Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1985"
TL;DR: Although there has been considerable research into the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability, it has frequently reflected either an ideological bias or limited meth... as discussed by the authors, it has often reflected either a bias or a limited meth
Abstract: Although there has been considerable research into the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability, it has frequently reflected either an ideological bias or limited meth...
2,206 citations
TL;DR: Results show that the system is equally accurate to pubic symphyseal aging (although somewhat more difficult to apply), and also carries the advantages of a higher preservation rate for the auricular surface in archaeological populations and continued age-related change beyond the fifth decade.
Abstract: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death based upon chronological changes in the auricular surface of the ilium is presented. Formal stages have been constructed following extensive tests and refinements in observations made of such changes. Two completely "blind" tests were conducted to assess the accuracy and bias of the new method. Results show that the system is equally accurate to pubic symphyseal aging (although somewhat more difficult to apply), and also carries the advantages of a higher preservation rate for the auricular surface in archaeological populations and continued age-related change beyond the fifth decade.
1,651 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that suture closure can provide valuable estimates of age-at-death in both archaeological and forensic contexts when used in conjunction with other skeletal age indicators.
Abstract: A new method for estimation of age-at-death based on the degree of suture closure is presented. The method employs simple ectocranial scoring of specific sites on the external table. Composite scores for two groups of sutures, lateral-anterior and vault systems, which are used to provide estimates of age-at-death, have been developed from a sample of 236 crania from the Hamann-Todd Collection. A variety of tests show that the lateral-anterior sutures are superior to the sutures of the vault, that ectocranial is superior to endocranial observation, and that age estimates are independent of race and sex. It is concluded that suture closure can provide valuable estimates of age-at-death in both archaeological and forensic contexts when used in conjunction with other skeletal age indicators.
1,292 citations
1,129 citations
TL;DR: Dental wear is concluded to be a highly reliable and important indicator of adult age at death for skeletal populations if seriation procedures are employed.
Abstract: Modal patterns of occlusal attrition are presented for the Libben population based on a sample of 332 adult dentitions. Maxillas and mandibles were reviewed independently by seriation prior to assessment of complete dentitions. The Spearman rank order coefficient for upper and lower dentitions was .96. Wear patterns are very similar to those reported by Murphy (1959a: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 17:167-178) for Australian aborigines. There were no significant sexual differences in wear rate. Dental wear is concluded to be a highly reliable and important indicator of adult age at death for skeletal populations if seriation procedures are employed.
668 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined personality, attitudinal, and situational characteristics relevant to the three major models of rape victimization: social control, victim precipitation and situational blame, and found that personality variables and attitudes did not differentiate the groups of women, while numerous situational variables did.
Abstract: A hidden rape victim is one who has never reported her experience to a rape crisis center or to police. It has been estimated that only 10–50% of the rapes that actually occur are ever reported to authorities. Since most previous rape studies have selected samples from official sources, hidden victims have been overlooked. The goals of the present study were to describe the victimization experienced by hidden victims and to determine whether any psychological variables were related to victimization status. The psychological variables examined included personality, attitudinal, and situational characteristics relevant to the three major models of rape victimization: social control, victim precipitation, and situational blame. Subjects were 82 not sexually victimized, 37 low sexually victimized, 50 moderately victimized, and 62 highly sexually victimized women. Subjects completed questionnaires and participated in a one-to-one standardized interview. Data were analyzed via multivariate analysis of variance. Personality variables and attitudes did not differentiate the groups of women, while numerous situational variables did. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
552 citations
TL;DR: This represents the first truly blind test of an age-at-death indicator or system, as the test populations were independent of the system(s) being tested, and the age, sex, and ethnogeographic origin of the individuals being assessed were completely unknown until the tests were completed.
Abstract: Traditional methods of estimating skeletal age at death have relied solely on the pubic symphyseal face or on this indicator combined with others in nonsystematic ways. A multifactorial method is presented that uses a principal components weighting of five indicators (pubic symphyseal face, auricular surface, radiographs of proximal femur, dental wear, and suture closure). This method has been tested by completely blind assessment of age in two samples from the Todd collection carefully screened for accuracy of stated age at death. Results show a marked superiority of the multifactorial method over any single indicator with respect to both bias and accuracy. This represents the first truly blind test of an age-at-death indicator or system, as the test populations were independent of the system(s) being tested, and the age, sex, and ethnogeographic origin of the individuals being assessed (as well as the compositions of the test samples with respect to these variables) were completely unknown until the tests were completed. Implications for paleodemography are discussed.
506 citations
Patent•
17 Sep 1985TL;DR: In this paper, a light modulating material consisting of droplets of liquid crystal in a clear or light transmitting, flexible plastic sheet or film, such as a cured epoxy, is described.
Abstract: A light modulating material consisting of droplets of liquid crystal in a clear or light transmitting, flexible plastic sheet or film, such as a cured epoxy. The light modulating material is prepared by dissolving liquid crystal in an uncured resin and then curing the resin so that droplets of liquid crystal spontaneously form and are uniformly dispersed throughout the sheet or film. The new material shows a reversible, high contrast optical response from an opaque scattering mode to a clear light transmission mode when either the temperature of the material is changed to transform the liquid crystal into the isotropic phase or an electric field is applied across the material. The material is optically responsive to strain, whereby under tension it acts to polarize incident light. Curing the material in the presence of an applied field also causes it to act as an electrically addressable polarizer.
378 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an organization and description of the Descriptive Study of Bivariate Data Probability Probability Distributions Binomial Distribution and its Application in Testing Hypotheses The Normal Distribution Variation Variation in Repeated Samples: Sampling Distributions Drawing Inferences from Large Samples Small-Sample Inferences for Normal Populations Comparing Two Treatments Regression Analysis I (Simple Linear Regression) Regression analysis II (Multiple linear Regression and Other Topics) Analysis of Categorical Data Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Non-
Abstract: Organization and Description of Data Descriptive Study of Bivariate Data Probability Probability Distributions Binomial Distribution and its Application in Testing Hypotheses The Normal Distribution Variation in Repeated Samples: Sampling Distributions Drawing Inferences from Large Samples Small-Sample Inferences for Normal Populations Comparing Two Treatments Regression Analysis I (Simple Linear Regression) Regression Analysis II (Multiple Linear Regression and Other Topics) Analysis of Categorical Data Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Non-Parametric Statistics
371 citations
TL;DR: Modifications were made of the Todd system to eliminate this and other deficiencies, and a second test using a new sample was conducted, and the age distribution determined by the revised Todd method did not significantly differ from the actual age distribution of the second sample.
Abstract: All current standardized methods of age determination using the os pubis were tested by blind assessment of a skeletal sample with documented ages (from the Todd collection; N = 96). No demographic data (sex, age, race, age composition) were known to the assessors prior to completion of the test. Results showed the Todd method to be more reliable than more recent component techniques and that all systems tended to underage. Therefore, modifications were made of the Todd system to eliminate this and other deficiencies, and a second test using a new sample was conducted (N = 109). The age distribution determined by the revised Todd method did not significantly differ from the actual age distribution of the second sample. Error due to race was nonsignificant. Biological stages of pubic metamorphosis are described and possible evolutionary specializations of the hominid symphysis are discussed. Revised standards for age determination are presented.
290 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the psychological characteristics of three types of undetected sexually aggressive men who had assaulted female acquaintances and found that they supported a social control/social conflict explanation of nonstranger sexual aggression.
Abstract: Rape is an underreported and underconvicted crime. Therefore, many highly sexually aggressive men are missed by research employing judicial identification for sample selection. The present study examined the psychological characteristics of three types of undetected sexually aggressive men who had assaulted female acquaintances. Subjects were selected on the basis of their responses to the Sexual Experiences Survey and completed questionnaires that reflected psychological variables relevant to two major theoretical models of rape, the psychopathology model and the social control/social conflict model. Data were analyzed via discriminant analysis. The groups were significantly discriminated by seven variables, including six rape-supportive attitudes. The findings support a social control/social conflict explanation of nonstranger sexual aggression.
TL;DR: Determinations of sex by subjective assessment of the skulls from a skeletal series of known sex were compared to fully independent assessments based on pelves of the same specimens, and estimations based on the pelves were generally superior to both in terms of frequency and overall bias of error.
Abstract: Determinations of sex by subjective assessment of the skulls from a skeletal series of known sex were compared to fully independent assessments based on pelves of the same specimens. Within-sex correlations of cranial and pelvic morphologies measured on an android-gynecoid scale were smaller than expected. Subjective assessment by means of the skull compared favorably to that of the linear discriminant functions of Giles and Elliot; however, the direction of error was similar for both procedures. Of course, estimations based on the pelves were generally superior to both in terms of frequency and overall bias of error. The bias of sex estimation for paleodemographic purposes is contingent upon completeness of skeletal remains.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of interpersonal channels is considered as coequal alternatives to the uses of media channels for the gratification of social and psychological needs, and the parallels between uses and gratifications and interpersonal communication perspectives are explained.
Abstract: Uses and gratifications is seen as a viable communication perspective for examining the interface of interpersonal and mass communication. This essay explicates the interpersonal dimension of uses and gratifications models, including individual needs and functional alternatives. The uses of interpersonal channels are considered as coequal alternatives to the uses of media channels for the gratification of social and psychological needs. The parallels between uses and gratifications and interpersonal communication perspectives are explained and a research agenda is created for future investigations of why and how media and personal interaction are used to gratify individual communicative needs.
TL;DR: Results are based on multifactored mental health assessment of 110 children from the original sample of 699 children assessed 2 years previously, and divorced-family children performed more poorly than intact- family children on several indices, and boys showed more adverse effects than did girls.
Abstract: This is the initial report of longitudinal findings from the National Association of School Psychologists-Kent State University, nationwide study of the impact of divorce on children. Results are based on multifactored mental health assessment of 110 children from the original sample of 699 children assessed 2 years previously. Consistent with Time-1 analyses, divorced-family children performed more poorly than intact-family children on several indices, and boys showed more adverse effects than did girls. Stability and predictive significance of Time-1 mental health scores were also greater for girls than boys across the 2-year time period. ANCOVAs controlling for family income demonstrated a reduced-number of differences between the groups, whereas controls for child's IQ did not. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 24, 5:531–537, 1985.
TL;DR: In this paper, four primary motives for watching daytime television soap operas were ascertained via factor analysis: Orientation, avoidance, diversion, and social utility, and correlation and regression were used to consider the links among these motives and several viewing and life pattern variables.
Abstract: Interviews were conducted with a random sample of 1023 students at 11 U.S. universities. Four primary motives for watching daytime television soap operas were ascertained via factor analysis. These were: Orientation, Avoidance, Diversion, and Social Utility. Correlation and regression were used to consider the links among these motives and several viewing and life pattern variables. Involvement was a significant predictor of all viewing motives, especially orientation use of soap operas. Life satisfaction and soap opera affinity contributed to nonescapist, diversionary use of the programs. Implications of the findings were discussed with particular attention to ritualistic and instrumental use, audience activity, and life context.
TL;DR: This article found that self-reported measures correlated only slightly with observations of students' actual behaviors, while holistic impressions of competence were wholly consistent with the CCAI ratings, adding to reification, or convergent validity.
Abstract: This study reports validity information on one measure of communication competence, the Communication Competency Assessment Instrument (CCAI). Conceptual validity of the CCAI was demonstrated in prior research. This study, in confirming operational validity, found that self‐reported measures correlated only slightly with observations of students' actual behaviors, while holistic impressions of competence were wholly consistent with the CCAI ratings. Also, students' persuasive speech grades and instructors' impressions correlated with the CCAI measure, adding to reification, or convergent validity. Elaboration validity analysis discovered that argumentativeness was unrelated to CCAI scores. However, a relationship existed between knowledge and skill, lending credence to the notion that impressions formed about others' communication competence involves judgments of behavioral appropriateness as well as knowledge about the communication process.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted that surveyed 216 subordinates in a variety of organizations in a major metropolitan and industrial section of the midwest and found that the more subordinates perceive their superiors are high in argumentativeness and low in verbal aggressiveness, the more the subordinates also wilt be argumentative and have job satisfaction.
Abstract: Corporatist theory of job productivity is reviewed and ideas about organizational communication are explored from the perspective of recent conceptions of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness. A hypothesis is derived that the more subordinates perceive their superiors are high in argumentativeness and low in verbal aggressiveness, the more the subordinates also wilt be argumentative and have job satisfaction. A study is reported that surveyed 216 subordinates in a variety of organizations in a major metropolitan and industrial section of the midwest. Canonical correlation analysis revealed three significant roots that suggested considerable support for the research hypothesis. Implications of the results are discussed, particularly in terms of corporatist theory.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess commonalities in binge eating and other problem behavior patterns in male and female college students, and in a group of women diagnosed as bulimic.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess commonalities in binge eating and other problem behavior patterns in male and female college students, and in a group of women diagnosed as bulimic. Both males and females in the college student group reported a substantial frequency of eating an excessive amount of food in a relatively short period of time. A family history of substance abuse was significantly related to reported binge behavior for college females, but not for college males. Marked similarities were found among the college and clinical group women in the emotional antecedents and consequents of the eating binge, and in the foods consumed. The males reported a significantly greater proportion of positive affect after a binge episode. A general pattern of impulse-control problems was reported by a significant number of the clinically identified bulimic group.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a new parenting satisfaction scale comprised of five domains: spouse support, parent-child relationship, parent performance, family discipline and control, and general satisfaction.
Abstract: Considering the lack of assessment devices for determining satisfaction with parenting, this article describes the development of a new parenting satisfaction scale comprised of five domains: spouse support, parent-child relationship, parent performance, family discipline and control, and general satisfaction. Factor descriptions are provided, and factor scores are compared to the more easily computed unit scores. Unit weighing was found to be a satisfactory approach to scoring, and these scores as welt as factor scores for the five 10-item factors related strongly to four criterion measures of marital satisfaction and life satisfaction. Reliabilities for the domains and total score ranged from. 76 to .93. Correlations with demographic data indicate that the scales appear to be appropriate for use with a variety of parents. Insignificant correlations were obtained when comparing age, employment status, income, number of children, years of marriage, and religion. Results from the current analyses are consi...
TL;DR: It is concluded that bone loss is highly site specific and provides age estimates that are comparable to anatomical age indicators and provides independent estimates of skeletal age when included in the summary age method.
Abstract: Visually seriated radiographs of the proximal femur, proximal humerus, clavicle, and calcaneus from 130 individuals from the Hamann-Todd collection were examined as indicators of skeletal age at death. The clavicle demonstrated the most consistent relationship to age in both sexes. The same radiographs were also seriated by size-normalized optical density as a means of establishing relative radiolucency. In this context, visual seriation proved superior. The four sites studied showed strong divergence in response to age. Since each was sampling bone response from the same individual, it is concluded that bone loss is highly site specific. This demonstrates the individual character of specific skeletal sites. Visual inspection of clavicular radiographs, seriated on a populational basis, provides age estimates that are comparable to anatomical age indicators and provides independent estimates of skeletal age when included in the summary age method (1985: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:1-14).
TL;DR: The authors investigated the prevalence of bulimia and binge eating in 363 adolescent girls in the ninth through twelfth grade (X age = 16.0 years) and found that substantial proportions of these girls reported episodes of binge eating (46.0%) and acknowledged the use of self-induced vomiting (11.2%), laxatives (4.7%), and fasting (36.4%) as methods to control their weight.
Abstract: This research investigated the prevalence of bulimia and binge eating in 363 adolescent girls in the ninth through twelfth grade (X age = 16.0 years). Substantial proportions of these girls reported episodes of binge eating (46.0%) and acknowledged the use of self-induced vomiting (11.2%), laxatives (4.7%), and fasting (36.4%) as methods to control their weight. While 7.7% of the girls met the DSM-III criteria for the diagnosis of bulimia, the prevalence rate decreases to 2.8% when these criteria are modified to require the presence of at least weekly binging and purging only via self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives. An additional 4.4% of the girls engaged in “problematic” binge eating. Comparisons with previous research are offered and diagnostic issues discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a 1-1 correspondence between Euler methods and SIM's, generated by generalized Faber polynomials, is established, which gives that asymptotically optimal Euler method are quite near the optimal SIM's.
Abstract: Given a nonsingular linear systemA x=b, a splittingA=M?N leads to the one-step iteration (1)x m =T X m?1 +c withT:=M ?1N andc:=M ?1 b. We investigate semiiterative methods (SIM's) with respect to (1), under the assumption that the eigenvalues ofT are contained in some compact set Ω of ?, with 1?Ω. There exist SIM's which are optimal with respect to Ω, but, except for some special sets Ω, such optimal methods are not explicitly known in general. Using results about "maximal convergence" of polynomials and "uniformly distributed" nodes from approximation and function theory, we describe here SIM's which are asymptotically optimal with respect to Ω. It is shown that Euler methods, extensively studied by Niethammer-Varga [NV], are special SIM's. Various algorithms for SIM's are also derived here. A 1-1 correspondence between Euler methods and SIM's, generated by generalized Faber polynomials, is further established here. This correspondence gives that asymptotically optimal Euler methods are quite near the optimal SIM's.
Book•
01 Jan 1985TL;DR: This paper found that ratings of the articles were differentially perceived and evaluated according to the name of the author, and that subjects' bias against women was stronger when they believed that sexually neutral authors were female.
Abstract: Three hundred college students (150 female, 150 male) were asked to evaluate an academic article in the field of politics, psychology of women, or education (judged masculine, feminine, and neutral, respectively) that was written by either a male, a female, or an author with a sexually ambiguous name. The results indicated that ratings of the articles were differentially perceived and evaluated according to the name of the author. An article written by a male was valued more positively than if the author was not male. Furthermore, subjects' bias against women was stronger when they believed that sexually neutral authors were female.
TL;DR: Generalization of the previously established depression-marital maladjustment relationship from outpatients to inpatients is demonstrated, and depressed men rated their marriages as significantly better adjusted than depressed women.
Abstract: Measures of depression and marital adjustment were completed by patients hospitalized on an inpatient psychiatric unit and their spouses. Therapists also provided ratings of the patients' depression and couples' marital adjustment. Results indicated a significant negative correlation between patient self-reports of depression and marital adjustment, which was supported by the correlation between therapist ratings. These results demonstrate generalization of the previously established depression-marital maladjustment relationship from outpatients to inpatients. Analyses of sex differences indicated that, although there were no differences between depressed men and women in the severity of the depression, depressed men rated their marriages as significantly better adjusted than depressed women. Clinical implications of these findings with respect to depression and marital maladjustment are discussed.
TL;DR: Thirty male undergraduates received intense provocation following their ingestion of one of three doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and tended to respond in a more aggressive manner than the subjects in the moderate-and high-dose conditions.
Abstract: Thirty male undergraduates received intense provocation following their ingestion of one of three doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The subjects in the low-dose condition tended to respond in a more aggressive manner than the subjects in the moderate-and high-dose conditions. The subjects in the high-dose condition behaved in a relatively nonaggressive manner throughout the experimental session.
TL;DR: It was found that violence by young people toward their parents tended to be concentrated in households with strong manifestations of intra-family violence or aggression between the parents, between parents and children, and between siblings.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors sought to increase our understanding of the communication predisposition of argumentativeness by determining the particular beliefs which differentiate three types of argumentative individuals, i.e., high argumentative, low argumentative and argumentative.
Abstract: This study sought to increase our understanding of the communication predisposition of Argumentativeness by determining the particular beliefs which differentiate three types of argumentative individuals. One hundred thirty‐eight subjects were asked to elicit beliefs they have about arguing. Subjects’ level of trait argumentativeness were also obtained. Content analytic procedures were used to classify the beliefs into eight categories identified as belief structures about arguing. High argumentatives provided the greatest number of positive beliefs about arguing, low argumentatives the least, and low argumentatives affected the greatest number of negative beliefs about arguing and highs the least. Discriminant analysis produced two significant functions labelled Cultivation and Antagonism. Individuals high in trait argumentativeness tend to perceive arguing primarily as an enjoyable, learning experience which demonstrates their rhetorical skills. Low argumentatives primarily view arguing as a hostile com...
TL;DR: McCloskey et al. as discussed by the authors presented arguments and evidence in support of the contention that misleading post-event information does not impair memory for the original event, and argued that the available data fail to demonstrate that posting event information in any way impairs memory for an event.
Abstract: In a recent article (McCloskey & Zaragoza, 1985) we presented arguments and evidence in support of the contention that misleading postevent information does not impair memory for the original event. In their comment on our article, Loftus, Schooler, & Wagenaar (1985) raise several objections to our conclusions. In this reply we consider these objections, suggesting that they present no serious challenges to our position. We also consider the implications of our arguments for forensic applications of postevent information research. In a recent article (McCloskey & Zaragoza, 1985) we made the following points in support of the contention that misleading postevent information has no effect on memory for the original event: 1. The procedures used in previous studies are inappropriate for assessing effects of misleading postevent information on memory for an event. Hence, the available data fail to demonstrate that misleading postevent information in any way impairs memory for the original event. 2. In six experiments using an appropriate procedure we found no effect of misleading postevent information on subjects' ability to remember the original event. In their commentary on our article, Loftus, Schooler, and Wagenaar (1985) take issue with both of these points. In this reply we consider their objections, arguing that they present no serious challenges to our conclusion.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that a mosaic of woodlands, bushlands, and savanna existed close to this important vertebrate subfossil site around 7000-8000 BP.
Abstract: According to a traditional but hitherto untested reconstruction of Madagascar’s Holocene environment, continuous forest preceded the monotonous grassland formations that now cover most of the island’s interior. Preliminary analyses of pollen samples collected near14C-dated horizons at Ampasambazimba (central Madagascar) indicate that a mosaic of woodlands, bushlands, and savanna existed close to this important vertebrate subfossil site around 7000–8000 BP. Although most members of Madagascar’s recently extinct “subfossil” fauna are thought to have been forest dwellers, several may have preferred a more open habitat like the one inferred for the region of Ampasambazimba. Dry savanna-woodland burns more readily than does dense forest and may have been more severely affected by the forces which transformed the Malagasy environment during the later Holocene. If so, the loss of savanna-woodland, not dense forest, may have been an important factor in the subfossil extinctions.