Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1996"
TL;DR: Q methodology is briefly illustrated in a single-case study of the subjective experience of health care, and the data generated are used to illustrate the QMethod package, a menu-driven freeware program for mainframes and PCs that facilitates Q-sort data entry, correlation and factor analysis, theoretical rotation of factors, and calculation of factor scores.
Abstract: Q methodology combines the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods, and its use in research has been facilitated by recent developments in computer software. Q methodology is briefly illustrated in a single-case study of the subjective experience of health care, and the data generated are used to illustrate the QMethod package, a menu-driven freeware program for mainframes and PCs that facilitates Q-sort data entry, correlation and factor analysis, theoretical rotation of factors, and calculation of factor scores. Instructions are provided for obtaining QMethod, for subscribing to a journal devoted to Q methodology, and for joining the Q methodology electronic discussion group.
745 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that children who viewed their relationship with their mother as more secure were significantly more accepted by peers, had more reciprocated friendships, and were less lonely than children who rated the relationship as less secure.
Abstract: In 2 studies, peer relationships were related to children's perceptions of security in the child-mother relationship. In Study 1, a sample of 74 5th graders, children who viewed their relationship with their mother as more secure were significantly more accepted by peers, had more reciprocated friendships, and were less lonely than children who rated the relationship as less secure. In Study 2, a sample of 5th and 6th graders, 44 same-gender friend pairs were videotaped in conversation and completed friendship questionnaires. Dyads in which both children were securely attached to their mothers were more responsive, were less critical, and reported more companionship than did friend dyads in which one child was securely and the other insecurely attached to his or her mother. The findings demonstrate links between the peer and family systems in middle childhood.
596 citations
TL;DR: Student ratings of the social status of the same talk show host and guests were correlated with factor loadings, thereby providing convergent validity of the nonverbal signal as a predictor of social status perceptions and accommodation.
Abstract: Derivations from nonverbal communications accommodation theory are tested, and this knowledge is extended both theoretically and methodologically. Fast fourier transform and statistical analysis of a low-frequency nonverbal signal-in voices from 25 dyadic interviews between a talk show host and his guests revealed voice convergence between partners. Correlation coefficients from comparisons of partners' voice spectra and factor analysis of the correlation matrix showed that lower status partners accommodated their voices to higher status partners via the nonverbal signal. Student ratings of the social status of the same talk show host and guests were correlated with factor loadings, thereby providing convergent validity of the nonverbal signal as a predictor of social status perceptions and accommodation.
276 citations
TL;DR: Although women are exposed to lower substantive complexity and lower job control, the effect of these dimensions of occupational self-direction are similar for men and women, suggesting that differential exposure to job stressors does not account for women's higher distress.
Abstract: Evidence regarding women's differential exposure to job stressors has accumulated; however, there is also evidence that women are more vulnerable to stressors. Using a sample of 994 employed Canadians, a job stress model that evaluates the differential exposure and vulnerability of men and women to job stressors is tested. The analysis considers the direct and moderating effects of occupational self-direction, job demands, and co-worker social support on distress. Results provide support for the conditional effects of job demands. Two dimensions of occupational self-direction, substantive complexity and routinization, interact with one measure of job demands. Although women are exposed to lower substantive complexity and lower job control, the effect of these dimensions of occupational self-direction are similar for men and women, suggesting that differential exposure to job stressors does not account for women's higher distress. Results indicate that, controlling for exposure, marital status, and income, women are more vulnerable to the negative effect of job routinization.
252 citations
TL;DR: A good deal of research on argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness has been conducted in the communication discipline in this and the previous decade as discussed by the authors, which has been based on a personali...
Abstract: A good deal of research on argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness has been conducted in the communication discipline in this and the previous decade. The research has been based on a personali...
248 citations
TL;DR: There is colonic adaptation to regular lactose ingestion and this adaptation reduces lactose intolerance symptoms, and the sum of hourly breath-hydrogen concentrations was significantly reduced after the lactose feeding period compared with after the dextrose period.
244 citations
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory1, Stanford University2, American University3, University of Wisconsin-Madison4, Blaise Pascal University5, Princeton University6, University of Michigan7, Syracuse University8, California Institute of Technology9, Old Dominion University10, Temple University11, Kent State University12, University of California, Berkeley13, National Institute of Standards and Technology14
TL;DR: The neutron longitudinal and transverse asymmetries have been extracted from deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by a polarized $^3$He target at incident energies of 19.42, 22.66 and 25.51 GeV.
Abstract: The neutron longitudinal and transverse asymmetries ${A}_{1}^{n}$ and ${A}_{2}^{n}$ have been extracted from deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by a polarized $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ target at incident energies of 19.42, 22.66, and 25.51 GeV. The measurement allows for the determination of the neutron spin structure functions ${g}_{1}^{n}(x, {Q}^{2})$ and ${g}_{2}^{n}(x, {Q}^{2})$ over the range $0.03lxl0.6$ at an average ${Q}^{2}$ of 2 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. The data are used for the evaluation of the Ellis-Jaffe and Bjorken sum rules. The neutron spin structure function ${g}_{1}^{n}(x, {Q}^{2})$ is small and negative within the range of our measurement, yielding an integral $\ensuremath{\int}{0.03}^{0.6}{g}_{1}^{n}(x)\mathrm{dx}=\ensuremath{-}0.028\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 (\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 (\mathrm{syst})$. Assuming Regge behavior at low $x$, we extract ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{n}=\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{1}{g}_{1}^{n}(x)\mathrm{dx}=\ensuremath{-}0.031\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 (\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009 (\mathrm{syst})$. Combined with previous proton integral results from SLAC experiment E143, we find ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{p}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{n}=0.160\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$ in agreement with the Bjorken sum rule prediction ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{p}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{n}=0.176\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$ at a ${Q}^{2}$ value of 3 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ evaluated using ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}=0.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$.
227 citations
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that repeated exposure to suggestion, relative to a single exposure, facilitates the creation of false memory for suggested events after viewing a video of a burglary, subjects were asked questions containing misleading suggestions, some of which were repeated Their memory for the source of the suggestions was tested.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to extend research on repetition and illusory truth to the domain of eyewitness suggestibility Specifically, we assessed whether repeated exposure to suggestion, relative to a single exposure, facilitates the creation of false memory for suggested events After viewing a video of a burglary, subjects were asked questions containing misleading suggestions, some of which were repeated Their memory for the source of the suggestions was tested The results show that following repeated (relative to a single) exposure to suggestion, subjects were more likely to (a) claim with high confidence that they remembered the suggested events from the video (Experiment 1) and (b) claim that they consciously recollected witnessing the suggested events (Experiment 2) The effects of repeated exposure were highly reliable and were observed over retention intervals as long as 1 week
214 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that networks trained on standardized data yield better results in general, but the advantage diminishes as network and sample size become large, in other words, neural networks exhibit a self-scaling capability.
Abstract: Data transformation is a popular option in training neural networks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of two well-known transformation methods: linear transformation and statistical standardization. These two are referred to as data standardization. A carefully designed experiment is used in which data from two-group classification problems were trained by feedforward networks. Different kinds of classification problems, from relatively simple to hard, were generated. Other experimental factors include network architecture, sample size, and sample proportion of group 1 members. Three performance measurements for the effect of data standardization are employed. The results suggest that networks trained on standardized data yield better results in general, but the advantage diminishes as network and sample size become large. In other words, neural networks exhibit a self-scaling capability. In addition, impact of data standardization on the performance of training algorithm in terms of computation time and number of iterations is evaluated. The results indicate that, overall, data standardization slows down training. Finally, these results are illustrated with a data set obtained from the American Telephone and Telegraph Company.
213 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the components of knowledge, motivation, and self-regulation do distinguish high from low achievers in social and natural science courses, but not in the humanities courses.
193 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a more elaborate and theoretical description of students' solution strategies and errors in dealing with 3-D cube arrays is provided, and several cognitive constructions and operations that seem to be required for students to conceptualize and enumerate the cubes in such arrays are explored.
Abstract: The present study extends previous research in this area by providing a more elaborate and theoretical description of students' solution strategies and errors in dealing with 3-D cube arrays. It describes several cognitive constructions and operations that seem to be required for students to conceptualize and enumerate the cubes in such arrays, exploring in depth general cognitive operations such as coordination, integration, and "structuring" as they are manifested in a spatial context. It describes how, in dealing with 3-D rectangular arrays, students' spatial thinking is related to their enumeration strategies. The findings suggest that students' initial conception of a 3-D rectangular array of cubes is as an uncoordinated set of faces. Eventually, as students become capable of coordinating views, they see the array as space filling and strive to restructure it as such. Those who complete a global restructuring of the array use layering strategies. Those in transition use strategies that indicate that their restructuring is local rather than global. Finally, the data suggest that many students are unable to enumerate the cubes in a 3-D array because they cannot coordinate the separate views of the array and integrate them to construct one coherent mental model of the array. This investigation is part of a combined research/curriculum development project in which children's learning is being examined in the context of developing and testing instructional units on 3-D geometry at grades 3, 4, and 5. Viewing learning as a constructive activity, our instructional approach attempts to select sequences of problematic tasks that guide students to build mathematical structures that are more complex,
TL;DR: The results suggest that the number of cortical IP3 receptors increases during mouse oocyte maturation and that this increase may contribute to enhanced Ca2+ release at fertilization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the extent to which one spouse's subjective well-being predicts that of the partner (N = 1,040 spousal pairs, 65 years or older) was examined, and the similarity of both affective domains (depressive symptoms, feelings about life as a whole, and satisfaction with the meaning and purpose of life) and nonaffective domains (perceived health) were examined.
Abstract: This study examines the extent to which one spouse's subjective well-being predicts that of the partner (N = 1,040 spousal pairs, 65 years or older). Prior research is extended in two ways: (a) The similarity of both affective domains (depressive symptoms, feelings about life as a whole, and satisfaction with the meaning and purpose of life) and nonaffective domains (perceived health) are examined, and (b) known predictors of well-being in older adults (sociodemographic variables, self and spouse health status variables, and exposure to common environmental events) are statistically controlled. Results indicate that one spouse's assessments of well-being and depression predict the other's well-being even after controlling for known predictors of these outcomes. Given the similarity of findings for affective and nonaffective domains, multiple mechanisms, including contagion, mate selection, and common environmental influences, are speculated as likely to contribute to this phenomenon.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the relative absence of large Ba2+ from biotite despite its large interlayer sites is attributed to O−H bonds pointing into the interlayer cavity sub-normal to (001); (K+, Ba 2+)-H+ repulsion thereby induced by the bare proton both destabilizes Ba2+, and weakens K−O bonds.
Abstract: Cation partitioning data for coexisting muscovite and biotite are shown to be useful indicators of relative interlayer bond length/strength in these minerals. These data therefore provide a useful crystal-chemical perspective on relative mass-transfer kinetics of radiogenic isotopes, and account for the observation that biotite is generally less retentive of 40Ar and 87Sr than coexisting muscovite. Partitioning behavior of trace elements underscores three reasons why overall interlayer bonding in biotite is weaker than in muscovite. First, the preferences of large (Rb, Cs)+ in biotite and of small La3+ and Na+ in muscovite indicate a relatively spacious interlayer volume in biotite (suggesting a longer mean K−O bond). Second, the preference of interlayer vacancies in biotite (with some/all possibly H2O/H3O+-filled) suggests that its adjacent 2:1 sheets are connected by fewer interlayer bonds per unit cell than those of muscovite. Third, the relative exclusion of large Ba2+ from biotite despite its large interlayer sites is attributed to O−H bonds pointing into the interlayer cavity sub-normal to (001); (K+, Ba2+)-H+ repulsion thereby induced by the bare proton both destabilizes Ba2+ and weakens K−O bonds. In contrast, muscovite offers a more favorable electrostatic environment for Ba2+ substitution since its O−H bonds are directed into the vacant M1 octahedral site sub-parallel to (001). This hypothesis is supported by the observation that progressive F(OH)−1 exchange enhances Ba2+ partitioning into biotite/phlogopite relative to coexisting muscovite. These crystal-chemical differences between biotite and muscovite are mirrored in calculated values of “ionic porosity”, Z i , defined here as the percentage of their interlayer unit-cell volume not occupied by ions. A monitor of ionic packing density and geometry, Z i is inversely correlated with K−O bond strength, which appears to be the rate-determining “kinetic common denominator” for a variety of processes affecting micas – including those responsible for loss of radiogenic isotopes in biotite and muscovite. Accordingly, the relatively longer/weaker K−O bonds of biotite are envisioned as being more easily stretched (during volume diffusion) or broken (during recrystallization or retrograde alteration). This in turn accounts for common observations of enhanced radiogenic Ar/Sr loss and younger 40Ar/39Ar and Rb/Sr ages in natural biotite (high Z i ) relative to coexisting muscovite (lower Z i ). Significantly, this pattern may arise irrespective of isotopic loss mechanism (diffusion or recrystallization, etc.), and it follows that any age discordance observed between muscovite and biotite cannot be ascribed uniquely to one mechanism or the other without appropriate field, petrographic, and petrologic constraints. Extension of this partitioning/porosity-based synthesis leads to prediction of corollary age-retentivity-composition effects among chemically diverse trioctahedral and dioctahedral micas, which are best field tested in terranes that cooled slowly under dry, static conditions. Pressure effects on argon retention are also inferred from the porosity model.
TL;DR: The ionic porosity model of Fortier and Giletti (1989) has been extended to estimate the variation in diffusivities in a single mineral structure as a function of composition as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: This article examined adolescents' attachment to mother and father and their associations with personality and social relations and found strong associations between parent-child attachment and personality were contrary to prediction, suggesting it may be fruitful to examine adolescent's attachments to specific attachment figures.
Abstract: This study examined adolescents' attachments to mother and father and their associations with personality and social relations. College students (N=112) and their friends (N=90) participated. The students completed questionnaires measuring attachments to parents, loneliness, and friendship. Students also completed interaction logs for one week. The students' friends completed a friendship questionnaire and a personality description of the student. Qualities of mother-child and father-child attachment were significantly related to reports of loneliness but not friendship quality. Attachment to mother was related to the quantity and quality of daily interactions, whereas father-child attachment was related to interaction quality only. Relations between attachment and personality were moderated by sex. For men, strong associations emerged between father-child attachment and friends' personality descriptions. For women, associations between parent-child attachment and personality were contrary to prediction. The findings suggest it may be fruitful to examine adolescent's attachments to specific attachment figures.
TL;DR: For any given health state, evaluations were more negative the more the state was perceived by individuals as likely to interfere with engagement in their valued life activities.
Abstract: One hundred eight college students (Study 1) and 109 elderly adults (Study 2) rated 28 health impairments for the quality of life perceived to be possible in that state, the extent to which the state was perceived as a fate better or worse than death, and the extent to which the state was perceived to interfere with the ability to engage in the activities each individual valued most in life. States perceived most negatively were those perceived to interfere most with valued life activities. For any given health state, evaluations were more negative the more the state was perceived by individuals as likely to interfere with engagement in their valued life activities. Implications of these results for end-of-life medical decision making in general and the use of advance medical directives in particular are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the effect of supplier credit policies on the optimal order quantity within the economic order quantity framework and show that suppliers use favorable credit terms to encourage customers to order large quantities.
TL;DR: The Anger Response Inventories (ARIs) as discussed by the authors assess how people characteristically experience and manage anger from middle childhood through adulthood, using scenario-based, self-report measures.
Abstract: Scenario-based, self-report measures were developed to assess how people characteristically experience and manage anger from middle childhood through adulthood. The Anger Response Inventories (ARIs) for children, adolescents, and adults each assess (a) anger arousal, (b) intentions, (c) cognitive and behavioral responses, and (d) Long-term consequences. Several independent studies provide support for the reliability and validity of the ARIs. Theoretically consistent patterns of correlations were observed with (a) global self-report measures of hostility, aggression, and anger-management strategies (adult version); (b) teacher reports of behavioral and emotional adjustment (child and adolescent versions); and (c) self- and family-member reports of behaviors on specific anger episodes (adolescent and adult versions). Findings from additional personality and developmental studies are summarized, further supporting construct validity. Language: en
TL;DR: Early Cenozoic sedimentary rocks exposed in the Kohat Plateau of northwestern Pakistan record tectonic closure of the Tethys sea and development of a restricted marine basin that formed during Himalayan collision between India, Asia, and a series of microplates.
Abstract: Early Cenozoic sedimentary rocks exposed in the Kohat Plateau of northwestern Pakistan record tectonic closure of the Tethys sea and development of a restricted marine basin that formed during Himalayan collision between India, Asia, and a series of microplates. In the Paleocene, initial subsidence of the basin was caused by the downward deflection of the Indian plate in response to loading of the Asian plate. The western margin of the early Eocene basin was dominated by deposition of shale, sandstone, and conglomerate derived from microplates located to the north and west of the Indian continental margin. The eastern margin of the basin was a carbonate shelf and sabkha flat. Salt deposition occurred subaqueously in the central parts of the basin. In the late early Eocene, redbeds derived from the northwest were deposited by a fluvial and/or deltaic system. This influx of clastic sediments marks the earliest record of terrestrial foreland-basin deposition in northwest Pakistan. During the middle Eocene, the basin was reflooded and a carbonate shelf developed. Relative sea-level rise may reflect subsidence of the Indian plate in response to continued crustal loading in the Himalayan suture zone. Uplift and erosion occurred between the late Eocene and Miocene, possibly related to a peripheral bulge south of the Himalayan suture zone. The main phase of Himalayan foreland-basin fluvial deposition began in the Miocene. Renewed uplift related to final collision of India and Afghanistan during the Pliocene is recorded by a thick sequence of conglomerate in the western Kohat Plateau. Correlation with Eocene sedimentary rocks from southern Pakistan to northern India delineates the depositional systems that developed as the Tethys sea closed during Himalayan convergence.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied factors underlying the performance of foreign joint ventures in China and found that with the exception of product/industry, control, and location, the factors used in this study are significantly related to performance.
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that the more similar individuals' role performance preferences and leisure interests were to those of the other sex in the sample, the more compatible they were with the person they married.
Abstract: This study contributes to the literature on compatibility in courtship by seeking to identify empirical links between social homogamy, similarity in leisure interests and role performance preferences, and the dynamics of premarital relationships. Data were collected from 168 working-class and middle-class couples married for the first time in central Pennsylvania during the early 1980s. The more similar individuals' role performance preferences and leisure interests were to those of the other sex in the sample, the more compatible they were with the person they married. Nonetheless, even after controlling for how likely individuals were to find a compatible mate in the population of other-sex persons, people tended to be better matched than they would have been had they been randomly paired (i.e., assortative mating appears to be raking place on the basis of leisure interests and role performance preferences). Assortative mating also was found with regard to social characteristics age, education, religion), but such social similarity was related neither to similarity in couples' leisure interests nor to their role preferences, and, with one exception, social similarity was not significantly related to their courtship experiences and evaluations. Similarity in leisure interests and compatible role preferences, however, were related both to partners' subjective evaluations of their courtships (i.e., love, ambivalence) and to how they reportedly interacted with each other (i.e., conflict, efforts to enhance the quality of the relationship). In the conclusion, we place our findings within the context of previous writings on compatibility and mate selection and argue for the importance of establishing empirical linkages between various combinations of the partners' social and psychological attributes and their courtship experiences. Compatibility theories of mate selection suggest that individuals who are well matched on key characteristics marry each other, in part, because such matching increases the likelihood that they will be able to establish a mellifluous and mutually satisfying partnership (Huston, Surra, Fitzgerald, & Cate, 1981; Levinger & Rands, 1985). The standard paradigm for studying the role of compatibility in courtship focuses on. whether people who marry are more similar than would be expected by chance, rather than examining the connection between compatibility and courtship processes. Couples may tend to be homogamous in social characteristics, however, because society is organized in such a way that people meet and interact with others who are similar in these characteristics. Moreover, individuals whose characteristics are common in the population are apt to be better matched than others. These effects of propinquity and individual attributes on the extent of matching must be distinguished from the tendency, if any, for people to express preferences for social similarity through choices made among a pool of diverse others. One line of research bearing on this issue examines how distributions of social attributes in the population affect the likelihood that people will marry someone who is socially similar (e.g., Blau, Beeker, & Fitzpatrick, 1984; Blau, Blum, & Schwartz, 1982; Glenn, 1984; Schoen & Wooldredge, 1989; see Surra, 1990, for an integrative review). The causal impact of social homogamy on the interpersonal dynamics of courtship, however, has yet to be explored. The present study seeks to contribute to understanding how compatibility affects courtship and mate selection. Social homogamy may account, in part, for psychological similarity and, as a result, have an indirect impact on both courtship processes and mate selection outcomes. Therefore, this study examines the extent of association between social homogamy and psychological dispositions that seem particularly germane to courtship (Levinger & Rands, 1985). These psychological dispositions are then linked to features of the premarital relationship such as the amount of conflict, the amount of turbulence during courtship, and how deeply the individuals reportedly fall in love. …
TL;DR: Reference performance ratings in the schizophrenic patients were associated with scores on tests of working memory and attention and were not related to performance on concept formation or verbal fluency tests, while in the bipolar and nonpsychiatric individuals, reference performance was associated with concept formation and verbalfluency test scores but was not related with performance on testsof working memory.
Abstract: The authors hypothesized that schizophrenic communication disturbances reflect specific cognitive deficits in the areas of working memory and attention. They examined the cognitive correlates of communication disturbances, as measured by linguistic reference performance, in schizophrenic (n = 48), bipolar (n = 24), and nonpsychiatric control (n = 23) individuals. Reference performance ratings in the schizophrenic patients were associated with scores on tests of working memory and attention and were not related to performance on concept formation or verbal fluency tests. In contrast, in the bipolar and nonpsychiatric individuals, reference performance was associated with concept formation and verbal fluency test scores but was not related to performance on tests of working memory. Implications with respect to the processes underlying schizophrenic communication disturbances are discussed.
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test the two-way causation hypothesis and find evidence in support of a twoway causation between the audit opinion and auditor switching, and they find that the auditor is less likely to qualify the opinion for a client who may switch auditors.
Abstract: Previous studies examining the relation between the audit opinion and auditor switching assume a one-way causation, with the issuance of a qualified opinion triggering a switch. However, analytical studies dealing with auditor independence issues (e.g., Magee and Tseng, 1990; Dye, 1991; Teoh, 1992) suggest an opposite causation, in which the auditor is less likely to qualify the opinion for a client who may switch auditors. Some evidence of an opposite causation is provided by Krishnan (1994), who finds that auditors treat switchers more conservatively (relative to non-switchers) in issuing the audit opinion. The causation between switching and the audit opinion is clearly important for policy decisions regarding both opinion shopping and auditor independence. In this paper, we test the two-way causation hypothesis and find evidence in support of a two-way causation. Our simultaneity-adjusted estimates confirm previous findings of a positive effect of a qualified opinion on switching (Chow and Ri...
TL;DR: This paper conjecture that stable tip propagation in these materials is a consequence of shear thinning associated with flow induced realignment of the liquid crystal director, and considers an expanding gas bubble in a radial HeleShaw cell containing a shear-thinning liquid.
Abstract: One reason for the enduring interest in Newtonian fluid flow in Hele-Shaw cells is its close analogy to quasistatic solidification. The Saffman-Taylor ~ST! instability of the driven fluid-fluid interface plays the same role as the Mullins-Sekerka instability of the solidification front @1#. Features usually associated with solidification, such as the growth of stable dendritic fingers and sidebranching, have also been observed in fluids with an imposed anisotropy, say by scoring lines on the plates of the cell @2#. However, experiments using non-Newtonian or anisotropic fluids, such as liquid crystals, have shown that ‘‘solidification’’ structures can be induced by the bulk properties of the fluid itself @3‐5#. The precise mechanisms of generating such dendritic fingers with stable tips are unknown. One of our interests is in liquid crystal flows, which are characterized by complicated hydrodynamics @6#. We conjecture that stable tip propagation in these materials is a consequence of shear thinning associated with flow induced realignment of the liquid crystal director. In this paper we focus on this single property, and consider an expanding gas bubble in a radial HeleShaw cell containing a shear-thinning liquid. In recent work on polymeric fluids, Bonn and co-workers @7# proposed modeling the Hele-Shaw flow of a nonNewtonian fluid by positing the modified Darcy’s law
Patent•
05 Nov 1996TL;DR: In this article, a reflective liquid crystalline diffractive light valve for use in a diffractive projection system is presented, which is applicable to the creation of electrically controllable diffractive optical elements for ray optic, integrated optic or fiber optic utilization operated in either transmission or reflection.
Abstract: A reflective liquid crystalline diffractive light valve for use in a diffractive projection system. The liquid crystal cell includes a transparent substrate and a reflective substrate treated to provide alternating stripes which cooperate with the liquid crystal to form liquid crystal domains extending across the thickness of the cell that will produce an appropriate phase difference in light reflected by the cell, irrespective of the polarization of incident light. The techniques embodied in the present invention are applicable to the creation of electrically controllable diffractive optical elements for ray optic, integrated optic or fiber optic utilization operated in either transmission or reflection. Diffractive patterns may be lithographically, holographically or interferometrically generated.
TL;DR: Korean acoustic cues, vowel context, and token differences appeared to influence labeling choices, and some English consonants were labeled consistently as a single Korean consonant and judged to be very similar and others to be less similar.
Abstract: Twenty native Korean‐speaking subjects heard 22 English word‐initial consonants in three vowel contexts produced by three native English talkers. The subjects orthographically labeled each English consonant as the closest Korean consonant. They then judged how similar the English consonant was to the Korean consonant on a scale of 1 to 5. Some English consonants were labeled consistently as a single Korean consonant and judged to be very similar. Other English consonants were labeled consistently as a single Korean consonant but judged to be less similar. Still other English consonants were inconsistently labeled. Korean acoustic cues, vowel context, and token differences appeared to influence labeling choices.
TL;DR: In this article, the development of surface properties of commercial carbon blacks was studied by means of nitrogen adsorption over a wide range of pressures, and the specific surface area of the samples was evaluated using the standard BET method.