonotonic relation between self-esteem and attitudes.

The structure of mood: A comparison between sleep deprivation and normal wakefulness conditions

Abstract: Summary The stability of the factor structure of mood was examined under two different experimental conditions, sleep deprivation and normal wakefulness In the first phase of the study, two different forms of a mood scale were administered to several college classes, and the ratings for each scale were intercorrelated and factored Eight interpretable factors emerged from each analysis, and the two sets of factors were highly congruent. In the second phase of the study subjects completed the mood ratings after staying awake all night or after getting a good night's rest Comparisons between the means for the two groups showed significant differences on 26 of the 44 variables included in the scale The scores for the sleep-deprived group were then intercorrelated and factored, and the factor structure was compared with the relevant factor structure obtained in the first phase of the study The results of the comparison showed that six of the eight factors appeared under both conditions of sleep deprivation and normal wakefulness Additional analysis indicated that a seventh factor appeared, but in the guise of different variables The only factor which failed to appear under sleep deprivation was elation. It was concluded that although variable ratings showed high sensitivity to the experimental operations, the basic structure of the underlying mood states remained remarkably stable The results indicate that the search for a list of basic mood states may be quite fruitful An important methodological implication was that a variable may be selected to measure a mood under various experimental operations with the assurance that the nature of the mood to be measured does not change as a result of those operations

Aggressive behavior as a function of approval motivation and physical attack

Abstract: The relationship between physical aggression and approval motivation was investigated in 30 college males by allowing them to compete in a task involving reaction time with opponents who attempted to give them increasingly intense shocks. It was observed that while high need-for-approval Ss set low shocks under weak attack and increased their shock settings under increasing attack, the low need-for-approval Ss set intense shocks under all levels of attack.

Discrete variational Green's function

Abstract: DigiZeitschriften e.V. gewährt ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Das Copyright bleibt bei den Herausgebern oder sonstigen Rechteinhabern. Als Nutzer sind Sie sind nicht dazu berechtigt, eine Lizenz zu übertragen, zu transferieren oder an Dritte weiter zu geben. Die Nutzung stellt keine Übertragung des Eigentumsrechts an diesem Dokument dar und gilt vorbehaltlich der folgenden Einschränkungen: Sie müssen auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten; und Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgend einer Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen; es sei denn, es liegt Ihnen eine schriftliche Genehmigung von DigiZeitschriften e.V. und vom Herausgeber oder sonstigen Rechteinhaber vor. Mit dem Gebrauch von DigiZeitschriften e.V. und der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an.

Effects of Rapid Weight Reduction and Subsequent Rehydration upon the Physical Working Capacity of Wrestlers

Abstract: The physical working capacity (PWC-170) of eight wrestlers was measured under three conditions: (a) in the normal state, (b) after a 5% weight loss within 48 hours, and (c) after 5 hours of voluntary rehydration. Measurement of the PWC-170 was repeated the following week. A significant reduction in working capacity occurred after dehydration (P < .05). After 5 hours of rehydration the working capacity had returned to the normal level. A learning effect was possible since the PWC-170 in all conditions was substantially higher the second week.

Biology of Slug-Killing Tetanocera (Diptera: Sciomyzidae)

Abstract: Information is presented on the life cycle and feeding habits of larvae of 3 Nearctic species of slug-killing Tetanocera. T. plebeia (Loew) and T. valida (Loew) are host specific as newly hatched larvae for Deroceras laeve (Muller) and D. reticulatum (Muller) slugs. The young larvae of T. plebeia remain for several days under the mantle of the host, where they apparently feed on proteinaceous secretions. The older larvae are overt predators of terrestrial gastropods and utilize a paralyzing neurotoxin. The lst-stage larvae of T. valida invade the invaginated eye tentacles of their hosts and remain in place until the 3rd instar is attained. They then become predaceous, but in contrast to those of T. plebeia , the older larvae of T. valida invade the mouth of their Deroceras prey and usually do not cause death until 8–24 hours later. All 3 instars of T. clara Loew are restricted to Pallifera and small Philomycus . The newly hatched larvae invade the mouth of the host, where they remain until the 3rd instar. Like those of T. valida , the older larvae of T. clara are predaceous and invade the mouth of their prey. They do not kill the slug until several hours later. All 3 species consume between 2 and 8 slugs during the 20–30 days of larval life. Puparia are formed in surface litter. All 3 species are multivoltine and overwinter as pupae in diapause.

Seasonal occurrence of marine algae on an oyster reef in Burton’s Bay, Virginia

Abstract: In a survey of macroscopic, benthic, marine algae, the known distributions ofDesmotrichum undulatum, Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus, Striaria attenuata, andCallithamnion roseum along the Atlantic Coast of North America have been extended southward to Accomack County, Va In the same region of this survey, there is a markedly seasonal alternation of species The winter flora is composed predominantly of members in the division Phaeophyta and the summer flora is composed of a majority of species in the division Rhodophyta

Number averaging behavior: A primacy effect

Abstract: In two experiments, Ss guessed averages of serially presented numbers. Guesses were made only at the end of a stimulus sequence. The results of both experiments showed strong primacy effects in the guesses; earlier information in the stimulus sequence was weighted more heavily than later information. The results for number averaging were comparable to results obtained for personality traits in previous research, suggesting that both tasks represent a more general problem of integration of serial information.

Effects of arousal and credibility on learning and persuasion

Abstract: This study explored the joint effects of extraneous arousal and communicator credibility on acceptance and learning of a persuasive communication. Ss listened to a taped speech under either average volume (low arousal) or very high volume (high arousal). The speaker was either high or low in credibility. Males and females reacted very differently to the situation. Females were more persuaded under low arousal than under high arousal, but there were no differences for males. Credibility had no effect. An unusual learning effect emerged. There was a Credibility by Arousal interaction that had the same form for both sexes. The attitude results were given a dissonance interpretation.

Emotional Experiences in Political Groups: The Case of the McCarthy Phenomenon *

Abstract: In many ways the study of political groups from a theoretical point of view can be said not to have progressed much beyond the conceptions of Arthur F. Bentley. There have been countless studies of political groups, to be sure, but it seems most have been little more than the collection and presentation of ad hoc facts obtained from the testing of ad hoc hypotheses, the concepts of “group†and of “group behavior†having been little altered in the process.Much of the difficulty no doubt stems from Bentley's strict empiricism and the interpretation given his position by most social scientists who have aspired to translate him. When Bentley said that we know nothing of ideas and feelings but only of activity, he was merely reminding the social scientist to remain close to the operations of the phenomena he was studying. Activity, or behavior, can be worked with and studied directly, but it is questionable whether or not the same can be said of ideas and feelings. Scientific progress, Bentley would say, can be made only if one deals with what is visible and replicable. Critics as well as followers of Bentley, however, have interpreted him to mean that such matters as subjectivity are outside the pale of science, since subjectivity is presumed to be private, idiosyncratic, and nonreplicable.

Parallel processing of multidimensional stimuli

Abstract: A reaction time (RT) task in which S is required to judge pairs of stimuli either the same or different was used in three experiments in order to determine the processing mode employed in complex discriminations. The results of all experiments indicated that stimulus dimensions are processed by parallel but not necessarily independent analyzers.

Social reinforcement and complex motor performance.

Abstract: A coincident timing task was practiced by 60 male volunteers randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: positive social reinforcement; negative social reinforcement; nonreinforcement; and a control group. Subjects received 30 trials with knowledge of results after every trial. The experimenter and three confederates administered the appropriate treatments except for the control group which performed in the presence of the experimenter only. Results showed no significant difference between the four treatments, even though all groups made significant improvements over the 30 trials.