Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 2013"
TL;DR: This monograph discusses 10 learning techniques that benefit learners of different ages and abilities and have been shown to boost students’ performance across many criterion tasks and even in educational contexts.
Abstract: Many students are being left behind by an educational system that some people believe is in crisis. Improving educational outcomes will require efforts on many fronts, but a central premise of this monograph is that one part of a solution involves helping students to better regulate their learning through the use of effective learning techniques. Fortunately, cognitive and educational psychologists have been developing and evaluating easy-to-use learning techniques that could help students achieve their learning goals. In this monograph, we discuss 10 learning techniques in detail and offer recommendations about their relative utility. We selected techniques that were expected to be relatively easy to use and hence could be adopted by many students. Also, some techniques (e.g., highlighting and rereading) were selected because students report relying heavily on them, which makes it especially important to examine how well they work. The techniques include elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, summarization, highlighting (or underlining), the keyword mnemonic, imagery use for text learning, rereading, practice testing, distributed practice, and interleaved practice. To offer recommendations about the relative utility of these techniques, we evaluated whether their benefits generalize across four categories of variables: learning conditions, student characteristics, materials, and criterion tasks. Learning conditions include aspects of the learning environment in which the technique is implemented, such as whether a student studies alone or with a group. Student characteristics include variables such as age, ability, and level of prior knowledge. Materials vary from simple concepts to mathematical problems to complicated science texts. Criterion tasks include different outcome measures that are relevant to student achievement, such as those tapping memory, problem solving, and comprehension. We attempted to provide thorough reviews for each technique, so this monograph is rather lengthy. However, we also wrote the monograph in a modular fashion, so it is easy to use. In particular, each review is divided into the following sections: General description of the technique and why it should work How general are the effects of this technique? 2a. Learning conditions 2b. Student characteristics 2c. Materials 2d. Criterion tasks Effects in representative educational contexts Issues for implementation Overall assessment The review for each technique can be read independently of the others, and particular variables of interest can be easily compared across techniques. To foreshadow our final recommendations, the techniques vary widely with respect to their generalizability and promise for improving student learning. Practice testing and distributed practice received high utility assessments because they benefit learners of different ages and abilities and have been shown to boost students' performance across many criterion tasks and even in educational contexts. Elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, and interleaved practice received moderate utility assessments. The benefits of these techniques do generalize across some variables, yet despite their promise, they fell short of a high utility assessment because the evidence for their efficacy is limited. For instance, elaborative interrogation and self-explanation have not been adequately evaluated in educational contexts, and the benefits of interleaving have just begun to be systematically explored, so the ultimate effectiveness of these techniques is currently unknown. Nevertheless, the techniques that received moderate-utility ratings show enough promise for us to recommend their use in appropriate situations, which we describe in detail within the review of each technique. Five techniques received a low utility assessment: summarization, highlighting, the keyword mnemonic, imagery use for text learning, and rereading. These techniques were rated as low utility for numerous reasons. Summarization and imagery use for text learning have been shown to help some students on some criterion tasks, yet the conditions under which these techniques produce benefits are limited, and much research is still needed to fully explore their overall effectiveness. The keyword mnemonic is difficult to implement in some contexts, and it appears to benefit students for a limited number of materials and for short retention intervals. Most students report rereading and highlighting, yet these techniques do not consistently boost students' performance, so other techniques should be used in their place (e.g., practice testing instead of rereading). Our hope is that this monograph will foster improvements in student learning, not only by showcasing which learning techniques are likely to have the most generalizable effects but also by encouraging researchers to continue investigating the most promising techniques. Accordingly, in our closing remarks, we discuss some issues for how these techniques could be implemented by teachers and students, and we highlight directions for future research.
1,989 citations
TL;DR: Graphene was doped with both boron and nitrogen at well-defined doping sites to induce a synergistic effect that boosts its catalytic activity for oxygen reduction.
Abstract: Don't be a dope: be a double dope! Graphene was doped with both boron and nitrogen at well-defined doping sites to induce a synergistic effect that boosts its catalytic activity for oxygen reduction (see structure). The excellent catalytic performance of the new metal-free catalyst is comparable to that of commercial Pt/C.
962 citations
TL;DR: A discussion of what learners need to understand in order to become effective stewards of their own learning and a discussion of societal assumptions and attitudes that can be counterproductive in terms of individuals becoming maximally effective learners.
Abstract: Knowing how to manage one's own learning has become increasingly important in recent years, as both the need and the opportunities for individuals to learn on their own outside of formal classroom settings have grown. During that same period, however, research on learning, memory, and metacognitive processes has provided evidence that people often have a faulty mental model of how they learn and remember, making them prone to both misassessing and mismanaging their own learning. After a discussion of what learners need to understand in order to become effective stewards of their own learning, we first review research on what people believe about how they learn and then review research on how people's ongoing assessments of their own learning are influenced by current performance and the subjective sense of fluency. We conclude with a discussion of societal assumptions and attitudes that can be counterproductive in terms of individuals becoming maximally effective learners.
942 citations
TL;DR: A highly hydrated structure was fabricated for catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which demonstrated significantly enhanced catalytic activity, favorable kinetics, and strong durability.
Abstract: A highly hydrated structure was fabricated for catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which demonstrated significantly enhanced catalytic activity, favorable kinetics, and strong durability. The enhanced performance is correlated with the dual-active-site mechanism, and high hydrophilicity of the electrode can dramatically expedite the process of water oxidation into molecular oxygen.
538 citations
TL;DR: Results highlight the need for prospective longitudinal examination of physical health shortly following trauma, and suggest variables to consider in the design of such studies.
471 citations
TL;DR: Novel evidence is provided for the role of stressful life events in shaping characteristic responses to distress, specifically engagement in rumination, highlighting potentially useful targets for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of depression and anxiety.
Abstract: Rumination is a well-established risk factor for the onset of major depression and anxiety symptomatology in both adolescents and adults. Despite the robust associations between rumination and internalizing psychopathology, there is a dearth of research examining factors that might lead to a ruminative response style. In the current study, we examined whether social environmental experiences were associated with rumination. Specifically, we evaluated whether self-reported exposure to stressful life events predicted subsequent increases in rumination. We also investigated whether rumination served as a mechanism underlying the longitudinal association between self-reported stressful life events and internalizing symptoms. Self-reported stressful life events, rumination, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed in 2 separate longitudinal samples. A sample of early adolescents (N = 1,065) was assessed at 3 time points spanning 7 months. A sample of adults (N = 1,132) was assessed at 2 time points spanning 12 months. In both samples, self-reported exposure to stressful life events was associated longitudinally with increased engagement in rumination. In addition, rumination mediated the longitudinal relationship between self-reported stressors and symptoms of anxiety in both samples and the relationship between self-reported life events and symptoms of depression in the adult sample. Identifying the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that explain a greater propensity for rumination following stressors remains an important goal for future research. This study provides novel evidence for the role of stressful life events in shaping characteristic responses to distress, specifically engagement in rumination, highlighting potentially useful targets for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of depression and anxiety.
445 citations
TL;DR: A series of carbon spheres (CS) was prepared by carbonization of phenolic resin spheres obtained by the one-pot modified Stöber method by obtaining remarkably high CO2 adsorption capacities.
Abstract: A series of carbon spheres (CS) was prepared by carbonization of phenolic resin spheres obtained by the one-pot modified Stober method. Activated CS (ACS), having diameters from 200 to 420 nm, high surface area (from 730 to 2930 m2/g), narrow micropores (<1 nm) and, importantly, high volume of these micropores (from 0.28 to 1.12 cm3/g), were obtained by CO2 activation of the aforementioned CS. The remarkably high CO2 adsorption capacities, 4.55 and 8.05 mmol/g, were measured on these AC spheres at 1 bar and two temperatures, 25 and 0 °C, respectively.
386 citations
TL;DR: A multilevel meta-regression analysis was conducted to summarize the effects of different strategies employed in surveys of health professionals, finding the mail survey mode was more effective in improving RR, compared to the online or web survey mode.
Abstract: Surveys involving health care providers are characterized by low and declining response rates (RRs), and researchers have utilized various strategies to increase survey RRs among health professionals. Based on 48 studies with 156 subgroups of within-study conditions, a multilevel meta-regression analysis was conducted to summarize the effects of different strategies employed in surveys of health professionals. An estimated overall survey RR among health professionals was 0.53 with a significant downward trend during the last half century. Of the variables that were examined, mode of data collection, incentives, and number of follow-up attempts were all found to be significantly related to RR. The mail survey mode was more effective in improving RR, compared to the online or web survey mode. Relative to the non-incentive subgroups, subgroups receiving monetary incentives were more likely to respond, while nonmonetary incentive groups were not significantly different from non-incentive groups. When number o...
372 citations
TL;DR: Phenolic resin-based carbon spheres obtained by a slightly modified Stober method are shown to be superior CO2 adsorbents as discussed by the authors, and a direct KOH activation of polymeric spheres gave carbons with small micropores (<0.8 nm) and large specific surface area (2400 m2 g−1).
Abstract: Phenolic resin-based carbon spheres obtained by a slightly modified Stober method are shown to be superior CO2 adsorbents. A direct KOH activation of polymeric spheres gave carbons with small micropores (<0.8 nm) and large specific surface area (2400 m2 g−1), which are able to adsorb an unprecedented amount of CO2 (up to 8.9 mmol g−1) at 0 °C and ambient pressure.
365 citations
TL;DR: In this article, economic policy uncertainty and oil-market specific demand shocks account for 19% and 12% of the long-run variability in real stock returns, respectively, in the U.S. and Europe, respectively.
364 citations
TL;DR: Pt/TiO(2) catalysts prepared with the assistance of NaOH showed higher HCHO oxidation activity than those without NaOH due to the introduction of additional surface hydroxyl groups, the enhanced adsorption capacity toward HCHO, and larger mesopores and macropores facilitating diffusion and transport of reactants and products.
Abstract: Pt/TiO2 catalysts with various Pt loadings (0.05–2 wt %) were prepared by a combined NaOH-assisted impregnation of titania with Pt precursor and NaBH4-reduction. The thermal catalytic activity was evaluated toward catalytic decomposition of formaldehyde (HCHO) vapor in the presence of toluene under ambient conditions. HCHO could be selectively oxidized into CO2 and H2O over Pt/TiO2 catalysts and toluene had no change. Pt/TiO2 catalysts prepared with the assistance of NaOH showed higher HCHO oxidation activity than those without NaOH due to the introduction of additional surface hydroxyl groups, the enhanced adsorption capacity toward HCHO, and larger mesopores and macropores facilitating diffusion and transport of reactants and products. The as-prepared Pt/TiO2 catalysts with an optimal Pt loading of 1 wt % exhibited high catalytic stability. Considering the versatile combination of noble-metal nanoparticles and supports, this work will provide new insights to the design of high-performance catalysts for ...
TL;DR: In this article, a three-dimensional (3D) catalyst was fabricated by using N-doped graphene films as scaffolds and nickel nanoparticles as building blocks via a heterogeneous reaction process.
Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) catalyst was fabricated by using N-doped graphene films as scaffolds and nickel nanoparticles as building blocks via a heterogeneous reaction process. This unique structure enables high catalyst loadings and optimal electrode contact, leading to a surprisingly high catalytic activity towards OER, which almost approaches that of the state-of-the-art precious OER electrocatalysts (IrO2). Moreover, the catalytic process features favourable electrode kinetics and strong durability during long-term cycling. The dual-active-site mechanism was proposed for this 3D catalyst, i.e., Ni/NiOOH and Ni–N(O)–C are both active sites. The enhanced performance is attributed to synergistic effects of N-doped graphene and Ni, which enhance the activities of both components for OER.
TL;DR: Modated Multiple Regression analysis results showed that the negative relationship between SNS use and GPA was moderated by multitasking only in the US sample, and may be due to European students being less prone to ''disruptive'' multitasking.
TL;DR: Using time series Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery and demographic data of Shanghai for 1997 and 2008, the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) change and population shift and their effects on the spatiotemporal patterns of urban heat islands (UHIs) were quantitatively examined using an integrated approach of remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS), and statistical analysis.
TL;DR: Cell phone use, like traditional sedentary behaviors, may disrupt physical activity and reduce cardiorespiratory fitness.
Abstract: Today’s cell phones increase opportunities for activities traditionally defined as sedentary behaviors (e.g., surfing the internet, playing video games). People who participate in large amounts of sedentary behaviors, relative to those who do not, tend to be less physically active, less physically fit, and at greater risk for health problems. However, cell phone use does not have to be a sedentary behavior as these devices are portable. It can occur while standing or during mild-to-moderate intensity physical activity. Thus, the relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and physical fitness is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate these relationships among a sample of healthy college students. Participants were first interviewed about their physical activity behavior and cell phone use. Then body composition was assessed and the validated self-efficacy survey for exercise behaviors completed. This was followed by a progressive exercise test on a treadmill to exhaustion. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) during exercise was used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. Hierarchical regression was used to assess the relationship between cell phone use and cardiorespiratory fitness after controlling for sex, self-efficacy, and percent body fat. Interview data was transcribed, coded, and Chi-square analysis was used to compare the responses of low and high frequency cell phone users. Cell phone use was significantly (p = 0.047) and negatively (β = −0.25) related to cardio respiratory fitness independent of sex, self-efficacy, and percent fat which were also significant predictors (p < 0.05). Interview data offered several possible explanations for this relationship. First, high frequency users were more likely than low frequency users to report forgoing opportunities for physical activity in order to use their cell phones for sedentary behaviors. Second, low frequency users were more likely to report being connected to active peer groups through their cell phones and to cite this as a motivation for physical activity. Third, high levels of cell phone use indicated a broader pattern of sedentary behaviors apart from cell phone use, such as watching television. Cell phone use, like traditional sedentary behaviors, may disrupt physical activity and reduce cardiorespiratory fitness.
TL;DR: The hybrid material composed of Mn3O4 nanoparticles on nitrogen-doped graphene was prepared via a solvothermal process and investigated for the first time as a catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
TL;DR: This work projects onto the light front the pion's Poincaré-covariant Bethe-Salpeter wave function obtained using two different approximations to the kernels of quantum chromodynamics' Dyson-Schwinger equations, both concave and significantly broader than the asymptotic distribution amplitude.
Abstract: We project onto the light-front the pion's Poincare-covariant Bethe-Salpeter wave-function, ob- tained using two different approximations to the kernels of QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations. At an hadronic scale both computed results are concave and significantly broader than the asymptotic distribution amplitude, ' asy (x) = 6x(1 x); e.g., the integral of '�(x)/' asy (x) is 1.8 using the sim- plest kernel and 1.5 with the more sophisticated kernel. Independent of the kernels, the emergent phenomenon of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking is responsible for hardening the amplitude. The momentum-space wave-function for a nonrelativis- tic quantum mechanical system, (p,t), is a probability amplitude, such that | (p,t)| 2 is a non-negative density which describes the probability that the system is de- scribed by momenta p at a given equal-time instant t. Although the replacement of certainty in classical me- chanics by probability in quantum mechanics was dis- turbing for some, the step to relativistic quantum field theory is still more confounding. Much of the additional difficulty owes to the loss of particle number conservation when this step is made: two systems with equal energies need not have the same particle content, because that is not conserved by Lorentz boosts, so that even inter- pretation via probability densities is typically lost. To exemplify: a charge radius cannot generally be defined via the overlap of two wave-functions because the initial and final states do not possess the same four-momentum and hence are not described by the same wave-function.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how work is shaped by performance measures, focusing on the use of journal lists, rather than the detail of their construction, in conditioning the research activity of academics.
Abstract: The article critically examines how work is shaped by performance measures. Its specific focus is upon the use of journal lists, rather than the detail of their construction, in conditioning the research activity of academics. It is argued that an effect of the ‘one size fits all’ logic of journal lists is to endorse and cultivate a research monoculture in which particular criteria, favoured by a given list, assume the status of a universal benchmark of performance (‘research quality’). The article demonstrates, with reference to the Association of Business Schools (ABS) ‘Journal Guide’, how use of a journal list can come to dominate and define the focus and trajectory of a field of research, with detrimental consequences for the development of scholarship.
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TL;DR: This paper examined the effect of economic policy uncertainty and its components on firm-level investment, and found that economic policy uncertainties in interaction with firm level uncertainty depresses firms' investment decisions.
Abstract: This paper examines the effect of economic policy uncertainty and its components on firm-level investment. It is found that economic policy uncertainty in interaction with firm-level uncertainty depresses firms’ investment decisions. When firms are in doubt about costs of doing business due to possible changes in regulation, cost of health care and taxes, they become more guarded with investment plans. The effect of economic policy uncertainty on firm-level investment is greater for firms with higher firm-level uncertainty and during a recession. News-based policy shock has a significantly negative long-term effect on firms’ investment. Federal expenditure forecast interquartile range shock has a significant negative effect in the short- and long-run. Policy uncertainty does not seem to influence the investment decisions of the very largest firms (about 20% of listed firms).
TL;DR: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of tridiagonal Toeplitz matrices are known in closed form and explicit expressions for the structured distance to the closest normal matrix, the departure from normality, and the ϵ-pseudospectrum are derived.
Abstract: SUMMARY
The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of tridiagonal Toeplitz matrices are known in closed form. This property is in the first part of the paper used to investigate the sensitivity of the spectrum. Explicit expressions for the structured distance to the closest normal matrix, the departure from normality, and the ϵ-pseudospectrum are derived. The second part of the paper discusses applications of the theory to inverse eigenvalue problems, the construction of Chebyshev polynomial-based Krylov subspace bases, and Tikhonov regularization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: Examination of the influence of the social networking site Facebook and face-to-face support networks on depression among college students indicated empirical support for the Relational Health Communication Competence Model, with interpersonal motives predicting increased face- to-face and computer-mediated competence and lower depression scores.
Abstract: This study examined the influence of the social networking site Facebook and face-to-face support networks on depression among (N = 361) college students. The authors used the Relational Health Communication Competence Model as a framework for examining the influence of communication competence on social support network satisfaction and depression. Moreover, they examined the influence of interpersonal and social integrative motives as exogenous variables. On the basis of previous work, the authors propose and test a theoretical model using structural equation modeling. The results indicated empirical support for the model, with interpersonal motives predicting increased face-to-face and computer-mediated competence, increased social support satisfaction with face-to-face and Facebook support, and lower depression scores. The implications of the findings for theory, key limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review examines the role of casual sexual relationships and experiences during emerging adulthood, as well as similarities and differences among the different types of CSREs, and examines the predictors and positive and negative consequences of engaging in these relationships.
Abstract: Casual sexual relationships and experiences (CSREs) such as hookups, one-night stands, friends with benefits relationships, and booty calls have received increasing attention in the past decade. This review examines the role of CSREs during emerging adulthood, as well as similarities and differences among the different types of CSREs. Furthermore, we examine the predictors and positive and negative consequences of engaging in CSREs. While research in the area of CSREs has provided important information about the development and course of these relationships/experiences, future research should focus on exploring these relationships/experiences using an integrated theoretical perspective and longitudinal methods, in diverse, noncollege samples.
TL;DR: The analysis shows that hard contributions to the pion form factor dominate for Q²≳8 GeV², but, even so, the magnitude of Q²F(π)(Q²) reflects the scale of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, a pivotal emergent phenomenon in the standard model.
Abstract: A novel method is employed to compute the pion electromagnetic form factor, ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}({Q}^{2})$, on the entire domain of spacelike momentum transfer using the Dyson-Schwinger equation (DSE) framework in QCD. The DSE architecture unifies this prediction with that of the pion's valence-quark parton distribution amplitude (PDA). Using this PDA, the leading-order, leading-twist perturbative QCD result for ${Q}^{2}{F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}({Q}^{2})$ underestimates the full computation by just 15% on ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}8\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, in stark contrast to the result obtained using the asymptotic PDA. The analysis shows that hard contributions to the pion form factor dominate for ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}8\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, but, even so, the magnitude of ${Q}^{2}{F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}({Q}^{2})$ reflects the scale of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, a pivotal emergent phenomenon in the standard model.
TL;DR: This paper studies the performance of known and new approaches to choosing a suitable value of the regularization parameter for the truncated singular value decomposition method and for the LSQR iterative Krylov subspace method in the situation when no accurate estimate of the norm of the error in the data is available.
Abstract: Linear discrete ill-posed problems are difficult to solve numerically because their solution is very sensitive to perturbations, which may stem from errors in the data and from round-off errors introduced during the solution process. The computation of a meaningful approximate solution requires that the given problem be replaced by a nearby problem that is less sensitive to disturbances. This replacement is known as regularization. A regularization parameter determines how much the regularized problem differs from the original one. The proper choice of this parameter is important for the quality of the computed solution. This paper studies the performance of known and new approaches to choosing a suitable value of the regularization parameter for the truncated singular value decomposition method and for the LSQR iterative Krylov subspace method in the situation when no accurate estimate of the norm of the error in the data is available. The regularization parameter choice rules considered include several L-curve methods, Reginska's method and a modification thereof, extrapolation methods, the quasi-optimality criterion, rules designed for use with LSQR, as well as hybrid methods.
TL;DR: Examination of associations between the MMPI-2-RF PSY-5 scales and the DSM-5 trait domains and facets indexed by the PID-5 shows clear evidence that the M MPI- 2-RF has utility in the assessment of dimensional personality traits proposed for the upcoming DSM- 5.
Abstract: The DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders workgroup and their consultants have developed the 220-item, self-report Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) for direct assessment of the pro...
TL;DR: Through understanding the general ways technology can be used and the basic instructional practices, school psychologists will be better equipped to recommend further exploration of technological solutions for students.
Abstract: To successfully integrate technology into any educational program, practitioners need awareness of available technology, an understanding of how it can assist with instruction, knowledge of ways it can support day-to-day activities and, finally, the ability to teach students as well as educators to use the technology. The proliferation of advanced mobile technologies specifically targeting individuals with moderate to severe intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder means increased access to new tools and a greater need for educational service providers to be trained and ready to identify, recommend and deploy appropriate supports. The rapid rate of change in the technology industry is a formidable barrier to adequately preparing anyone except a technology specialist to be current on the latest advances. This article presents recommendations for school psychologists in terms of becoming familiar with the generally available technologies and the underlying instructional techniques rather than any specific technology products. Complete familiarity with all emergent technologies is improbable but through understanding the general ways technology can be used and the basic instructional practices, school psychologists will be better equipped to recommend further exploration of technological solutions for students.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a theory of cubic topological Kondo insulators involving the interaction of spin quartets with a conduction sea, which greatly increase the potential for strong topological insulators, entirely eliminating the weak topological phases from the diagram.
Abstract: Current theories of Kondo insulators employ the interaction of conduction electrons with localized Kramers doublets originating from a tetragonal crystalline environment, yet all Kondo insulators are cubic. Here we develop a theory of cubic topological Kondo insulators involving the interaction of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$ spin quartets with a conduction sea. The spin quartets greatly increase the potential for strong topological insulators, entirely eliminating the weak topological phases from the diagram. We show that the relevant topological behavior in cubic Kondo insulators can only reside at the lower symmetry $X$ or $M$ points in the Brillouin zone, leading to three Dirac cones with heavy quasiparticles.
TL;DR: This paper outlines a rationale for why it is believed that video games have the potential to be exploited for gain in science education and argues that there are three classes of mechanisms through which video games can support scientific thinking.
Abstract: Science is critically important for advancing economics, health, and social well-being in the twenty-first century. A scientifically literate workforce is one that is well-suited to meet the challenges of an information economy. However, scientific thinking skills do not routinely develop and must be scaffolded via educational and cultural tools. In this paper we outline a rationale for why we believe that video games have the potential to be exploited for gain in science education. The premise we entertain is that several classes of video games can be viewed as a type of cultural tool that is capable of supporting three key elements of scientific literacy: content knowledge, process skills, and understanding the nature of science. We argue that there are three classes of mechanisms through which video games can support scientific thinking. First, there are a number of motivational scaffolds, such as feedback, rewards, and flow states that engage students relative to traditional cultural learning tools. Second, there are a number of cognitive scaffolds, such as simulations and embedded reasoning skills that compensate for the limitations of the individual cognitive system. Third, fully developed scientific thinking requires metacognition, and video games provide metacognitive scaffolding in the form of constrained learning and identity adoption. We conclude by outlining a series of recommendations for integrating games and game elements in science education and provide suggestions for evaluating their effectiveness.
TL;DR: The BES is a valid screener of BED for patients seeking bariatric surgery; however, false positives can be expected and Administering the BES as part of a comprehensive psychological evaluation can help improve the assessment and treatment of patients presenting for bariatrics surgery.
Abstract: Background
This study assessed the utility of the Binge Eating Scale (BES) as a measure of binge eating disorder (BED) in a bariatric surgery-seeking population by (a) determining the optimal BES cut score for predicting BED, (b) calculating concordance statistics, and (c) determining the predictive value of each BES item.
TL;DR: In this article, the microporous carbons were prepared from coconut shell by one-step activation with CO 2 and the specific surface area and micropore volume were tuned from 686 to 1327 m 2 /g and from 0.31 to 0.65 cm 3 /g, respectively, by varying time of CO 2 activation.