Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 2006"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the relationship between eGovernment use, attitudes about eGovernment, and trust in government and found a statistically significant relationship between trust and use of a local government Web site and other positive assessments of federal and local governments.
Abstract: Trust in government has been declining for more than three decades now E-government has been proposed as a way to increase citizen trust in government and improve citizen evaluations of government generally Using two-stage models to analyze recent Pew survey data, this research explores the relationship between e-government use, attitudes about e-government, and trust in government There is a statistically significant relationship between trust and use of a local government Web site, as well as other positive assessments of federal and local governments The evidence suggests that e-government can increase process-based trust by improving interactions with citizens and perceptions of responsiveness The findings are theoretically important for reconciling the conflicting research on the effects of e-government and for understanding variations by level of government Citizen attitudes toward government, including trust, are core concerns for democratic governance and public administration
761 citations
TL;DR: Limited literacy is independently associated with a nearly 2-fold increase in mortality in the elderly, given the growth of the aging population and the prevalence of chronic diseases.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: While limited literacy is common and its prevalence increases with age, no prospective study has assessed whether limited literacy is associated with mortality in older adults.
407 citations
TL;DR: Women with IPV at wave 1, compared to women without IPV, were significantly more likely to experience a greater degree of depressive symptoms and functional impairment and less self-esteem and life satisfaction at the 5-year follow-up.
Abstract: Using a nationally representative sample of American married or cohabiting women, this prospective study examined women who reported or denied intimate partner violence (IPV) at wave 1 and compared them on a range of psychosocial outcomes at a 5-year follow-up. This study also examined the rate of divorce or separation during the 5-year interval among women who reported IPV at wave 1 and explored whether certain predictors were related to ending an abusive relationship with an intimate partner during the period. Women with IPV at wave 1, compared to women without IPV, were significantly more likely to experience a greater degree of depressive symptoms and functional impairment and less self-esteem and life satisfaction at the 5-year follow-up. Also, nearly half of the women in an abusive relationship left the relationship within the period. Leaving the abusive relationship was associated with lower individual income and more social support at wave 1.
378 citations
TL;DR: To determine the relationship between health literacy, demographics, and access to health care, a national survey of over-65s and over-75s is conducted in the United States.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between health literacy, demographics, and access to health care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, Health, Aging and Body Composition data (1999/2000). SETTING: Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand five hundred twelve black and white community-dwelling older people who were well functioning at baseline (without functional difficulties or dementia). MEASUREMENTS: Participants’ health literacy was assessed using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine. Scores were categorized into 0 to sixth-, seventh- to eighth-, and ninth-grade and higher reading levels (limited health literacy defined as o9th grade). Participants’ demographics, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and three indicators of healthcare access (whether they had a doctor/ regular place of medical care, an influenza vaccination within the year, or insurance for medications) were also assessed. RESULTS: Participants’ mean age was 75.6, 52% were female, 38% were black, and 24%had limited health literacy. After adjusting for sociodemographics, associations remained between limited health literacy and being male, being black, and having low income and education, diabetes mellitus, depressive symptoms, and fair/poor self-rated health (Po.02). After adjusting for sociodemographics, health status, and comorbidities, older people with a sixthgrade reading level or lower were twice as likely to have any of the three indicators of poor healthcare access (odds ratio 51.96, 95% confidence interval 51.34‐2.88). CONCLUSION: Limited health literacy was prevalent and was associated with low socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and poor access to health care, suggesting that it may be an independent risk factor for health disparities in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:770–776, 2006.
376 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that people who are motivated to touch because it is fun or interesting will also be persuaded by a communication that incorporates touch when they are able to make sense of how the touch is related to the message.
Abstract: Prior research has assumed that touch has a persuasive effect only if it provides attribute or structural information about a product. Under this view, the role of touch as a persuasive tool is limited. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the persuasive influence of touch as an affective tool in the absence of useful product-related information. The authors find that for people who are motivated to touch because it is fun or interesting, a communication that incorporates touch leads to increased affective response and increased persuasion, particularly when the touch provides neutral or positive sensory feedback. People who are not motivated to touch for fun will also be persuaded by a communication that incorporates touch when they are able to make sense of how the touch is related to the message. The authors explore the effectiveness of different types of touch in generating an affective response, and they replicate the effects on attitudes and behavior in a real-world setting. This research suggests that the marketing implications of touch are more substantial than previously believed. The authors present research implications for direct marketing, product packaging, point-of-purchase displays, and print advertising.
362 citations
TL;DR: Structural equation path modeling indicated that exposure to terrorism was significantly related to greater loss and gain of psychosocial resources and to greater posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms.
Abstract: The authors conducted a large-scale study of terrorism in Israel via telephone surveys in September 2003 with 905 adult Jewish and Palestinian citizens of Israel (PCIs). Structural equation path modeling indicated that exposure to terrorism was significantly related to greater loss and gain of psychosocial resources and to greater posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms. Psychosocial resource loss and gain associated with terrorism were, in turn, significantly related to both greater PTSD and depressive symptoms. PCIs had significantly higher levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms than Jews. Further, PTSD symptoms in particular were related to greater authoritarian beliefs and ethnocentrism, suggesting how PTSD may lead to a self-protective style of defensive coping.
357 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that PC1 undergoes proteolytic cleavage that results in nuclear translocation of its cytoplasmic tail and that this pathway is inappropriately activated in ADPKD.
349 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of glia–neuron ratios across frontal areas 4, 9L, 32, and 44 in a sample of humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys showed that regions involved in specialized human cognitive functions have not evolved differentially higher requirements for metabolic support.
Abstract: Evidence from comparative studies of gene expression and evolution suggest that human neocortical neurons may be characterized by unusually high levels of energy metabolism. The current study examined whether there is a disproportionate increase in glial cell density in the human frontal cortex in comparison with other anthropoid primate species (New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids) to support greater metabolic demands. Among 18 species of anthropoids, humans displayed the greatest departure from allometric scaling expectations for the density of glia relative to neurons in layer II/III of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area 9L). However, the human glia-neuron ratio in this prefrontal region did not differ significantly from allometric predictions based on brain size. Further analyses of glia-neuron ratios across frontal areas 4, 9L, 32, and 44 in a sample of humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys showed that regions involved in specialized human cognitive functions, such as "theory of mind" (area 32) and language (area 44) have not evolved differentially higher requirements for metabolic support. Taken together, these findings suggest that greater metabolic consumption of human neocortical neurons relates to the energetic costs of maintaining expansive dendritic arbors and long-range projecting axons in the context of an enlarged brain.
326 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that social support, when left intact, might buffer the cumulative impact of child and adult interpersonal traumas and predict lower PTSD severity for women who experienced both child abuse and adult rape.
Abstract: This study represents one of the largest examinations of how child abuse, adult rape, and social support impact inner-city women (N = 777). Using retrospective self-report, the effects of interpersonal trauma were shown to be cumulative such that women who experienced either child abuse or adult rape were 6 times more likely to have probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), whereas women who experienced both child abuse and rape were 17 times more likely to have probable PTSD. High social support predicted lower PTSD severity for women who experienced both child abuse and adult rape, but not for women who reported one or none of these traumas. Results suggest that social support, when left intact, might buffer the cumulative impact of child and adult interpersonal traumas.
317 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method for measuring the flexoelectric coefficients of bent-core NLCs via the electric current produced by periodic mechanical flexing of the NLC's bounding surfaces is presented.
Abstract: Flexoelectricity is a coupling between orientational deformation and electric polarization. We present a direct method for measuring the flexoelectric coefficients of nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) via the electric current produced by periodic mechanical flexing of the NLC's bounding surfaces. This method is suitable for measuring the response of bent-core liquid crystals, which are expected to demonstrate a much larger flexoelectric effect than traditional, calamitic liquid crystals. Our results reveal that not only is the bend flexoelectric coefficient of bent-core NLCs gigantic (more than 3 orders of magnitude larger than in calamitics) but also it is much larger than would be expected from microscopic models based on molecular geometry. Thus, bent-core nematic materials can form the basis of a technological breakthrough for conversion between mechanical and electrical energy.
285 citations
TL;DR: The X-ray diffraction structure modeling was employed for analysis of hexagonally ordered large-pore silicas, SBA-15, to determine their pore width independently of adsorption measurements to extend the original Kruk-Jaroniec-Sayari (KJS) relation.
Abstract: In this work, the X-ray diffraction structure modeling was employed for analysis of hexagonally ordered large-pore silicas, SBA-15, to determine their pore width independently of adsorption measurements. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to evaluate the relative pressure of capillary condensation in cylindrical mesopores of these materials. This approach allowed us to extend the original Kruk−Jaroniec−Sayari (KJS) relation (Langmuir 1997, 13, 6267) between the pore width and capillary condensation pressure up to 10 nm instead of previously established range from 2 to 6.5 nm for a series of MCM-41 and to improve the KJS pore size analysis of large pore silicas.
TL;DR: The editors of this special issue reflect on the current status and future directions of research on race, ethnicity, and culture in child development, and recommend that future research adhere to principles of cultural validity described in the text.
Abstract: The editors of this special issue reflect on the current status and future directions of research on race, ethnicity, and culture in child development. Research in the special issue disentangles race, ethnicity, culture, and immigrant status, and identifies mediators of sociocultural variables on developmental outcomes. The special issue includes important research on normal development in context for ethnic and racial minority children, addresses racial and ethnic identity development, and considers intergroup processes. The methodological innovations as well as challenges of current research are highlighted. It is recommended that future research adhere to principles of cultural validity described in the text.
TL;DR: In this paper, the transverse momentum spectra of pi(+/-), p, and (p) over bar p up to 12 GeV/c at midrapidity in centrality selected Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV are presented.
Abstract: Transverse momentum spectra of pi(+/-), p, and (p) over bar p up to 12 GeV/c at midrapidity in centrality selected Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV are presented. In central Au + Au collisions, both pi(+/-) and p((p) over bar) show significant suppression with respect to binary scaling at p(T) greater than or similar to 4 GeV/c. Protons and antiprotons are less suppressed than pi(+/-), in the range 1.5 less than or similar to p(T) less than or similar to 6 GeV/c. The pi(-)/pi(+) and (p) over bar /p ratios show at most a weak pT dependence and no significant centrality dependence. The p/pi ratios in central Au + Au collisions approach the values in p + p and d + Au collisions at p(T) greater than or similar to 5 GeV/c. The results at high p(T) indicate that the partonic sources of pi(+/-), p, and (p) over bar have similar energy loss when traversing the nuclear medium
University of California, Berkeley1, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology2, Los Alamos National Laboratory3, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign4, Howard University5, Miami University6, Cleveland Museum of Natural History7, National Museum of Natural History8, Claude Bernard University Lyon 19, Kent State University10, Berkeley Geochronology Center11, University of Hyogo12, Yale University13, American Museum of Natural History14, University of Tokyo15
TL;DR: New fossils from the Middle Awash study area that extend the known Au.
Abstract: The origin of Australopithecus, the genus widely interpreted as ancestral to Homo, is a central problem in human evolutionary studies. Australopithecus species differ markedly from extant African apes and candidate ancestral hominids such as Ardipithecus, Orrorin and Sahelanthropus. The earliest described Australopithecus species is Au. anamensis, the probable chronospecies ancestor of Au. afarensis. Here we describe newly discovered fossils from the Middle Awash study area that extend the known Au. anamensis range into northeastern Ethiopia. The new fossils are from chronometrically controlled stratigraphic sequences and date to about 4.1-4.2 million years ago. They include diagnostic craniodental remains, the largest hominid canine yet recovered, and the earliest Australopithecus femur. These new fossils are sampled from a woodland context. Temporal and anatomical intermediacy between Ar. ramidus and Au. afarensis suggest a relatively rapid shift from Ardipithecus to Australopithecus in this region of Africa, involving either replacement or accelerated phyletic evolution.
TL;DR: In this article, the transverse momentum spectra for identified charged pions, protons and anti-protons from p + p and d + Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV were measured around midrapidity ( | y | 0.5 ) over the range of 0.3 p T 10 GeV / c with particle identification from the ionization energy loss and its relativistic rise in the time projection chamber and time-of-flight in STAR.
TL;DR: Investigating the relation of "developmental assets"--positive relationships, opportunities, skills, values, and self-perceptions--to academic achievement over time offers promising evidence that a broad focus on building the developmental nutrients in young people's lives may contribute to academic success.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied six agriculturally influenced streams in Indiana and Michigan to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling nutrient retention and export in agricultural streams using nutrient addition and isotopic tracer studies.
Abstract: SUMMARY 1. Agriculture is a major contributor of non-point source pollution to surface waters in the midwestern United States, resulting in eutrophication of freshwater aquatic ecosystems and development of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Agriculturally influenced streams are diverse in morphology and have variable nutrient concentrations. Understanding how nutrients are transformed and retained within agricultural streams may aid in mitigating increased nutrient export to downstream ecosystems. 2. We studied six agriculturally influenced streams in Indiana and Michigan to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling nutrient retention and export in agricultural streams using nutrient addition and isotopic tracer studies. 3. Metrics of nutrient uptake indicated that nitrate uptake was saturated in these streams whereas ammonium and phosphorus uptake increased with higher concentrations. Phosphorus uptake was likely approaching saturation as evidenced by decreasing uptake velocities with concentration; ammonium uptake velocity also declined with concentration, though not significantly. 4. Higher whole-stream uptake rates of phosphorus and ammonium were associated with the observed presence of stream autotrophs (e.g. algae and macrophytes). However, there was no significant relationship between measures of nutrient uptake and stream metabolism. Water-column nutrient concentrations were positively correlated with gross primary production but not community respiration. 5. Overall, nutrient uptake and metabolism were affected by nutrient concentrations in these agriculturally influenced streams. Biological uptake of ammonium and phosphorus was not saturated, although nitrate uptake did appear to be saturated in these ecosystems. Biological activity in agriculturally influenced streams is higher relative to more pristine streams and this increased biological activity likely influences nutrient retention and transport to downstream ecosystems.
TL;DR: A CIT partnership between the police department, the mental health system, consumers of services, and their family members can help in efforts to assist persons who are experiencing a mental illness crisis to gain access to the treatment system, where such individuals most often are best served.
Abstract: Objectives: In recognition of the fact that police are often the first responders for individuals who are experiencing a mental illness crisis, police departments nationally are incorporating specialized training for officers in collaboration with local mental health systems. This study examined police dispatch data before and after implementation of a crisis intervention team (CIT) program to assess the effect of the training on officers’ disposition of calls. Methods: The authors analyzed police dispatch logs for two years before and four years after implementation of the CIT program in Akron, Ohio, to determine monthly average rates of mental disturbance calls compared with the overall rate of calls to the police, disposition of mental disturbance calls by time and training, and the effects of techniques on voluntariness of disposition. Results: Since the training program was implemented, there has been an increase in the number and proportion of calls involving possible mental illness, an increased rate of transport by CIT-trained officers of persons experiencing mental illness crises to emergency treatment facilities, an increase in transport on a voluntary status, and no significant changes in the rate of arrests by time or training. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that a CIT partnership between the police department, the mental health system, consumers of services, and their family members can help in efforts to assist persons who are experiencing a mental illness crisis to gain access to the treatment system, where such individuals most often are best served. (Psychiatric Services 57:232–237, 2006)
TL;DR: Three major relaxation processes that contribute to the observed dynamics in the picosecond to nanosecond time range are identified: 1), fluctuations of methyl groups; 2), fast picose Cond relaxation; and 3), a slow relaxation process.
TL;DR: People who read a congruently framed message had greater flossing efficacy, intended to floss more, and used more dental flosses than did the participants who read an incongruent message.
Abstract: Health messages framed to be congruent with individuals' approach/avoidance motivations have been found to be more effective in promoting health behaviors than health messages incongruent with approach/avoidance motivations. This study examines the processes underlying this congruency effect. Participants (undergraduate students, N = 67) completed a measure of approach/avoidance orientation (the BIS/BAS scales) and read either a gain- or loss-framed message promoting dental flossing. Results demonstrated a congruency effect: Participants who read a congruently framed message had greater flossing efficacy, intended to floss more, and used more dental flosses than did the participants who read an incongruent message. Moreover, intention to perform the behavior predicted the congruency effect and self-efficacy mediated participants' intentions to perform the health behavior. Discussion centers on the role of personality factors and situational factors in models of behavior change.
TL;DR: The result is the first estimate of the isospin structure of NN-SRCs in nuclei, and may have important implication for modeling the equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter.
Abstract: We analyze recent data from high-momentum-transfer ($p$, $pp$) and ($p$, $ppn$) reactions on carbon. For this analysis, the two-nucleon short-range correlation ($NN$-SRC) model for backward nucleon emission is extended to include the motion of the $NN$ pair in the mean field. The model is found to describe major characteristics of the data. Our analysis demonstrates that the removal of a proton from the nucleus with initial momentum $275\char21{}550\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/c$ is ${92}_{\ensuremath{-}18}^{+8}%$ of the time accompanied by the emission of a correlated neutron that carries momentum roughly equal and opposite to the initial proton momentum. This indicates that the probabilities of $pp$ or $nn$ SRCs in the nucleus are at least a factor of 6 smaller than that of $pn$ SRCs. Our result is the first estimate of the isospin structure of $NN$-SRCs in nuclei, and may have important implication for modeling the equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter.
TL;DR: It is suggested that spouses' efforts to facilitate patients' healthy lifestyle behaviors are associated with patients' health behavior and mental health, but not always as spouses might intend.
Abstract: The authors examined spouses' provision of health-related support and control as predictors of health behavior and mental health among patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation (N = 94 couples). Cross-sectional analyses revealed that spouses' support was positively associated with patient health behavior. Prospective analyses of change over 6 months (N = 65 couples) revealed that spouses' support predicted increased patient mental health, whereas spouses' control predicted decreased patient health behavior and mental health. Findings suggest that spouses' efforts to facilitate patients' healthy lifestyle behaviors are associated with patients' health behavior and mental health, but not always as spouses might intend.
TL;DR: With the new formulation of these algorithms, a simplified proof is provided that the spectra of a pair of FETI‐DP and BDDC algorithms, with the same set of primal constraints, are essentially the same.
Abstract: The FETI-DP and BDDC algorithms are reformulated using Block Cholesky factorizations, an approach which can provide a useful framework for the design of domain decomposition algorithms for solving symmetric positive definite linear system of equations. Instead of introducing Lagrange multipliers to enforce the coarse level, primal continuity constraints in these algorithms, a change of variables is used such that each primal constraint corresponds to an explicit degree of freedom. With the new formulation of these algorithms, a simplified proof is provided that the spectra of a pair of FETI-DP and BDDC algorithms, with the same set of primal constraints, are essentially the same. Numerical experiments for a two-dimensional Laplace's equation also confirm this result. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: This article reviews control of PTEN function by phosphorylation as well as by binding of lipid and protein partners and determines PI(3,4,5)P3 levels.
TL;DR: As predicted by the model, socially anxious college students with low self-efficacy for avoiding heavy drinking in social situations and high positive expectancies for social facilitation reported more alcohol consumption than other socially anxious individuals.
TL;DR: Results highlight the influences of PTSD and depression on adherence and HIV disease markers, and underscore the importance of examining comorbid symptomatology in PLWH.
Abstract: Despite high rates of comorbidity, research has typically focused on the independent impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms in people living with HIV (PLWH). The present study examined the independent and comorbid influence of PTSD and depression symptoms on medication adherence, CD4 cell counts, and viral load, over the course of 3 months in 57 PLWH (82% men, 54% Caucasian, 44% African American) recruited from a clinic or social service agency. Both PTSD and depressive symptoms predicted lower subsequent adherence. However, only depressive symptoms predicted lower CD4 counts and presence of a detectable viral load. Participants reporting symptoms consistent with diagnostic levels of comorbid PTSD and depression were less likely to adhere to HAART and were more likely to have a detectable viral load. These results highlight the influences of PTSD and depression on adherence and HIV disease markers, and underscore the importance of examining comorbid symptomatology in PLWH.
19 Apr 2006
TL;DR: The elements of Kansei testbed architecture are presented, including its hardware and software platforms as well as its hybrid simulation and sensor data generation engines.
Abstract: The Kansei testbed at the Ohio State University is designed to facilitate research on networked sensing applications at scale. Kansei embodies a unique combination of characteristics as a result of its design focus on sensing and scaling: (i) Heterogeneous hardware infrastructure with dedicated node resources for local computation, storage, data exfiltration and back-channel communication, to support complex experimentation, (ii) Time accurate hybrid simulation engine for simulating substantially larger arrays using testbed hardware resources, (iii) High fidelity sensor data generation and real-time data and event injection, (iv) Software components and associated job control language to support complex multi-tier experiments utilizing real hardware resources and data generation and simulation engines. In this paper, we present the elements of Kansei testbed architecture, including its hardware and software platforms as well as its hybrid simulation and sensor data generation engines.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the impact that salesperson knowledge and empowering leader behaviors have on salesperson working smarter and working harder behaviors and examine the impact of working harder and smarter on customer service, customer satisfaction, and ultimately, on sales performance.