Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1988"

Stranger and Acquaintance Rape: Are There Differences In the Victim's Experience?:

Abstract: Most published research on the victim–offender relationship has been based on small samples that consisted mainly of women who were raped by nonintimate and nonromantic acquaintances, who viewed their experience as rape, and/or who were seeking treatment. In the present study, 489 rape victims were located among a national sample of 3, 187 female college students by a self-report survey that avoided reliance on helpseekers. Two sets of comparisons were performed. First, the experiences reported by victims of stranger rape (n = 52) were compared with those of victims of acquaintance rape (n = 416). Then, the experiences of women assaulted by different types of acquaintances were compared including nonromantic acquaintances (n = 122), casual dates (n = 103), steady dates (n = 147), and spouses or other family members (n = 44). Rapes by acquaintances, compared with strangers, were more likely to involve a single offender and multiple episodes, were less likely to be seen as rape or to be revealed to anyone, ...

Evolution of Human Walking

Abstract: �ked to choose the most distinc­ tive feature of the human spe­ cies, many people would cite our massive brain. Others might men­ tion our ability to make and use so­ phisticated tools. A third feature also sets us apart: our upright mode of locomotion, which is found only in human beings and our immediate an­ cestors. All other primates are basical­ ly quadrupedal, and with good reason: walking on two limbs instead of four has many drawbacks. It deprives us of speed and agility and all but elim­ inates our capacity to climb trees, which yield many important primate foods, such as fruits and nuts. For most of this century evolution­ ary theorists have held that human ancestors evolved this strange mode of locomotion because it freed their hands to carry the tools their larger brains enabled them to make. Over the past two decades, however, knowledge of the human fossil record has ex­ panded. Neither a unique brain nor stone tools are in evidence among our earliest known ancestors, the austra­ lopithecines of three million years ago and more. Yet these same ancestors do clearly show many of the hallmarks of bipedal walking. How long had human ancestors been walking upright? Was bipedal­ ity fully developed in the hominids of three million years ago, or did they

Basing the treatment of stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors on hypotheses of their causes.

Abstract: Stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors are common forms of maladaptive responding demonstrated by severely handicapped persons. Various review papers suggest that no single treatment procedure is universally effective. Although there may be many reasons for this finding, one could be that people engage in these behaviors for various reasons, and that procedures that are incompatible with the cause of the behavior are unlikely to be effective. These studies also suggest many hypotheses for the development and maintenance of these behaviors, three of which are the self-stimulation, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement hypotheses. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether one of these hypotheses could be matched to the cause of the behavior and used as an effective treatment procedure. We therefore compared one hypothesis with one other for 3 subjects in a three-phase study. During baseline, data were taken in two classrooms for each subject, and a judgement was made about the hypothesis most likely to be related to the cause of the behavior. During the second phase, a treatment based on that hypothesis was used in one classroom, and a treatment based on another hypothesis was used in the second classroom. During the third phase, the treatment that was most effective in the second phase was used in both classrooms. Results showed that a successful treatment program can be developed on an hypothesis of why the behavior occurred during baseline. Results are discussed in terms of supporting the argument that treatment programs should be based on a functional analysis of the behavior in its environmental context.

The Use of Product Sampling and Advertising: Effects of Sequence of Exposure and Degree of Advertising Claim Exaggeration on Consumers’ Belief Strength, Belief Confidence, and Attitudes:

Abstract: Using Smith and Swinyard's integrated information response model as a theoretical foundation, the authors investigate the effects of sequence of exposure to exaggerated advertising and product samp...

Predictors of Sexual Aggression among a National Sample of Male College Students

Abstract: An approximately representative national sample of 2,972 male students at 32 U.S. institutions of higher education was surveyed regarding their use of several degrees of verbal coercion and physical force to obtain sexual intimacy with women without consent. The most severe form of sexual aggression each man reported was used to classify him into one of five groups: sexually nonaggressive, sexual coercion, sexual contact, attempted rape, or rape. Respondents also provided data that was grouped into three blocks of variables: early experiences (family violence exposure, childhood sexual abuse, age of sexual initiation), psychological characteristics (MMPI Scale 4, Hostility Toward Women, rape supportive beliefs, gender role orientation), and current behavior (alcohol use, pornography use, male bonding, sexual values and activity, conflict tactics). Data were analysed via blockwise discriminant function analysis. Variables were entered following a suggested development sequence. Specifically, all early experience variables were entered first as a block. Then the entire set of psychological characteristics were entered stepwise followed by all the current behavior variables. Variables from all three blocks entered the model. The classification rates have been discussed and the implications of the analyses for future causal models of male sexual aggression considered. Language: en

Reproductive hormonal profiles of endurance-trained and untrained males.

Abstract: This study compares the resting reproductive hormonal profiles of untrained (N = 11) and endurance-trained (N = 11) males. Testosterone, free testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay in resting blood samples (8 h fast) collected every 60 min for 4 h. The endurance-trained group had been active for (mean +/- SE) 12.4 +/- 6.7 yr, 6.6 +/- 0.2 d.wk-1, 68.5 +/- 4.4 min.d-1, while the untrained group was sedentary. Neither group had histories of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular disorders. The overall 4 h mean testosterone and free testosterone levels were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in the trained group (4.99 +/- 0.46 vs 7.25 +/- 0.67 ng.ml-1, and 17.2 +/- 1.4 vs 23.6 +/- 0.6 pg.ml-1, for the trained and untrained groups, respectively). The LH of the endurance-trained group was higher (15.3 +/- 1.9 vs 11.7 +/- 1.2 mIU.ml-1, P = 0.06); however, LH pulse frequency and amplitude did not differ between groups. An enhanced estradiol feedback to the hypothalamus-pituitary could not account for the elevated LH, as estradiol levels were similar in the groups. Prolactin and cortisol levels were normal and did not differ between groups. The results suggested normal hypothalamic-pituitary function existed in the trained subjects, and prolactin and cortisol were not causative factors in the lowered resting testosterone and free testosterone levels. The findings indicate that chronic endurance training lowers testosterone and free testosterone in males possibly by impairing testicular function.

Undecidability of CA classification schemes

Abstract: Abstra ct. Stephen wolfram int roduced the use of cellula r au tom ata. as mod els of complex sys tems and proposed a clas sification of th ese automata based on th eir st a t ist ical ly observed behavior. We invest igate various properti es of these classes; in part icular, we as k wheth er certain prop erties are effective, and we obtain several somewhat surpri sing result s. For examp le, we show th at it is undecidable wheth er all th e fini te configu rations of a given cellular automaton eventually become qu iescent. Consequently, it is undecidable to which class a given cellula r automaton belongs, even when choosing only between the two simp lest classes.

Liquid crystal light modulating materials with selectable viewing angles

Abstract: A light modulating material comprising phase-separated microdroplets of liquid crystal in a light transmissive, synthetic resin matrix wherein the index of refraction n p of the matrix is matched or mismatched to an index of refraction N o of the liquid crystal optical axis of the microdroplets so that when the microdroplet director is aligned relative to a surface of the material, maximum transmission of light occurs at a selected oblique angle relative to the surface of the material or at a selected narrow angle about the perpendicular to the surface of the material. Such matching or mismatching of indices of refraction may be accompanied by phase separation in an external magnetic or electric field, or by shaping the liquid crystal microdroplet into an ovoid or the like during or after phase separation to align the microdroplet directors thereby endowing the material with a permanent and movable viewing angle. One or more sheets of the improved light modulating material may be incorporated into a window or an electrooptic display device to provide angularly discriminating windows or displays that are transparent or visible only at selected angles of view and that are opague at other angles of view.

Origin of the hominidae : the record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 my and 4 my

Abstract: The Hominidae probably originated in Africa sometime be- tween 14 my and 4 my ago. Unfortunately the fossil evidence from this time period and region is relatively poor. We regard only 11 specimens as unambig- uous hominoids, and none preserves a great amount of anatomy. They come from a very restricted geographical region. Two are from Ethiopia and the rest from Kenya, where most have been found in the Tugen Hills succession west of Lake Baringo. No unequivocal fossil evidence of ancestral Gorilla or Pan has yet been recognised. The oldest hominid yet known-in the sense used here-probably dates to greater than 5.6 my. One especially interesting question in the paleobiology of the hominoidea, as in other taxa, is the relation of extrinsic factors to speciation. To resolve this issue, diagnostic and well-dated specimens are necessary. However, they need not be anatomically spectacular. Fragmentary specimens, although imperfect anatomically, can be just as effective as more complete material in defining taxonomic branch- ing points. The origin of Hominidae, or at least bipedalism, has been conjec- turally associated with a regional environmental change from tropical forest to widespread grassland. Evidence accumulating from various parts of Africa, particularly the Tugen Hills, suggests this was not an abrupt transition. The pattern of habitats was probably patchy in space and time. This may have been a factor in the origin and development of the hominid clade. Much progress has recently been made, but further hominoid specimens, coupled with environmental information from well-calibrated sequences, is necessary to elucidate the nature and causes of cladistic branching within the superfamily . Some perennial problems in human evolution are the basic ones. Where did the first hominid species diverge from other hominoids? When did this event take place? What did the first hominid look like? And what were the proximate causes of the divergence and subsequent radiation of the Hominidae? It is easier to answer some of these questions than others, at least in a general way. With regard to the location of human evolution, selective quotation often attributes to Darwin the perception, now believed to be correct, that hominids evolved in Africa. In The Descent of Man (1871), having pointed out the general relation between extinct and extant species in each great region of the world, Darwin writes with typical caution: "It is therefore probable that Africa was formerly inhabited by extinct apes closely allied to the gorilla and chimpanzee; and as these two species

Narrative Abilities of Children with Learning Disabilities and Nondisabled Children Story Structure, Cohesion, and Propositions

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to compare narrative abilities of learning disabled and nondisabled students across four story difficulty levels and across three vocabulary age groups. Independent variables to be studied included story events correct, story structures, propositions, and cohesive devices. Results indicated that the students with learning disabilities were generally able to reconstruct stories as well as nondisabled students. However, significant differences were shown between groups within each level of analysis. Developmental differences in performance were evident on all measures and the use of line drawings appeared to have a negative influence on recall for all subjects. The self-generated story students were told to produce to accompany line drawings appeared less well constructed than the retold stories, except for the Internal Response category. Specific patterns were demonstrated in the retold and self-generated narratives assessment of children with learning disabilities and ...

Range of employee voice

Abstract: Voice, recently defined as employees' response to job dissatisfaction, is redefined to encompass a wide range of symbolic communicative behaviors. Variations of employee voice are described in light of the concern for corporate conformity. Voice in the workplace is explained as rooted in moral, political-economic, and psychological grounds. The model presented positions voice on active/passive and constructive/destructive axes. Voice in its various types is described as necessarily instrumental to the ongoing constructing and restructuring process of organizing. This essay concludes with a discussion of the several ways voice is legitimized.

Ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals: Realizability and molecular constraints.

Abstract: There is no fundamental reason that fluids should not be ferroelectric. However, the only knownferroelectric fluids are chiral smectic-$C$ liquid crystals and related structures. We examine the possibility that molecules with permanent dipole moments can form a ferroelectric nematic phase, the least ordered conceivable ferroelectric phase. We show that reasonable electric dipole interactions between diskshaped molecules may lead to such a phase, and calculate the phase diagram using mean-field theory. Some constraints on the constituent molecules are discussed.

Deuterium NMR of polymer dispersed liquid crystals.

Abstract: Submicrometer-size droplets of monomeric liquid crystals dispersed in a solid polymer matrix are studied by deuterium NMR. Phase-separation processes are used to achieve droplets of a size comparable and less than the magnetic coherence length \ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m, of the NMR magnetic field, 4.7 T. Selectively deuterated (4'-pentoxy- and 4'-methoxy-) 4-cyanobiphenyl compounds (5OCB-${d}_{2}$) and (1OCB-${d}_{3}$) deuterated in the \ensuremath{\alpha} and methyl positions, respectively, provide for two different NMR measurement time scales to examine effects of the self-diffusion of the molecules confined to droplets. It is found that the line shape of the spectra depends on several factors which include self-diffusion, size, shape of the droplets, and type of anchoring on the droplet walls. Theoretical director configurations calculated for spherical and nonspherical droplets in the presence of an external field were used to simulate NMR spectra in the presence of self-diffusion. Effects due to external fields present during sample preparation are discussed.

Stressful situations in caregiving: relations between caregiver coping and well-being.

Abstract: We examined ways in which caregivers cope with stressful caregiving situations and the relations between coping strategies and caregivers' psychosocial well-being. Respondents were 58 family caregivers to patients discharged from a rehabilitation hospital. Caregivers identified a recent stressful event in caregiving and indicated strategies used to cope with this event. After controlling for patients' impairment level, analyses indicated that caregivers engaging in more escape-avoidance coping reported greater depression and more conflict in their personal relationships. Those using more positive reappraisal demonstrated greater positive affect. Younger caregivers, many of whom were women, used more avoidance strategies. Results have implications for therapeutic interventions with family caregivers.

Potential Links Between Eutrophication and the Formation of Carcinogens in Drinking Water

Abstract: Eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs is a recreational problem and a drinking water quality problem. A major concern is trihalomethane (THM) formation from the reaction of chlorine, a disinfectant, with organic matter in natural water during drinking water treatment. Trihalomethanes, such as chloroform, are known or suspected carcinogens. Algae and allochthonous humic substances are known contributors to the THM precursor pool. Other in-reservoir precursor sources, macrophytes, and sediments, have not been investigated. The authors examined precursor generation in an Ohio water supply reservoir. A three-year input-output study demonstrated that 30 percent of the precursors entering the treatment plant were generated within the reservoir. Laboratory experiments revealed that macrophytes and sediments produce THM precursors. Estimated THM precursor contributions to the reservoir from macrophyte growth and sediment release were small, but algal productivity and macrophyte decomposition may contrib...

Communication correlates of college success: An exploratory investigation

Abstract: This paper reports the results of a two‐year study of college students' communication competence. Results indicate that communication competence is linked to success in college, that high school communication experience is related to higher GPAs and higher communication competence ratings, and that communication apprehension is related to perceptions of communication competence. Implications of these results are discussed vis a vis current theories of communication competence, and research directions are identified.

Lacan's theory of the four discourses∗

Abstract: (1988). Lacan's theory of the four discourses. Prose Studies: Vol. 11, Lacanian Discourse, pp. 32-49.

Corporate conditions conducive to employee voice: A subordinate perspective.

Abstract: Employees' voice is conceptualized as a necessary condition for organizational success. A model of employee voice is proposed that encompasses employee predispositions, receptivity to employee voice in the microstructure, and affirmative norms for voice in the societal macrostructure. The model was examined by testing the hypothesis that subordinates' satisfaction will be greater when corporate conditions are receptive to employee voice and when the organization is perceived to be committed both to quality in product and quality of employees' work life. a study with 150 employees from a variety of organizations is reported. The results produced rather strong support for the research hypothesis.

Extended temperature range polymer dispersed liquid crystal light shutters

Abstract: An extended temperature range polymer dispersed liquid crystal light shutter electrically switchable between a transmissive and an opaque state over a working temperature range of about -40° C. to about 100° C. The shutter includes a polymer-dispersed liquid crystalline (PDLC) material comprising a fairly highly cross-linked transparent matrix having phase-separated microdroplets of liquid crystal dispersed therein, the liquid crystal existing in a supercooled liquid crystalline state at low temperatures. Such light shutters are employed in various windows and electrooptic displays, wherever it is desirable to be able to adjust visible or transparency and regardless of temperature extremes.

The effects of alcohol and persuasive social pressure on human physical aggression

Abstract: Intoxicated and nonintoxicated subjects were given the opportunity to administer electric shocks to a nonprovocative opponent within the context of a competitive reaction time task. Social pressure was used to persuade subjects to administer a highly noxious electric shock to the passive opponent. The social pressure manipulation significantly increased the intoxicated subjects' use of the highly noxious shock. Non-intoxicated subjects did not evidence an appreciable increase in the use of the intense shock option.

Estimation of the Effective Dielectric Constant of Cyclodextrin Cavities Based on the Fluorescence Properties of Pyrene-3-Carboxaldehyde

Abstract: The microscopic dielectric constant of the cyclodextrin (CD) interior is a fundamental property of these microheterogeneous environments. Polarity and dielectric constant play a crucial role in the understanding of spectroscopy and chromatography. Bulk measurements of these properties are not suitable for the evaluation of inclusion cavities, and frequently luminescent probes are employed to estimate these parameters. Recently, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon probes have been used to evaluate the effective polarity of the CD cavity, and the approximate formation constants were estimated for inclusion complexes of the variety: PAH + CD ⇌ [PAH − CD] (1) [PAH − CD] + CD ⇌ [CD − PAH − CD] (2) [PAH − CD] + PAH ⇌ [PAH − PAH − CD] (3) [PAH − CD] + [PAH − CD] ⇌ [CD − PAH − PAH − CD] (4)