Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1994"
Tohoku University1, University of Zurich2, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory3, Stanford University4, College of William & Mary5, University of Urbino6, CERN7, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics8, University of California, Irvine9, Cornell University10, Argonne National Laboratory11, ETH Zurich12, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research13, Hillsdale College14, Spanish National Research Council15, Ohio State University16, University of Notre Dame17, Kent State University18, University of California, San Diego19, University of California, Berkeley20, University of Minnesota21, University of Alabama22, University of Helsinki23, Los Alamos National Laboratory24, California Institute of Technology25, George Washington University26, Syracuse University27, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory28, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater29, University of Washington30, Max Planck Society31, Boston University32, University of California, Los Angeles33, Royal Holloway, University of London34, Université Paris-Saclay35, University of Pennsylvania36, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign37, University of Bristol38, University of Tokyo39, University of Delaware40, Carnegie Mellon University41, University of California, Santa Cruz42, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology43, Heidelberg University44, Florida State University45, University of Mainz46, University of Edinburgh47, Brookhaven National Laboratory48, Durham University49, University of Lausanne50, Massachusetts Institute of Technology51, University of Southampton52, Nagoya University53, University of Oxford54, Northwestern University55, University of British Columbia56, Columbia University57, Lund University58, University of Sheffield59, University of California, Santa Barbara60, Iowa State University61, University of Alberta62, University of Cambridge63
TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, and features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations.
Abstract: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. This edition features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations. For the first time we cover searches for evidence of extra dimensions (both in the particle listings and in a new review). Another new review is on Grand Unified Theories. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl.gov.
5,143 citations
01 Jan 1994
515 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that misled eyewitnesses do sometimes come to believe they remember seeing items that were merely suggested to them, a phenomenon referred to as the source misattribution effect, although the magnitude of this effect varies and that source mis-attributions are not an inevitable consequence of exposure to suggestions.
Abstract: Although the suggestibility of eyewitness memory is well documented, previous studies have not clearly established the extent to which misled Ss might come to believe they actually remember seeing the suggested details they report. To assess whether Ss confuse misleading suggestions for their "real memories" of a witnessed event, Ss were asked specific questions about their memory for the source of suggested items. The results of 5 experiments showed that misled Ss do sometimes come to believe they remember seeing items that were merely suggested to them, a phenomenon we refer to as the source misattribution effect. Nevertheless, the results also showed that the magnitude of this effect varies and that source misattributions are not an inevitable consequence of exposure to suggestions.
306 citations
TL;DR: Examined a dual-axis model of coping that included both action and social dimensions of coping strategies among a combined sample of students and community residents, suggesting that men may have a narrower band of beneficial coping strategies than do women.
Abstract: Examined a dual-axis model of coping that included both action (active vs. passive) and social dimensions (prosocial vs. antisocial) of coping strategies among a combined sample of students and community residents. We developed an assessment device to represent the model and allow investigation. Mixed support for the model and instrument were noted. Women were more prosocial than men in their coping, but no less active. Men were more likely to use antisocial and aggressive, but less assertive coping strategies than women. More prosocial, action coping strategies were also more likely to be related to greater sense of mastery and more liberal gender-role orientation. Antisocial and passive strategies tended to be related to lower mastery and more traditional gender-role orientation. Active coping was related to lower emotional distress for men and women, but both prosocial and antisocial coping were related to greater emotional distress for men, suggesting that men may have a narrower band of beneficial coping strategies than do women.
302 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the development of a self-report Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale (ICCS) that taps 10 dimensions of competence: self-disclosure, empathy, social relaxation, assertiveness, interaction management, altercentrism, expressiveness, supportiveness, immediacy, and environmental control.
Abstract: This article reports the development of a self‐report Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale (ICCS) that taps 10 dimensions of competence: self‐disclosure, empathy, social relaxation, assertiveness, interaction management, altercentrism, expressiveness, supportiveness, immediacy, and environmental control. First, we created the ICCS, reducing the number of items from an original 60 to 10. Then we established concurrent validity of the scale by looking at the ICCS's relationship to cognitive and communication flexibility.
273 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that immature mouse oocytes possess intracellular stores of releasable Ca2+ similar in size toCa2+ stores in eggs; however, these stores are less sensitive to IP3.
Abstract: Fertilization of the immature, prophase I-arrested mouse oocyte produces multiple Ca2+ transients similar to those of the mature, metaphase II egg; however, the first Ca2+ transient is much lower in amplitude and shorter in duration. In contrast to prophase I-arrested oocytes, maturing oocytes fertilized after germinal vesicle breakdown have first Ca2+ transients similar to those of mature fertilized eggs. Immature, prophase-arrested oocytes release less Ca2+ in response to injection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) than eggs. At high concentrations, the sulfhydryl reagent, thimerosal (200 microM), causes Ca2+ oscillations in eggs and produces similar oscillations in oocytes. A lower concentration of thimerosal (25 microM) does not cause Ca2+ oscillations, but does sensitize IP3-induced Ca2+ release in both eggs and oocytes, since IP3-induced Ca2+ release is enhanced in the presence of 25 microM thimerosal. Incubation of oocytes in 25 microM thimerosal before injection of 2.2 microM IP3 causes oocytes to release as much Ca2+ as is released in eggs injected with 2.2 microM IP3. These results indicate that immature mouse oocytes possess intracellular stores of releasable Ca2+ similar in size to Ca2+ stores in eggs; however, these stores are less sensitive to IP3. Development of the IP3-induced Ca2+ release mechanism may be an important component of maturation; at fertilization of the egg, Ca2+ must be elevated to levels sufficient to activate further development and establish a block to polyspermy. Mouse oocytes appear to develop an increased sensitivity to IP3 during the course of oocyte maturation.
222 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the EPL model to cases where the production rate is a decision variable, and they show that the quality of the production process deteriorates with an increased production rate.
Abstract: The classical economic production lot size (EPL) model assumes a constant production rate that is predetermined and inflexible, and perfect quality. Recent models have removed the assumption of perfect quality while maintaining the inflexible production rate assumption. Production rates in many cases, such as orders filled by a machine, can be changed. Moreover, unit production cost and process quality depend on the production rate. In this paper, we extend the EPL model to cases where the production rate is a decision variable. Unit production cost becomes a function of the production rate. Also, the quality of the production process deteriorates with increased production rate. We solve the proposed model for special cost and quality functions and illustrate the results with a numerical example. The results show that, for cases where increases in the production rate lead to a significant deterioration in quality, the optimal production rate may be smaller than the rate that minimizes unit production cost. For cases where quality is largely independent of the production rate, the optimal production rate may be larger than the rate that minimizes unit production cost.
220 citations
193 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the efficacy of two programs designed to reduce stress among nurses by increasing their coping resources based on principles of stress inoculation training and conservation of resources stress theory.
Abstract: We evaluated the efficacy of two programs designed to reduce stress among nurses by increasing their coping resources. The interventions were based on principles of Stress Inoculation Training and Conservation of Reources stress theory. A dual resource intervention targeted the enhancement of both social support and mastery resources. A single resource intervention targeted the enhancement of only mastery resources. Both interventions were contrasted to a no intervention control condition. Participants in the dual resource intervention experienced significant enhancements in social support and mastery compared to the no intervention control. The social support enhancement persisted through a five-week follow-up. Participants in the dual resource intervention with low initial levels of social support or mastery experienced significant reductions in psychological distress. Participants in the single resource intervention experienced a slight enhancement in mastery compared to the no intervention co...
185 citations
TL;DR: This article provides perhaps the most detailed clarification of the access concept, especially the crucial linkages among the various access dimensions, and presents a comprehensive conceptual framework for evaluation and planning activities as they relate to people's access to health care services.
Abstract: Despite some serious past efforts to clarify its multiple dimensions and meanings, access to health care has remained a rather elusive concept, hampering the work of health care policymakers and professionals as they endeavor to effect meaningful health care reform. This article provides perhaps the most detailed clarification of the access concept, especially the crucial linkages among the various access dimensions, and presents a comprehensive conceptual framework for evaluation and planning activities as they relate to people's access to health care services. The proposed conceptual model recognizes access as the outcome of a process involving the interplay between the characteristics of the health care service system and of potential users in a specified area, and moderated by health care related public policy and planning efforts. An elaborate typology of access, incorporating four pairs of access dimensions, is also derived. This atomization of the concept allows us to focus on specific aspects of the access to health care problem, and to develop precise outcome indicators of health system performance for evaluative purposes. Further, it enables the access concept and its pertinent dimensions to be put into proper perspective when assessing the health care access situation in a specific national or regional context. The relevance of the proposed access model and the typology to health care planning in general, and to spatial planning of health care service systems in particular, is also discussed.
183 citations
TL;DR: The findings confirm earlier conclusions that differences in the measurement of health exist between males and females, and between blacks and whites, but that the Differences in the causes of perceived health exist only between males or females.
Abstract: A previously developed model of disease, disability, functional limitation, and perceived health was examined for race and/or gender biases. This model focuses on (a) the direct effects of three factors on perceived health status, (b) how disability, functional limitations, and self-rated health interrelate, and (c) how race and gender condition these interrelationships. The results confirm the construct validity of separate dimensions of disability and functional limitation, and indicate that their differential effects are further modified by gender. Eight significant differences in structural effects are identified, including one gender effect among both blacks and whites, and seven additional gender effects among whites. In the structural model, then, most differences are gender differences among whites. The significant racial differences within gender were found only in the measurement model. Race differences for upper body disability and perceived health are consistent across gender. Sex differences, however, in measures of basic ADLs and household ADLs are not consistent across race. The findings confirm earlier conclusions that differences in the measurement of health exist between males and females, and between blacks and whites, but that the differences in the causes of perceived health exist only between males and females.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe spirituality, discuss spirituality in relation to religion, and approach spiritual issues in the clinical setting, and discuss how counselors may work with explicitly spiritual issues.
Abstract: Although United States culture is experiencing a resurgence of interest in spirituality, little work has been advanced that specifically operationalizes definitions or descriptions of spirituality or discusses the relationship between spirituality and religion. In addition, there is an absence of literature addressing how counselors may work with explicitly spiritual issues in the counseling session. This article aims to describe spirituality, discuss spirituality in relation to religion, and approach spiritual issues in the clinical setting.
TL;DR: This issue is devoted to the topic of relevance, acknowledged as the most fundamental and much debated concern for information science, it being the tacit or explicit judgment of end-users about the output of information retrieval systems.
Abstract: The publication of this issue marks a special event for the Journal of the American Society for Information Science: the introduction of special topics issues. It seems appropriate that the first issue is devoted to the topic of relevance, acknowledged as the most fundamental and much debated concern for information science, it being the tacit or explicit judgment of end-users about the output of information retrieval systems. Early on, information scientists recognized that the concept of relevance was integral to information system design, development, and evaluation. However, there was little agreement as to the exact nature of relevance and even less that it could be operationalized in systems or for the evaluation of systems. While this lack of agreement continues to an extent at the present, some common understandings have developed, and these are reflected in the papers in this issue. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was designed to test the efficacy of the fluency development lesson (FDL) as a supplement to the regular reading curriculum in urban second-grade classrooms.
Abstract: This study was designed to test the efficacy of the fluency development lesson (FDL) as a supplement to the regular reading curriculum in urban second-grade classrooms. The 10-15 min FDL, which was implemented daily for 6 months, resulted in fluency gains for students. In addition, teacher response to the FDL was singularly positive.
TL;DR: The AIDS-prevention group produced moderate, consistent increases in knowledge and safer sex behaviors in comparison with either the health-promotion or no-intervention group.
Abstract: Behavioral change reduces risk of HIV infection and development of AIDS. We compared 206 inner-city women who were randomly assigned to a 4-session AIDS-prevention group or to one of two controls, a health-promotion group or a no-intervention group. AIDS-prevention and health-promotion groups provided information, behavioral competency training, and social support. Only the AIDS-prevention group focused on AIDS-specific knowledge and skills. The AIDS-prevention group produced moderate, consistent increases in knowledge and safer sex behaviors in comparison with either the health-promotion or no-intervention group. Self-report and objective changes were sustained 6 months after intervention for both African-American and European-American women.
TL;DR: It is most likely that release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in the mouse egg is dependent on IP3-induced Ca 2+ release, and no evidence of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2- release from ryanodine- or caffeine-sensitive stores is found.
Abstract: Fertilization of the mammalian egg initiates transient and repetitive release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The mechanism by which these Ca2+ transients are produced is not completely known. We examined the role of two principal Ca2+ release mechanisms, inositol trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release and Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release, in altering intracellular Ca2+ in the mouse egg. Microinjection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) transiently elevated intracellular Ca2+ and, at higher concentrations, produced repetitive Ca2+ transients. Addition of 100 microM thimerosal, a sulfhydryl reagent, caused repetitive Ca2+ transients. IP3 and thimerosal responses were inhibited by prior injection of heparin, a competitive antagonist of IP3-induced Ca2+ release. Addition of caffeine or injection of caffeine, ryanodine, or cyclic ADP-ribose, which are known to initiate or modulate Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release in sea urchin eggs and other cells, produced no change in intracellular Ca2+. The response to injection of Ca2+ was not altered by prior injection of ryanodine. The magnitude of the Ca2+ transients produced by injection of IP3 was not changed by prior injection of cyclic ADP-ribose or external caffeine. We found no evidence of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release from ryanodine- or caffeine-sensitive stores. It is most likely that release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in the mouse egg is dependent on IP3-induced Ca2+ release.
TL;DR: The authors examined stress and rewards experienced by 95 women who were simultaneously occupying the roles of caregiver, mother, and wife, and found that caregivers' experiences in multiple roles could both detract from and enhance their mental and physical health.
Abstract: This research examined stress and rewards experienced by 95 women who were simultaneously occupying the roles of caregiver, mother, and wife The study examined role-specific stress and rewards as predictors of well-being (physical health, positive affect, negative affect, and role overload) and examined the effects of an accumulation of role stress and role rewards across these 3 roles Role rewards contributed unique variance to well-being, even after role stress had been considered An accumulation of role stress across roles was related to poorer well-being, whereas an accumulation of role rewards was related to better well-being Findings indicated that caregivers' experiences in multiple roles could both detract from and enhance their mental and physical health
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reconstruct the water level history and paleolimnological record for the northern Huron basin for the 11-7 ka BP period, and suggest that large inflows from Lake Agassiz and hydraulic damming in downstream outlets were the likely cause of the Lake Mattawa highstands.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ a taxonomic framework for a comprehensive review of cellular manufacturing systems, including visual inspection, part coding and classification, and the analysis of the production process.
TL;DR: Using reverse kinematics, values for the critical exponents [gamma], [beta], and [tau] are determined, close to those for liquid-gas systems and clearly different than those for 3D percolation and the liquid- gas mean field limit.
Abstract: Using reverse kinematics, we have studied the breakup of 1.0[ital A] GeV gold nuclei incident on a carbon target. The detector system permitted exclusive event reconstruction of nearly all charged reaction products. The moments of the resulting charged fragment distribution provide strong evidence that nuclear matter possesses a critical point observable in finite nuclei. We have determined values for the critical exponents [gamma], [beta], and [tau]. These values are close to those for liquid-gas systems and clearly different than those for 3D percolation and the liquid-gas mean field limit.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the dimensions of normal personality style associated with psychological reactance and found that the reactant individual has a personality style characterized by having a lack of interest in making a good impression on others, being somewhat careless about meeting obligations, being less tolerant of other's beliefs, resisting rules and regulations, and being more concerned about problems and worried about the future.
Abstract: This study investigated the dimensions of normal personality style associated with psychological reactance. Participants consisted of 326 graduate and undergraduate students. They took the California Psychological Inventory—Revised, the Therapeutic Reactance Scale (TRS), and the Fragebogen zur Messung der psychologischen Reactanz (Questionnaire for the Measurement of Psychological Reactance). Results showed that the reactant individual has a personality style characterized by having a lack of interest in making a good impression on others, being somewhat careless about meeting obligations, being less tolerant of other's beliefs, resisting rules and regulations, being more concerned about problems and worried about the future, and being more inclined to express strong feelings and emotions. Separate analyses by sex on the TRS suggested that reactant women had a personality style that was more decisive, more sociable, and more self-assured than nonreactant women. Conversely, reactant individuals tended to be more concerned with problems and the future than did nonreactant individuals, although this difference did not appear for the subsample of women only.
TL;DR: A parallel programming paradigm called ASC (ASsociative Computing), designed for a wide range of computing engines, that incorporates data parallelism at the base level, so that programmers do not have to specify low-level sequential tasks such as sorting, looping and parallelization.
Abstract: Today's increased computing speeds allow conventional sequential machines to effectively emulate associative computing techniques We present a parallel programming paradigm called ASC (ASsociative Computing), designed for a wide range of computing engines Our paradigm has an efficient associative-based, dynamic memory-allocation mechanism that does not use pointers It incorporates data parallelism at the base level, so that programmers do not have to specify low-level sequential tasks such as sorting, looping and parallelization Our paradigm supports all of the standard data-parallel and massively parallel computing algorithms It combines numerical computation (such as convolution, matrix multiplication, and graphics) with nonnumerical computing (such as compilation, graph algorithms, rule-based systems, and language interpreters) This article focuses on the nonnumerical aspects of ASC >
TL;DR: It is suggested that even slight modifications in the size and composition of foraging parties, such as “local” temporary troop fragmentation, have the same effect, and may be common among frugivorous primates.
Abstract: We compared travel patterns of two neotropical frugivores, Ateles paniscus (black spider monkeys) and Chiropotes satanas (bearded sakis), during a 6-month study at Raleighvallen-Voltzberg Nature Reserve in Surinam. Ateles were typically found in small foraging parties that changed in size and composition throughout the day. Chiropotes troops moved from one feeding area to the next, fragmenting "locally" when they entered an area with more than one feeding tree. Chiropotes moved through fewer half-hectare quadrats before encountering a feeding tree, and were more likely to locate multiple trees per quadrat than were Ateles. Several investigators have suggested that fission-fusion travel patterns (sensu Ateles and Pan) have the potential to reduce feeding competition among troop members. We suggest that even slight modifications in the size and composition of foraging parties, such as "local" temporary troop fragmentation, have the same effect, and may be common among frugivorous primates. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TL;DR: This paper explored the extent to which argumentative and verbally aggressive behavior is perceived in family and organizational disagreement situations which are either constructive or destructive, and the comparison of participants and observers' perceptions was of interest.
Abstract: This study explored the extent to which argumentative and verbally aggressive behavior is perceived in family and organizational disagreement situations which are either constructive or destructive. The comparison of participants’ and observers’ perceptions was of interest. Three hypotheses were derived from a recently developed model of aggressive forms of communication. Participants (N = 137) described in writing an experienced family or organizational disagreement which was either constructive or destructive. Later, 137 persons (observers) read the descriptions. Both participants and observers rated the communication described in terms of argumentative and verbally aggressive conduct. Considerable support was observed for two of the three hypotheses. More argument and less verbal aggression were observed in constructive as compared to destructive disagreements regardless of context. More verbal aggression was reported in family as compared to organizational disagreements. Finally, participants, when co...
TL;DR: Findings demonstrate that the presence of cognitive stress resulted in greater temporal disruptions and more dysfluencies for stutterers than for nonstutterers, and similar spatial impairments were not evident.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of speed and cognitive stress on the articulatory coordination abilities of adults who stutter. Cardiovascular (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure), behavioral (dysfluencies, errors, speech rate, and response latency), and acoustic (word duration, vowel duration, consonant-vowel transition duration/extent, and formant center frequency) measures for nine stutterers and nine nonstutterers were collected during performance of the Stroop Color Word task, a well-established and highly stressful cognitive task. Significant differences were found between the two groups for heart rate, word duration, vowel duration, speech rate, and response latency. In addition, stutterers produced more dysfluencies under speed plus cognitive stress versus speed stress or a self-paced reading task. These findings demonstrate that the presence of cognitive stress resulted in greater temporal disruptions and more dysfluencies for stutterers tha...
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: This paper considers the problem of generating a multilevel grid hierarchy when only a fine, unstructured grid is given and generates a sequence of coarser grids by first forming a maximal independent set of the graph of the grid or its dual and then applying a Cavendish type algorithm to form the coarser triangulation.
Abstract: Multigrid and domain decomposition methods have proven to be versatile methods for the iterative solution of linear and nonlinear systems of equations arising from the discretization of partial differential equations. The efficiency of these methods derives from the use of a grid hierarchy. In some applications to problems on unstructured grids, however, no natural multilevel structure of the grid is available and thus must be generated as part of the solution procedure. In this paper, we consider the problem of generating a multilevel grid hierarchy when only a fine, unstructured grid is given. We restrict attention to problems in two dimensions. Our techniques generate a sequence of coarser grids by first forming a maximal independent set of the graph of the grid or its dual and then applying a Cavendish type algorithm to form the coarser triangulation. Iterates on the different levels are combined using standard interpolation and restriction operators. Numerical tests indicate that convergence using this approach can be as fast as standard multigrid and domain decomposition methods on a structured mesh.
TL;DR: In previous studies, it was shown that light-induced Fos protein expression in the ventrolateral SCN is markedly inhibited by the nonselective serotonergic, quipazine, and the effects of various serotonin (5-HT) receptor ligands on photic signalling in the SCN were characterized.
TL;DR: To verify the status of the divergence K» term in the elastic theory of liquid crystals, a study of submicron films placed onto an isotropic fluid substrate in the Langmuir trough finds that for 5CB K» = — 0.2Kl].
Abstract: To verify the status of the divergence ${K}_{13}$ term in the elastic theory of liquid crystals we study submicron films placed onto an isotropic fluid substrate in the Langmuir trough (Langmuir liquid crystal, LLC). The upper and lower surfaces favor normal and tangential molecular orientation, respectively. The periodic domain phase is observed in a nematic LLC. The dependence of the periodicity $L$ of the domains vs film thickness $h$ can be explained only if the elastic energy is accompanied by divergence terms with nonzero constants ${K}_{13}$ and ${K}_{24}$. It is found that for 5CB ${K}_{13}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}0.2{K}_{11}$.