Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1982"
1,417 citations
TL;DR: A 20-item, self-report scale was developed in a series of three factor analytic studies and a hypothesis was supported which posited response to a particular argument would be predicted better by trait and state components together than by the trait component alone.
Abstract: A conceptualization and measure of argumentativeness is reported. Argumentativeness was conceptualized as a trait Which is composed of the tendency to approach arguments and the tendency to avoid arguments. A 20-item, self-report scale was developed in a series of three factor analytic studies. The internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities of the scale were high. A series of additional studies yielded considerable evidence as to the validity of the scale. The conceptualization of argumentativeness accounts for state as well as trait components. The state components consisted of the individual's perceptions of the probability and importance of success and failure in a particular argumentative situation. A hypothesis was supported which posited response to a particular argument would be predicted better by trait and state components together than by the trait component alone.
447 citations
TL;DR: The upper part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia, has yielded a 40% complete fossil hominid skeleton (A.L. 288-1, “Lucy”).
Abstract: The upper part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia, has yielded a 40% complete fossil hominid skeleton (A.L. 288-1, “Lucy”). This specimen is described in detail and selected measurements and illustrations are provided.
388 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an index of pollution disclosures is developed and correlated with indices of pollution performance and economic performance for firms in highly polluting industries and the results confirm earlier findings that there is no association between pollution disclosures and pollution performance.
Abstract: This study examines the association between pollution disclosures and pollution performance and between pollution disclosures and economic performance for firms in highly polluting industries. An index of pollution disclosures is developed and correlated with indices of pollution performance and economic performance. The results confirm earlier findings that there is no association between pollution disclosures and pollution performance. As far as the association between economic performance and pollution disclosures is concerned, the results show that the subgroup of large firms with poor economic performance provides the most detailed pollution information. For smaller firms there is no association between economic performance and pollution disclosures.
284 citations
TL;DR: Anatomical descriptions are presented for the foot bones recovered from the Hadar Formation during the 1974–1977 field seasons inclusive.
Abstract: Anatomical descriptions are presented for the foot bones recovered from the Hadar Formation during the 1974–1977 field seasons inclusive.
230 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a tetrahedrally-bonded random network model was used to obtain a high resolution correlation function for evaporated amorphous geometries.
Abstract: Neutron diffraction techniques have been employed to obtain an accurate, high resolution correlation function for evaporated amorphous Ge. The structure of amorphous Ge is unlike that of any of the related crystalline polymorphs, but is much more accurately described in terms of a tetrahedrally bonded random network. The best fitting random network models, however, all predict too much structure in the correlation function at high r and severa; exhibit too narrow a distribution of bond angles.
182 citations
TL;DR: The notion that damping and stiffness may be sensitive indices of hypotonia-the most common description of neuromuscular deficiency in Down's syndrome is promoted.
Abstract: Following Asatryan and Fei'dman (1965), two experiments were conducted to describe the so-called invariant mechanical properties underlying movement control in Down's syndrome and normal subjects. The invariant characteristic is a curve on a graph of joint torque versus joint angle. The task required subjects to maintain a steady joint angle against an external load (torque). Torque was systematically changed via partial unloading in order to obtain torque by length (joint angle) functions at three separate initial joint angles. Instructions required subjects "not to intervene" when unloading occurred in Experiment 1 and to "tense" their muscles prior to unloading in Experiment 2. Both normal and Down's syndrome groups revealed systematic torque by length functions that might be expected according to a simple mass-spring system model. Although the gross organization of movement in Down's syndrome subjects was nearly the same as normals, important differences between the two groups were found. Down's syndrome subjects revealed underdamped motions relative to normals (as shown by differences in the degree of oscillation about the final equilibrium position) and were less able to regulate stiffness (as shown by differences in slope of the torque by angle functions in Experiment 2). We promote the notion that damping and stiffness may be sensitive indices of hypotonia-the most common description of neuromuscular deficiency in Down's syndrome
177 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential energy surface of the LiH molecule was calculated using the Green's function Monte Carlo method and the calculated correlation energy is 0.078±0.001 hartree and the binding energy is 2.56 eV.
Abstract: The potential energy surface of the LiH molecule is calculated using the Green’s function Monte Carlo method. The calculated correlation energy is 0.078±0.001 hartree and the binding energy is 2.56 eV. These results are within 6% and 2% of the experimental values, respectively. The Green’s function Monte Carlo method is discussed in some detail with particular emphasis on problems of chemical interest.
165 citations
TL;DR: The first-order rate of photoreduction (Fe/sup 3 +/ to Fe/sup 2 +/) of DHM..iron equaled the rate of release of orthophosphate (SRP) from these compounds as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The concentration of uv-sensitive complex phosphorus compounds in water from an acid bog lake was linearly related to the concentration of dissolved high molecular weight humic material (DHM) both seasonally and diurnally. The first-order rate of photoreduction (Fe/sup 3 +/ to Fe/sup 2 +/) of DHM..iron equaled the rate of release of orthophosphate (SRP) from these compounds. The rate of photoreduction of DHM..iron was the same as the rate of photoreduction of ferric citrate under similar conditions. Reduced DHM..iron was auto-oxidizable (Fe/sup 2 +/ to Fe/sup 3 +/); ferrous citrate was not. These data support the view that orthophosphate sorbed to ferric iron..DHM complexes may be released by a mechanism involving uv-induced photoreduction of ferric iron to the ferrous state.
134 citations
TL;DR: In a recent paper, Wang [1981] introduces a p-adic algorithm for the construction of partial fraction decompositions that is used to reconstruct rational numbers, rather than integers.
Abstract: In a recent paper, Wang [1981] introduces a p-adic algorithm for the construction of partial fraction decompositions. This differs from the usual p-adic algorithms for factorisation or the computation of greatest common divisors ([Wang, 1978], [Wang, 1980], [Moore & Norman, 1981]) in that the p-adic image is used to reconstruct rational numbers, rather than integers.
132 citations
TL;DR: In this article, children studied longitudinally from kindergarten through second grade were refilmed in seventh grade as they performed 10 trials of the forceful overarm throw and the horizontal ball velocities of the 22 boys and the 17 girls were compared with predictions made when the children were in second grade.
Abstract: Children studied longitudinally from kindergarten through second grade were refilmed in seventh grade as they performed 10 trials of the forceful overarm throw. The horizontal ball velocities of the 22 boys and the 17 girls were compared with predictions made when the children were in second grade. The original estimate of an annual rate of change (a “developmental year”) of 5–8 feet/sec/year (1.52–2.44m) remained accurate for the boys; the original estimate for the girls had to be increased to 2–4.5 feet/sec/year (.61–1.37m). While the gap between the sexes increased throughout elementary school, it increased at a slower rate from second to seventh grade than it had during the primary years. By seventh grade, however, the girls were 5 developmental years behind the boys. The data also suggested a difference in the degree to which the sexes maintained their relative positions within their groups: girls appeared more stable than boys across the elementary years. Change was also assessed in the dev...
TL;DR: Dentists frequently treat adults who experience mild to extreme anxiety about dental procedures, and new information about the causes and treatment of such anxiety has emerged.
Abstract: Dentists frequently treat adults who experience mild to extreme anxiety about dental procedures. New information about the causes and treatment of such anxiety has emerged.
TL;DR: Empirical results for a variety of stochastic models with known steady-state means suggest that sequential procedures by Fishman and by Law and Carson provide good performance relative to the criterion probability of coverage.
Abstract: We continue our survey of methods for constructing confidence intervals for steady-state means via simulation by studying sequential procedures which determine the length of the simulation during the course of the run. Our goal is to provide the simulation practitioner with some guidance as to which published procedures might actually perform well in practice. Empirical results for a variety of stochastic models with known steady-state means suggest that sequential procedures by Fishman and by Law and Carson provide good performance relative to the criterion probability of coverage.
TL;DR: In this paper, the GFMC method was used to obtain the lowest energy state of the ground state of a few-body system, which was shown to be computationally feasible for several-body systems.
Abstract: The Green’s function Monte Carlo method used for obtaining exact solutions to the Schrodinger equation of boson systems is generalized to treat systems of several fermions. We show that when it is possible to select eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian based on physical symmetries, the GFMC method can be used to yield the lowest energy state of that symmetry. In particular, the lowest totally antisymmetric eigenfunction, the fermion ground state, can be obtained. Calculations on several two‐ and three‐body model problems show the method to be computationally feasible for few‐body systems.
TL;DR: Fossil hominid cranial remains recovered from the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia (1974-1977) are described in detail as mentioned in this paper, accompanied by selected measurements and illustrations.
Abstract: Fossil hominid cranial remains recovered from the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia (1974–1977) are described in detail. Descriptions are accompanied by selected measurements and illustrations.
TL;DR: Effects of phonological and syntactic structure on the sentence productions of language-disordered school children were investigated and causal interrelationships between children's syntactic and phonological disorders are discussed in terms of a theory of general organizational deficit.
Abstract: Effects of phonologica] and syntactic structure on the sentence productions of language-disordered school children (mean age = 6:2 years) were investigated. The syllabic complexity of target senten...
TL;DR: This article found that participants in dyadic interviews tend to adapt their voice levels, utterance frequency, and pauses with their interaction partners, and their utterances tend to be more similar to those of their dyadic partner than their own utterances in the other conversations.
Abstract: Persons participating in interview conversations tend to adapt their voice levels, utterance frequency, and pauses with their interaction partners. If individual A participates in dyadic interviews with individuals B, C, D, E, and F, Fourier series analysis of time variant representations of A's utterances tend to be more like those of his dyadic partner than his own utterances in the other conversations. This research points to an objective means where by conversation partners may be identified mechanically without reference to more traditional human understandings of conversation partner identifications.
TL;DR: An alternative to the lengthy manual revision process is proposed by offering a set of 15 transformations keyed to the relational model of data and the relational algebra.
Abstract: Changes in requirements for database systems necessitate schema restructuring, database translation, and application or query program conversion. An alternative to the lengthy manual revision process is proposed by offering a set of 15 transformations keyed to the relational model of data and the relational algebra. Motivations, examples, and detailed descriptions are provided.
TL;DR: It is concluded that different structural genes encode these immunorelated forms of cytochrome P-450 and that significant post-translational processing of their polypeptide products does not occur in vivo.
TL;DR: Anatomical descriptions of dental root systems, topographic relations of the alveolar processes, and periodontal pathology are reported for gnathic elements recovered by the International Afar Research Expedition during field seasons 1974–1977.
Abstract: Anatomical descriptions of dental root systems, topographic relations of the alveolar processes, and periodontal pathology are reported for gnathic elements recovered by the International Afar Research Expedition during field seasons 1974–1977.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The author suggested that a parent or significant other may be attacked for widely varying reasons which included--violence to protect another parent or sibling who is being beaten, an adolescent who is attacked by a parent strikes back in self-defense, or a conflict arises in a situation in which an adolescent sees parental behavior as inappropriate and therefore, punishes the parent by beating him/her.
Abstract: VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study by Kratcoski was to explore the relationship between experiencing physical abuse as a child and later commission of violent delinquent acts. Culture of violence theory, stress theory, and social learning theory were used to explain the results. METHODOLOGY: A non-experimental exploratory design was employed using 863 case files of delinquent adolescent males incarcerated in 4 high security institutions for serious offenders in Ohio. Analysis of data involved abstracting and interpreting data in the case files as well as abstracting the case summaries written by psychologists or social workers. Occasionally, a social worker or psychologist familiar with a particular case would supply additional information not available in the files. For research purposes, violent behavior was defined as "the illegal use or threat of force against personsany non-accidental physical injury inflicted on a child by a parent or other caretaker deliberately or in anger" (p.439). Only instances in which there were clear cut indications of physical maltreatment (the abuser had been officially accused or processed through the courts) were considered. The majority of the abused children were severely beaten with objects such as belts or whips, and in some cases sexual abuse occurred. Finally, for the purposes of the study, a key concept involved defining violent acts against significant others. Significant others included parents, stepparents, foster parents, adult relatives, caretakers, teachers, siblings, and close peers. The targets were determined from the case files. ANOVA was used to analyze the data. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: Of the 863 cases surveyed, 223 (26%) of the adolescents had experienced physical abuse in some form. A comparison of the abused and nonabused adolescents did not reveal significant differences in age, number of delinquent acts officially recorded, or proportion from broken homes. Also, more than 90% in both groups were from working class or lower class levels. Significant differences were found regarding race. 28% of the whites in the sample had experienced abuse, compared to 22% of the blacks. 33% of the abused children had experienced violence from their fathers, 10% from stepfathers, and 17% from mothers. 27% had been abused by both parents. Cases revealed that 85% of the abused children were abused on more than one occasion. The two groups did not differ significantly when comparing the frequency of violent offenses. More than 75% of the youths in both groups had committed at least one violent act. When abused and nonabused delinquents were compared in terms of violence against significant others, it was revealed that significantly more of the abused youths directed violence toward significant others. 26% of the abused youths directed violence toward significant others compared to 14% of the nonabused. 45% of the abused youths directed violence toward immediate family members or caretakers while only 18% of nonabused did so. Little difference was found between the two groups regarding violence toward institutional staff, with 27% of the abused and 25% of the nonabused taking part. AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS: The author argued that the results of their study lend credence to both learning and stress theories of delinquency. The author further argued that it would be naive to assume that the simple fact of being an abused child would be an adequate explanation or predictor of violent juvenile behavior. Rather than define the common characteristics of violent offenders, more attention must be given to the context within which violence is manifested. The author suggested that a parent or significant other may be attacked for widely varying reasons which included the following--violence to protect another parent or sibling who is being beaten, an adolescent who is attacked by a parent strikes back in self-defense, or a conflict arises in a situation in which an adolescent sees parental behavior as inappropriate and therefore, punishes the parent by beating him/her. It was also noted that a child may attack if he/she is mentally disturbed or deficient and not responsible for his or her abusive behavior. Finally, a child who views parents as weak, useless, or a drag on him because they require attention may strike out in violent aggressive resentment. EVALUATION: Serious juvenile offenders are of the greatest concern both because of their youth and because of the danger they pose. This study finds that significantly more of those in institutions who were abused were also violent, evidence for the idea of intergenerational transmission of violence. Data for this study, however, have many potential weaknesses. First, the source for the data were case files supplemented by case worker recollections. There is a weakness here in that interpretations were collected, not the words of the juveniles themselves. Additionally, determinations of abuse were abstracted from very indirect sources and may reflect some coding bias and interpretation. The sample of cases is large, but the cases included are likely very non-representative of juveniles in general. Given that the interest is in the seriously delinquent, this is less of a problem, but the geographical specificity of the study warrants caution in viewing the results. Further study should broaden the range to include regional variation and, perhaps, include serious juvenile offenders who are not sent to the institutional setting. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) N1 - Call Number: F-286, AB-286 KW - Ohio KW - Child Victim KW - Child Male KW - Child Abuse Victim KW - Child Abuse Effects KW - Child Abuse-Delinquency Link KW - Child Physical Abuse Victim KW - Child Physical Abuse Effects KW - Childhood Victimization KW - Childhood Experience KW - Domestic Violence Effects KW - Domestic Violence Victim KW - Victim Turned Offender KW - Stress Theory KW - Social Learning Theory KW - Subculture of Violence Theory KW - Juvenile Delinquency KW - Juvenile Offender KW - Juvenile Violence KW - Juvenile Inmate KW - Male Delinquency KW - Male Inmate KW - Male Offender KW - Male Violence KW - Violence Causes KW - Delinquency Causes KW - Incarcerated KW - Inmate Studies Language: en
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the citizen's attitude toward the police and the police uniform and authoritarian attitude was identified, and it was shown that the attitude of the officer, in conjunction with the uniform, exerts considerably more influence on the attitude than does the uniform or any additional factor acting independently.
TL;DR: It was suggested that activity of, or access to, memory rather than age per se determines susceptibility to disruption and that the underlying old memory remains stable over time was supported by the strong retention when specific implicit or explicit reactivation cues were available.
Abstract: A series of six experiments compared the characteristics of hypothermia-induced amnesia for newly acquired and old reactivated memories. Old memory, when reactivated by cue exposure, was disrupted by mild or deep hypothermia treatment, while new memory was impaired only by deep cooling. Mild hypothermia had no disruptive influence on either new or old memories. Old, but not new, learning showed recovery from amnesia in a test-retest procedure. The onset of amnesia was more rapid for an old reactivated memory than for a newly acquired memory. The susceptibility of memory to disruption decreased over time following original learning or cue reactivation, although this decrease was, if anything, more rapid following the cuing procedure. Recovery from amnesia could be induced by a recooling reminder treatment and was similar for both new and old memories. It was suggested that activity of, or access to, memory rather than age per se determines susceptibility to disruption. The process of memory reactivation appears somewhat more sensitive, rapid, and brief than the processes) of memory formation. However, that the underlying old memory remains stable over time was supported by the strong retention when specific implicit or explicit reactivation cues were available.
TL;DR: The findings and those reported in other studies indicate that stutterers' vowel production is more restricted, spatially and temporally, than nonstutterers'.
Abstract: Measurements were made of the formant frequencies and formant transitions associated with the vowels/i/,/ae/ and /u/ produced by seven moderate-to-severe stutterers when they read fluently in a cont...
TL;DR: Vowel duration may be as important as spectral characteristics of vowels when breathiness is judged from samples of connected discourse, and all vowel parameters were related significantly to the mean ratings.
Abstract: This experiment was designed to investigate the relationships of listener ratings of breathiness to vowel duration, speaking rate, and the relative energy in three frequency ranges (100–500, 1500–2...
TL;DR: The authors survey an international sample of consumerists, students, academicians, and managers to determine differences in their attitudes toward advertising and find that the strongest differences exist between managers and consumerists.
Abstract: Advertising is emerging as one of the most controversial functions of business. This study surveys an international sample of consumerists, students, academicians, and managers to determine differences in their attitudes toward advertising. The strongest differences exist between managers and consumerists.