Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1971"
386 citations
TL;DR: The distinctive hominid status of these specimens is shown by their extensive adaptation to bipedal locomotion, which points to a need for a reanalysis of the gait pattern in these early Pleistocene hominids.
Abstract: The anatomy of the distal femoral fragments from Sterkfontein is reviewed, including its orthopaedic and biomechanical implications with respect to locomotion pattern. Comparisons are made with other hominids and a number of quadrupedal primates. Items which are considered are the obliquity and robustness of the shaft, the anterior intercondylar groove, the intercondylar notch, and the contour of the medial and lateral articular surfaces. The distinctive hominid status of these specimens is shown by their extensive adaptation to bipedal locomotion. No feature is found which is not fully commensurate with completely bipedal locomotion; rather, their distinctive hominid character points to a need for a reanalysis of the gait pattern in these early Pleistocene hominids.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the same results are obtained, despite distribution and whether interval or ordinal statistics are used, leading to the conclusion that the same correlations and factor structures are obtained.
Abstract: Arguments favoring free- over forced-distribution Q sorts have assumed that forcing leads to loss of important statistical information and interferes with interval properties, rendering Pearson's r inappropriate for analysis. Q sorts with identical item orderings but with varied distributions are shown to provide essentially the same correlations and factor structures when coefficients are computed using Spearman's rs, Kendall's τ, and Pearson's r, leading to the conclusion that the same results are obtained, despite distribution and whether interval or ordinal statistics are used.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the scale values were consistent with expectations based upon the assumption that S s integrate a pragmatic communication constraint and a semantic-grammatical rule, and they used a multiple rank ordering procedure.
61 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that the use of extra-facial gestures, by themselves, elicited responses ranging from identical to similar to similar but non-identical, with a statistically significant increase in the proficiency of speechreading.
58 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that in GSR conditioning the choice of an ISI and the specification of ISI responses may seriously affect the nature of the behavior observed, and may have serious implications for other areas of psychological investigation.
Abstract: Studies of delayed GSR conditioning have shown that when an interstimulus interval (ISI) of sufficient duration is employed, multiple responses may occur within that interval. The studies reviewed in this article indicate that GSRs which occur early in the interval are present by the second conditioning trial. They tend to habituate, appear to be orienting responses, and, under certain circumstances, they are conditional. Those responses which occur during the later portion of the interval are minimal, if at all present, when conditioning is initiated but show a negatively accelerated growth curve across trials. These second responses are conditional and may be protective reflexes which prevent damage to the skin. It is concluded that in GSR conditioning the choice of an ISI and the specification of ISI responses may seriously affect the nature of the behavior observed, and may have serious implications for other areas of psychological investigation.
57 citations
TL;DR: To test the hypothesis that the frequency with which vocalization must be initiated in a given speech segment and the frequency of attendant disfluency are positively related, two passages were studied.
Abstract: To test the hypothesis that the frequency with which vocalization must be initiated in a given speech segment and the frequency of attendant disfluency are positively related, two passages were con...
57 citations
54 citations
48 citations
TL;DR: Undercompensation, observed in the group acclimated at 5°C, suggests there is a metabolic “shut-down” associated with the winter torpor observed in D. ochrophaeus, which would enable the salamander to remain active during early spring and fall when temperatures temporarily fall below 10°C.
45 citations
TL;DR: The paleobotanical record supports current concepts concerning phylogenetic relationships among genera of the Lythraceae, and the family apparently had an Old World origin and became differentiated into a distinct modern taxon during Paleocene and early Eocene time.
Abstract: The known fossil record of the Lythraceae has been amplified by recent studies in northern Latin America. A total of 18 genera is recognized in geologic strata ranging in age from lower Eocene to Recent, and among the 22 or 23 modern genera, seven have a documented geologic history. The oldest remains are from an Indo-Malayan Old World warm-temperate to subtropical vegetation preserved in the lower Eocene London Clay flora. The most ancient of extant genera isLagerstroemia and the most recent (among those with an adequate fossil record) isCuphea (middle Miocene to Recent). These represent, respectively, primitive and advanced members of the family, and the paleobotanical record supports current concepts concerning phylogenetic relationships among genera of the Lythraceae. The family apparently had an Old World origin and became differentiated into a distinct modern taxon during Paleocene and early Eocene time.
TL;DR: A critical examination of the forces behind Igbo acceptance of Christianity during the first decade of this century reveals that British military imperialism and other forms of colonial exploitation were in fact basic to the decision of many Igbo communities to embrace Christianity as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A critical examination of the forces behind Igbo acceptance of Christianity during the first decade of this century reveals that British military imperialism and other forms of colonial exploitation were in fact basic to the decision of many Igbo communities to embrace Christianity. The adoption of the Christian religion, especially by the male adults, may be seen as a clear method of adjusting to the new colonial regime in which Christianity offered visible social advantages. Communities which embraced the new religion believed that by associating with the Christian missionaries, they would perhaps escape various forms of colonial over-rule.The expansion of British political authority in the Igbo country, therefore, widened the frontiers of missionary enterprise. And as the Christian missions found the Igbos remarkably receptive to missionary propaganda, each was more than anxious to exert its denominational influence on the people. Thus interdenominational rivalry, especially between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants, was acute. For various reasons, the Roman Catholic missionaries seem to have established a more preponderating influence than the other Protestant societies.
TL;DR: The pathways the larvae utilized to travel from the small intestine to skeletal muscle were determined and it was indicated that the other 30% probably migrated by way of both the hepatic portal circulatory system to the heart and then to the general circulation and skeletal muscle.
TL;DR: There was a significant increase in the rate of incorporation during premolt stage D 2 , and the amount of chitin synthesis continued to increase at each successive stage until after the molt, when it reached a peak at stage B.
Abstract: 1. 1. The amount of 14 C glucose incorporated into the chitin of crayfish served as an indication of the rate of chitin synthesis. 2. 2. It was found that chitin synthesis occurred at all stages of the molting cycle, including C 4 (the intermolt). 3. 3. There was a significant increase in the rate of incorporation during premolt stage D 2 , and the amount of chitin synthesis continued to increase at each successive stage until after the molt, when it reached a peak at stage B.
TL;DR: Using equations derived from the cross-section study and time-series data for five European countries during the period that their fertility rates fell, it is shown that predictions about past fertility changes are in error and suggest caution in the use of cross- section relations to predict the course of fertility in developing countries.
Abstract: Recent studies by Adelman and by Friedlander and Silver, which have investigated whether regression equations derived from cross-section data can be used to predict the impact of socioeconomic development on changing levels of fertility, are reviewed critically. Regression analyses based on data for 57 countries c. 1960 show that fertility (gross reproduction rate) varies cross-sectionally with region as well as with level of development (as measured by per capita income, percent labor force in primary sector, expectation of life, illiteracy rate). Using equations derived from the cross-section study and time-series data for five European countries during the period that their fertility rates fell, it is shown that predictions about past fertility changes are in error. The results suggest caution in the use of cross-section relations to predict the course of fertility in developing countries.
TL;DR: For instance, Rapoport and Chammah as mentioned in this paper found that a two-person, two-choice Prisoner's Dilemma game in which choice was simultaneous for both persons resulted in growing competition rather than ultimate cooperation, out of consideration both for maximum gain and for cordial social regard.
Abstract: Early work by Scodel et al (1959) and in our laboratory has revealed that, contrary to expectancy (Luce and Raiffa, 1957), iteration of a two-person, two-choice Prisoner's Dilemma game in which choice was simultaneous for both persons resulted in growing competition rather than ultimate cooperation That, iteration would produce a cooperative resolution, is logical and fitting, out of consideration both for maximum gain and for cordial social regard Rapoport and his followers (see Rapoport and Chammah, 1965) have since found that a prolonged iterative seriesmuch longer than that previously employed by other researchers-recapitulated the general growth of competition up to about 100 iterations, but thereafter, subject pairs tend to segregate into "hawks" (those who continued in mutual competition), "doves" (those who achieve fairly complete mutual cooperation), or "mugwumps" (those who move away from
TL;DR: Retrograde amnesia was produced in rats receiving low-level hippocampal stimulation immediately following footshock in a one-trial passive avoidance situation and the role of hippocampal after-discharges in RA is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the composition of the electorate in Toledo city election with that in presidential elections and some sharp contrasts which appear to have significant implications are observed and deduced from two prominent characteristics of municipal elections, nonpartisan form and low turnout.
Abstract: The few case studies of participation in local elections display distinct patterns, but the measurements lack comparability with each other or with national election voting studies. By application of the methodology, variables, and categories of the presidential election studies to a Toledo city election, the composition of the electorate is compared with that in presidential elections and some sharp contrasts which appear to have significant implications are observed. Some data calculated from Merriam and Gosnell's classic Non-Voting reveal some developments since 1923. From two prominent characteristics of municipal elections, nonpartisan form and low turnout, a few hypotheses about participation in city elections are deduced and examined. The data support the general proposition that most of the psychological, demographic, and socioeconomic variables display comparable amplitudes in city and presidential elections, but their significance is much greater in city elections, because the low voting level makes their impact proportionately greater.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the effects of school as reflective of socioeconomic level, age, sex, and intelligence on performance on the Children's Embedded Figures Test (CEFT), a measure of Witkin's field-dependence-independence hypothesis appropriate for use with young children.
Abstract: A final random sample of 160 Provo, Utah, elementary school children ages 5 to 10, was included in a balanced cell format to investigate the effects of school as reflective of socioeconomic level, age, sex, and intelligence on performance on the Children’s Embedded Figures Test (CEFT), a measure of Witkin’s field-dependence-independence hypothesis appropriate for use with young children. Results implied that (1) there may be differences on criterion performance according to relative social class; (2) age is the single best predictor of criterion performance, as significant differences proceeding from relative field-dependence to greater field-independence with increasing age were found; (3) there is a similar developmental pattern to increase in verbal intellectual power and increase in relative field-independence when all ages are considered together; (4) there were no significant similarities between field-dependence-independence and verbal intelligence within three of four specific ages investi...
TL;DR: Data suggest a possible role for spores of the Myxomycetes in pollen-and-spore-analytical investigations, and the zygospores of three species of Chlorophyta are illustrated and show similar diversity.
TL;DR: A panel of scholars enlivened one of the sessions with a heated debate over the effects of ethnic assimilation in American culture at the seventy-ninth annual meeting of the American Historical Association in 1964 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: At the seventy-ninth annual meeting of the American Historical Association in 1964, a panel of scholars enlivened one of the sessions with a heated debate over the effects of ethnic assimilation in American culture. The topic of debate, ‘Beyond the Melting Pot: Irish and Jewish Separateness in American Society’, focused on a recent controversial study of ethnic mixture in New York City by Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, both sociologists. Glazer and Moynihan in their book Beyond the Melting Pot traced the ‘role of ethnicity’ in the seaboard city. The melting pot ‘did not happen’, they concluded, ‘at least not in New York and, mutatis mutandis, in those parts of America which resemble New York’. This frontal assault on the concept of Americanization, long a cherished ideal in the United States, drew a sharp reaction from several panellists, especially William V. Shannon, editorial writer for die New York Times and author of The American Irish, and Irving Greenberg, professor of history at Yeshiva University. Both Shannon and Greenberg insisted that Irishmen and Jews had indeed been assimilated in American society, either for better or for worse. At this point, the discussion degenerated into the traditional moralistic debate on the merits and demerits of assimilation. Reflecting the divergent views of their colleagues in the history profession, Shannon praised assimilation and Greenberg condemned it.