Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1983"
TL;DR: This secondary analysis of television viewing motivations and patterns located two television user types: users of the television medium for time consumption and entertainment; and users of television content for nonescapist, information seeking.
Abstract: This secondary analysis of television viewing motivations and patterns located two television user types: (1) users of the television medium for time consumption and entertainment; and (2) users of television content for nonescapist, information seeking.
869 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided an initial report concerning the nationwide study of the impact of divorce on children and found that three-hundred-forty-one children from divorced families and 358 from intact families were compared.
Abstract: This article provides an initial report concerning the nationwide study of the impact of divorce on children. Three-hundred-forty-one children from divorced families and 358 from intact families we...
162 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Johanson et al. as mentioned in this paper showed that the presence of a hominoid with thick enamel and robust maxillae at Fort Ternan seemed to provide the oldest evidence of hominids.
Abstract: The contact of the Afro-Arabian Plate with Eurasia around 17 million years ago (m.y.a.) is associated with profound changes in Miocene faunal communities. At or about this time, a hominoid appeared in East Africa that was anatomically quite different from the Proconsul species complex that had been endemic there for over 6 million years. These differences involved elements of occlusal design, thickness of molar enamel caps, and gnathic buttressing, which showed a general increase in robusticity. By the mid 1970s, this combination of features had come to be regarded as exclusively characteristic of australopithecines or their immediate ancestors. Thus the presence of a hominoid with thick enamel and robust maxillae at Fort Ternan seemed to provide the oldest evidence of hominids (Simons, 1968; Andrews and Tekkaya, 1976; Simons and Pilbeam, 1978). The later discovery and diagnosis of Australopithecus afarensis from Pliocene deposits in Ethiopia and Tanzania (Johanson et al., 1978; Johanson and White, 1979) tended to further strengthen the argument that an animal like Ramapithecus from East Africa and Indo-Pakistan was ancestral to the earliest undoubted hominids.
122 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors empirically examined sex and position as predictors of organizational commitment for 583 employees of social service organizations, and the results of simple correlational and multiplicative analysis were presented.
Abstract: The present study empirically examines sex and position as predictors of organizational commitment for 583 employees of social service organizations. The results of simple correlational and multipl...
122 citations
TL;DR: For example, Anderson et al. as mentioned in this paper found that the fine-grained matrix of the San Gabriel cataclasite is composed of a mosaic of equidimensional, interlocking grains.
115 citations
TL;DR: It is thought it likely that Ramapithecus and Sivapitalcus represent a lineage that postdates the last common ancestor of African and Asian hominoids.
Abstract: Recent collecting in the Potwar Plateau of Pakistan has produced several new maxillae attributable to Sivapithecus. Since the subnasal region is preserved in most of these specimens, comparisons with early Miocene hominoid and Pliocene hominid maxillae become possible. On the basis of these comparisons, it has become clear that subnasal/premaxillary morphology distinguishes Asian and African hominoids. Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus share with Pongo an "Asian" subnasal pattern. The Proconsul species from the early Miocene of western Kenya and Australopithecus afarensis from the Hadar Formation of Ethiopia present two subsets of an "African" subnasal pattern. We think it likely that Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus represent a lineage that postdates the last common ancestor of African and Asian hominoids.
110 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a regionS of the complex plane is determined such that a two-step iterative method converges if the eigenvalues of an iteration operatorT are contained inS. For a givenS, optimal methods are described, and upper and lower bounds are derived for the associated asymptotic rate of convergence.
Abstract: Using the theory of Euler methods from summability theory, we investigate general iterative methods for solving linear systems of equations. In particular, for a given Euler method, a regionS of the complex plane is determined such that ak-step iterative method converges if the eigenvalues of an iteration operatorT are contained inS. For a givenS, optimal methods are described, and upper and lower bounds are derived for the associated asymptotic rate of convergence. Special attention is given to two-step methods with complex parameters.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a replication and extension of Goldberg's 1968 study of performance evaluation was presented, where 360 college students were asked to evaluate an academic article in the fields of politics, psychology of women or education (judged masculine, feminine, and neutral, respectively) that was written either by a male, female or an author whose name was initialized.
Abstract: The present research was a replication and extension of Goldberg's 1968 study of performance evaluation. 360 college students (180 male; 180 female) were asked to evaluate an academic article in the fields of politics, psychology of women or education (judged masculine, feminine, and neutral, respectively) that was written either by a male, female, or an author whose name was initialized. Results indicated that the articles were differentially perceived and evaluated according to the name of the author. An article written by a male was evaluated more favorably than if the author was not male. Subjects' bias against women was stronger when they believed the author with the initialized name was female.
87 citations
81 citations
TL;DR: Two stepwise multiple regressions indicated that anorexic-like eating attitudes, dissatisfaction with body image, and poor self-image were significant predictors of the severity of binge eating while none of the measures was a significant predictor of weight deviation.
73 citations
TL;DR: This paper conducted a review on attitude change in U.S. students who participate in foreign study experiences and found that attitude change is seldom verified empirically in these works, possibly due to loosely structured experimental designs, infrequent use of follow-up studies, lack of an established theoretical base, and perhaps most importantly, the lack of a consensus concerning what to measure.
TL;DR: The massively parallel processor's computing power and extreme flexibility will allow the development of new techniques for scene analysis - realtime scene analysis, for example, in which the sensor can interact with the scene as needed.
Abstract: A review of the massively parallel processor (MPP) is provided. The MPP, a single instruction, multiple data parallel computer with 16K processors being built for NASA by Goodyear Aerospace, can perform over six billion eight-bit adds and 1.8 billion eight-bit multiplies per second. Its SIMD architecture and immense computing power promise to make the MPP an extremely useful and exciting new tool for all types of pattern recognition and image processing applications. The SIMD parallelism can be used to directly calculate 16K statistical pattern recognition results simultaneously. Moreover, the 16K processors can be configured into a two-dimensional array to efficiently extract features from a 128x128 subimage in parallel. The parallel search capability of SIMD architectures can be used to search recognition and production rules in parallel, thus eliminating the need to sort them. This feature is particularly important if the rules are dynamically changing. Finally, the MPP's computing power and extreme flexibility will allow the development of new techniques for scene analysis - realtime scene analysis, for example, in which the sensor can interact with the scene as needed.
TL;DR: Linolenic acid, previously thought to be only a trace component ofCuphea seed oils, is the major constituent of two species, and two others are rich in linoleic Acid, another minor component of mostCupbea oils.
Abstract: Nineteen species of 10 taxonomic sections ofCuphea were analyzed for fatty acid composition of the seed oils. Two sections of the genus,Trispermum andPseudocircaea, previously unreported, are included. Lauric acid is the major component of the seed oil in seven of the species surveyed; capric andmyristic each predominate in five. Linolenic acid, previously thought to be only a trace component ofCuphea seed oils, is the major constituent of two species. Two others are rich in linoleic acid, another minor component of mostCupbea oils.
TL;DR: Stress management plus relaxation imagery and relaxation imagery alone were significantly more effective than blood pressure checks in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressures during treatment and in maintaining diastolics blood pressure reductions during follow-up.
Abstract: The present study compared the effectiveness of three procedures in the treatment of 34 individuals with essential hypertension: (1) stress management training plus relaxation imagery, which consisted of an adaptation of existing stress management techniques in conjunction with extensive relaxation training using relaxation imagery; (2) relaxation imagery alone; and (3) weekly blood pressure checks. The relaxation imagery technique involved visualization of a relaxing image along with concentration on suggestions of relaxation, heaviness, and warmth. Treatment was individualized and lasted 8 weeks. Results indicated stress management plus relaxation imagery and relaxation imagery alone were significantly more effective than blood pressure checks in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressures during treatment and in maintaining diastolic blood pressure reductions during follow-up. However, no significant differences were found between the two treatment procedures. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general equation for the estimation of thermodynamic excess properties of multicomponent systems from observed excess properties for various binary combinations of the components has been developed, based on a simple model of the multic-component system.
Abstract: A general equation for the estimation of thermodynamic excess properties of multicomponent systems from observed excess properties of the various binary combinations of the components has been developed, based on a simple model of the multicomponent system. This estimation takes the form
$$\Delta \bar Z_{12...N}^{ex} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\sum\limits_{j > i}^N {(X_i + X_j )(f_i + f_j )(\Delta \bar Z_{ij}^{ex} )^* } } $$
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of self-awareness on the aggressive behavior of intoxicated subjects in a reaction-time task in which they could hurt and/or be hurt by their opponent.
Abstract: The present study investigated the effect of self-awareness on the aggressive behavior of intoxicated subjects. Forty male undergraudates competed in a reaction-time task in which they could hurt and/or be hurt by their opponent. In the self-aware condition, subjects competed in the presence of a mirror and video camera. In the non-self-aware condition, the mirror and video camera were not present. Intoxicated and nonintoxicated subjects in the self-aware condition were less aggressive than subjects in the non-self-aware condition. This effect was observed on the initial trial and under conditions of increasing provocation. The results were discussed in terms of a cognitive disruption model of alcohol-related aggression.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of decision-making on elementary children's development was evaluated by measuring attitudes, creativity, self-concept, and motor skills, and Pearson product-moment correlation showed the tested variables to be independent measures of a child's development.
Abstract: Attitudes, creativity, self-concept and motor skills were measured to determine the influence of decision-making on elementary children. Three groups of children (N = 208) were tested, one group was taught with the teacher dominating all classroom decisions, another group was encouraged to share in the decision-making, and a third group served as a control. Data were collected immediately before and after an eight-week instructional period. MANCOVA indicated that the two treatment groups had significantly higher scores than did the control group, and the shared decision-making group scored significantly higher than the teacher dominated group on measures of creativity, motor skills and self-concept. A 2 (treatment) × 2 (sex) × 5 (grade) ANOVA revealed significantly more positive attitude scores for children allowed to make decisions regarding their learning. Further, Pearson product-moment correlation showed the tested variables to be independent measures of a child's development.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured neutron time-of-flight spectra from 90 MeV protons and 140 MeV alpha particles bombarding thin targets of Al, Ni, Zr, and Bi at laboratory angles between 20 and 135 degrees.
Abstract: We measured neutron time-of-flight spectra from 90 MeV protons and 140 MeV alpha particles bombarding thin targets of Al, Ni, Zr, and Bi at laboratory angles between 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The lowenergy (5 to 45 MeV) portions of the spectra were measured with 5 cm diameter by 5 cm deep NE-213 counters at 1 m flight paths with n-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ pulse-shape discrimination. The high-energy (35 to 150 MeV) portions of the spectra were measured with 12.7 cm diameter by 10.2 cm deep NE-102 counters at flight paths of 2.0 to 5.0 m. The proton-induced measured neutron spectra reveal three distinct energy regions: a low-energy evaporation region, a high-energy region dominated by the quasifree scattering process, and an intermediate-energy region dominated by multistep, preequilibrium processes. In the latter two regions, the spectra show strong angular dependence. The alpha-particle induced neutron spectra show these same distinct energy regions plus an exponential falloff above the beam energy per nucleon. The neutron spectra are compared with earlier proton spectra produced also by 90 MeV protons and 140 MeV alpha particles. It is observed that the high-energy portions of the forward-angle neutron and proton cross sections are in ratios consistent with the idea that single nucleon-nucleon scattering dominates. For the heavy-mass targets, the low-energy evaporation regions show neutron yields larger than proton yields. The proton-to-neutron ratios observed in the high-energy continua are interpreted with a quasifree calculation fitted simultaneously to the proton and the neutron spectra. Preequilibrium calculations with the exciton model and the hybrid model reproduce the shape of the experimental angle-integrated energy spectra down to lower energies than the quasifree calculations. The exciton model calculations underestimate the magnitudes of the cross sections, while the hybrid model provides better absolute agreement. One of the preequilibrium calculations uses the method of Mantzouranis and Weidenm\"uller to predict angular distributions; we find that the predicted angular distributions overestimate the neutron yields at forward angles. The intranuclear-cascade model predicts proton-to-neutron ratios much smaller than experimentally observed in the high-energy forward-angle continua.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$(p,n), ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$, n), ${E}_{\mathrm{p}}=90$ MeV; ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=140$ MeV; ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{L}=20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; measured $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}\mathrm{dE}}$; compared with available experimental proton spectra and with theoretical calculations including PWIA quasifree scattering, preequilibrium exciton, geometry-dependent hybrid, and intranuclear-cascade models.
TL;DR: The purpose of this communication is to describe and provide a preliminary interpretation of a hominoid proximal humeral fragment recovered from sediments more than 4.0 m.y. old in the Baringo District, Kenya.
Abstract: The purpose of this communication is to describe and provide a preliminary interpretation of a hominoid proximal humeral fragment recovered from sediments more than 4.0 m.y. old in the Baringo District, Kenya. The geological and chronological context of the fossil is examined and associated fauna is analyzed.
TL;DR: Skin conductance and heart rate during the warning period proved to be significant predictors of pain tolerance behaviorally measured and the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire did not reveal any relationship between awareness of autonomic arousal and pain tolerance.
Abstract: Autonomic measures (skin conductance and heart rate) were obtained from subjects before (warning period), during (immersion period), and after (resting state) the performance of the Cold Pressor task under tolerance instructions The Autonomic Perception Questionnaire was administered shortly before the Cold Pressor task Skin conductance and heart rate during the warning period proved to be significant predictors of pain tolerance behaviorally measured The Autonomic Perception Questionnaire did not reveal any relationship between awareness of autonomic arousal and pain tolerance nor between actual level of arousal and subjective awareness of this arousal
TL;DR: It was concluded that phospholipase activity in BSA may contribute to capacitation and the acrosome reaction of guinea pig sperm in vitro by mimicking the action of native sperm phospholIPase.
Abstract: Phospholipase activity associated with guinea pig spermatozoa during capacitation and the acrosome reaction (AR) was determined by measuring the production of [14C] glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) from [14C] phosphatidylcholine (PTC) over a 2-hour period at the beginning and at the end of a 6-hour incubation. Spermatozoa converted 13 X more [14C] PTC to [14C] GPC during the last 2 hours of incubation than during the first 2 hours which corresponded to an increase in AR from 7% at 2 hours to 55% at 6 hours. In vitro studies also were performed to assess the role of phospholipase activity in bovine serum albumin (BSA) in inducing the AR of guinea pig spermatozoa. Spermatozoa, obtained by backflushing the cauda epididymidis, were incubated for up to 6 hours in Biggers, Whitten, and Whittinghams' (BWW) medium alone or containing various additives. These additives were: 0.1% BSA, phospholipase A2, p-bromophenacyl bromide, DMSO, 0.1% BSA plus p-bromophenacyl bromide, or 0.1% BSA plus DMSO. Each hour of incubation, samples were assessed for the percentage of AR sperm and sperm motility. The percentage of AR sperm after 6 hours in BWW supplemented with phospholipase A2, at the level of PTC hydrolyzing ability detected in BWW with 0.1% BSA, was similar to that of BWW and BSA. However, the percentage of AR sperm in BWW with BSA and the phospholipase inhibitor p-bromophenacyl bromide was significantly lower than that in BWW with BSA or phospholipase A2 and similar to that in BWW without BSA. Sperm motility was significantly less in incubations containing phospholipase A2, but lacking BSA. It was concluded that phospholipase activity in BSA may contribute to capacitation and the AR of guinea pig sperm in vitro by mimicking the action of native sperm phospholipase.
TL;DR: Findings revealed that VOT was generally the same in older and younger subjects, and both age groups maintained similar voiced/voiceless and bilabial/velar distinctions.
Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effect of aging on voice onset time (VOT). Ten women between 20 and 30 years old and 10 women between 70 and 80 years old read CVC syllables embedded in a carrier phrase. Spectrograms were used to measure VOT for voiced and voiceless bilabial and velar stops in the context of high and low vowels. Findings revealed that VOT was generally the same in older and younger subjects, and both age groups maintained similar voiced/voiceless and bilabial/velar distinctions. Older subjects demonstrated significantly shorter VOTs only in certain contexts involving place of consonant production and vowel context. The effects of aging on VOT, therefore, seem to appear only in selected phonetic contexts.
TL;DR: For example, Johnson et al. as mentioned in this paper reported eight new hominoid specimens, attributable to Ramapithecus and Sivaphecus, from the middle Miocene Chinji Formation of Pakistan.
Abstract: We report here eight new hominoid specimens, attributable to Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus1,2, from the middle Miocene Chinji Formation of Pakistan. Hominoids previously described from the Chinji Formation cannot be precisely located although they most probably come from the upper two-thirds of the formation3–9. The new material, from the middle portion of the formation, is ∼12–13 Myr old based on magnetostratigraphy (refs 10, 11 and N. Johnson, personal communication). Two earlier specimens are supposedly from the underlying Kamlial Formation6,12, although the best candidate for an earliest Ramapithecus or Sivapithecus is an undescribed molar, AMNH 19565B, collected by Brown13 from a locality believed to be basal Chinji14, for which magnetostratigraphy indicates an age of 14.5 Myr (ref. 11 and N. Johnson, personal communication). Small hominoids are definitely known in the older Manchar Formation in Sind15. Together with the material discussed here, the new specimens record the earliest phases of Asian hominoid evolution following dispersal from Africa–Arabia16, and the apparent division of large hominoids into ‘African’ (lineages leading to Pan, Gorilla and Homo) and ‘Asian’ (leading to Pongo) clades at a minimum of 13 Myr17–19, probably more.
TL;DR: Parents wanted doctors and nurses to acknowledge their feelings of shock, guilt, and grief, to recognize the importance of parents’ memories of the birth and the baby, and to help parents sharpen the reality of the death.
Abstract: :Adequate support for parents whose baby dies requires close listening to the parents themselves, and familiarity with other successful programs of helping parents with grief. Interviews with 24 parents who lost their babies revealed what they found to be supportive or damaging behavior on the part of caregivers. Parents wanted doctors and nurses to acknowledge their feelings of shock, guilt, and grief, to recognize the importance of parents’ memories of the birth and the baby, and to help parents sharpen the reality of the death. Parents’ and hospital staff views of several types of grief support through the postpartum period, during and after hospital discharge, and throughout a subsequent pregnancy and birth, are discussed. (BIRTH 10:1, Spring 1983)
TL;DR: In this paper, a nearly ideal binary solvent model was proposed to predict minima for solubility (mole fraction) of iodine in binary mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with cyclohexane, n-hexane and n-heptane.
Abstract: Solubilities have been determined at 25°C for iodine in binary mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-heptane, and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) and in mixtures of cyclohexane with n-hexane and OMCTS; and for benzil in binary mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with cyclohexane, n-hexane, and n-heptane, mixtures of n-hexane with cyclohexane and n-heptane, and mixtures of benzene with cyclohexane and toluene. With the exception of the benzene+cyclohexane system, the nearly ideal binary solvent model predicts these solubilities with a maximum deviation of 6% and an overall standard deviation of 2.4%. The model correctly predicts minima for solubility (mole fraction) of iodine in the OMCTS systems, and predicts solubilities within 4% for benzil in the carbon tetrachloride+n-hexane system, in which the solubility changes by a factor of 14. The failure of the model for predicting solubilities of benzil in mixtures of benzene and cyclohexane (maximum error of 25% for and 18-fold range of solubilities) is possibly due to specific interactions between benzil and benzene.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results of these calculations illustrate that the determination of solute-solvent equilibrium constants from solubility data depends on the theoretical model used and the manner in which nonspecific interactions are incorporated into the model.
TL;DR: The results suggest that inefficient word recognition skills can contribute to reading deficiencies as can deficiencies in semantic memory organization.