Showing papers by "Kumamoto University published in 1972"
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study is described concerning natural-convection heat transfer from a plate with arbitrary inclination, and the results of heat transfer coefficients are represented in the relation of average Nu number vs. Ra number.
447 citations
TL;DR: Most gustatory cells gave responses to more than one kind of stimulus representing four taste qualities, which indicates that the sensitivity of cells to one type of stimulus is independent of that to the other three.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that adenosine reached the cells by diffusion and that the diffusion was facilitated by subsequent phosphorylation to adenine nucleotides in brain cells.
Abstract: — Adenosine metabolism in the homogenate of brain mainly undergoes deamination to inosine and hypoxanthine, while uniformly labelled [14C]adenosine injected into the carotid artery or [8-14C]adenosine incubated with brain slices was mostly phosphorylated to [14C]adenine nucleotides in brain cells. Adenosine kinase has now been partially purified from homogenates of guinea pig brain. The kinase preparation was free of adenosine deaminase, almost free of adenosine triphosphatase and had a Km of the order of 2 × 10-5M for adenosine.
Kinetic studies with brain slices showed that adenosine reached the cells by diffusion and that the diffusion was facilitated by subsequent phosphorylation to adenine nucleotides. From the following experimental results, it is concluded that the phosphorylation is catalysed by adenosine kinase quantitatively. (1) During the uptake and phosphorylation of adenosine by brain slices, the nucleoside did not split to adenine and ribose moieties. (2) The rate of formation of adenine nucleotides in the slices was a hyperbolic function of the concentration of adenosine in the medium, showing an apparent Km foradenosine of the order of 2 × 10-5 M. (3) Some analogues of adenosine inhibited both the facilitated diffusion of adenosine and the kinase activity, but ouabain (0.005 mM) did not inhibit either.
94 citations
TL;DR: Only the neuron and the oligodendroglia showed specific changes, which were thought to be specific and originated from the disturbance of the metabolism of the neuron, due probably to some enzyme disturbance in the neuron.
Abstract: Biopsies of a frontal gyrus from both schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic brains were examined by electron microscopy. The results in the schizophrenic brains are as follows:
1.
Within the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, the Golgi apparatus was remarkably prominent.
2.
Membranous structures, consisting of numerous interconnected tubules were observed in the nerve fibres. Abnormal structures appeared in the synapses and in many synapses vesicles were not observed.
3.
Granular and vesicular material accumulated in large amount in the axon-oligodendroglial interface of myelinated nerve fibres: the material was gradually transferred from the axon-oligodendroglial interface to the inner mesoaxon and the outer layers of the myelin sheaths destroying some of the myelin sheaths. Mainly myelinated nerve fibres of medium size were involved.
4.
A large amount of lipofuscin-like material was observed in the cytoplasm and the processes of the oligodendroglia.
5.
Only the neuron and the oligodendroglia showed specific changes. Among the findings mentioned above, (3) was thought to be specific and originated from the disturbance of the metabolism of the neuron, due probably to some enzyme disturbance in the neuron.
77 citations
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a two dimensional model of blocks connected to one another by springs is used to simulate earthquakes and the frequency of occurrence of events (slips of one or more blocks) as a function of the number of blocks that slip (size of the event) is found to obey a relation similar to Gutenberg and Richter's frequency-magnitude relation for earthquakes.
54 citations
TL;DR: Activation potentials of the eggs of two anuran species were measured in media of different ionic composition, and the mechanism of their generation is discussed.
Abstract: Activation potentials of the eggs of two anuran species, Bufo vulgaris formosus and Rana rugosa, were measured in media of different ionic composition, and the mechanism of their generation is discussed. The same trends of ionic effects upon the activation potential were consistently obtained in both species.
The membrane potential of the unactivated eggs was negative with respect to tap water, Ringer's solution, and the media described below except isotonic KCl and KNO3, in which the potentials were nearly zero or sometimes slightly positive. Upon activation induced by pricking in tap water, isotonic Na2SO4, or 42 mM or 63 mM buffered sodium phosphate solution, depolarization followed by reversal of the membrane potential took place, associated with a decrease in the effective resistance. Then the potential gradually decreased and returned to the initial value.
On the other hand, in Ringer's solution, or in isotonic NaBr, NaNO3, KCl or KNO3, the activation potential occurred in a hyperpolarizing direction, associated with a decrease in the effective resistance.
These results suggest that the ooplasmic membrane of the anuran egg surface during activation is selectively permeable to NO3− and Br− as well as Cl−, but not to SO4− and phosphate ions, or alternatively, that the activation potential is due to this selective permeability and to the concentration gradients of these monovalent anions across the ooplasmic membrane.
46 citations
TL;DR: The monkey chorda tympani responded well not only to NaCl, sucrose, HCl and quinine but also to saccharin sodium, dulcin and sodium cyclamate, and similarity in taste responses between macaque monkeys and humans was discussed.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Anthocyanins and other phenolics in young, mature and autumn red leaves of Prunus, Rhus, Euonymus, Parthenocissus and Acer have been studied.
32 citations
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the citrate complexes of several lanthanides were investigated by an ion exchange method and their formation constants were determined and the species H 2 Cit 2− and HCit 3− were found to form complexes but H 3 Cit − does not appear to act as a ligand even on lowering the pH to about 2.
TL;DR: A basic protein fraction capable of inducing experimental allergic neuritis was isolated from peripheral nervous tissues of ox and rabbit and the yield was approximately 0, 1 g per cent of fresh tissue weight.
Abstract: — A basic protein fraction capable of inducing experimental allergic neuritis was isolated from peripheral nervous tissues of ox and rabbit. The electrophoretic mobility was lower than that of lysozyme at pH 4, 2 and 8, 2. The yield was approximately 0, 1 g per cent of fresh tissue weight.
TL;DR: It was suggested that the penetration of solutions from the tongue surface might hardly occur into the space surrounding the gustatory cell bodies of the rat, while in the frog occur in some extent.
Abstract: 1) The effects of tetrodotoxin (TTX), procaine and acetylcholine choline (ACh) were investigated both the recording the receptor potential in gustatory cells by measuring and the integrated response of their afferent nerves in rats and frogs.3) TTX (10-6 g/ml) did not induce electrical responses in the gustatory cells of frog and rat or in chorda tympani nerve of rat and glossopharyngeal nerve of frog, nor did it suppress the generation of the receptor potential in response to gustatory stimuli. Procaine (0.1 or 0.5 %) also had no effect on the receptive process in the rat. However, in the frog the magnitude of the integrated response of the nerve in response to NaCl and CaCl2 was depressed after the tongue had been soaked in TTX.3) ACh (10-4 g/ml) did not elicit electrical response in the gustatory cell and the nerve of the rat. In the frog, 10-3 g/ml ACh did not produce any immediate response in gustatory cell but the magnitude of integrated response of the nerve to NaCl was modified after the tongue had been soaked in ACh for some time.4) It was suggested that the penetration of solutions from the tongue surface might hardly occur into the space surrounding the gustatory cell bodies of the rat, while in the frog occur in some extent.
TL;DR: No effect of PCMB or NEM on responses to the four basic quality stimuli was observed when they had been mixed with mercaptoethanol, and the mechanism of the depression of the sucrose response by PCMB and NEM was classified as a type of competitive inhibition.
Abstract: 1. Effects of chemical modifiers: p-chloromercuric benzoate (PCMB); N-ethylmaleimide (NEM); iodoacetic acid (IAA); 5, 5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate (DTNB); and dinitrofiuorobenzene (FDNB), and of metabolic inhibitors: NaCN; and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on taste responses in the chorda tympani of rats were studied.2. PCMB, NEM, and IAA at optimum concentrations depressed the sucrose response selectively without producing significant change in responses to the other three basic quality taste stimuli. The depression of the sucrose response was reversibly restored by water rinse. DTNB produced no observable effect.3. The inhibitory effect of PCMB on the sucrose response was twenty times stronger than that of NEM.4. The mechanism of the depression of the sucrose response by PCMB and NEM was classified as a type of competitive inhibition.5. No effect of PCMB or NEM on responses to the four basic quality stimuli was observed when they had been mixed with mercaptoethanol.6. FDNB depressed responses to NaCl, HCl, and quinine without producing any influence on sucrose responses.7. The metabolic inhibitors did not depress taste responses.
TL;DR: The sedimentation coefficient of the liver glycogen showed the larger s value than the muscle one, and the relationship between s value and concentration of the glycogen was discussed.
Abstract: As reported previously (6, 7, 8), the glycogen particles from the rat liver and muscle appeared as the specific forms of spheroidal branching bodies. The branching structures were more clearly demonstrated in the glycogen particles from the fasted animal and these appearances were different from the aggregated structures. The chemical and physico-chemical properties of glycogens from the rat liver and muscle are demonstrated and discussed in this paper.1. End group assay of the glycogens and β-amylase digestion degree suggested that the average chain length of the liver glycogen was longer than the muscle glycogen.2. The viscosity of glycogen, measured by varing the temperature from 10°C to 70°C, showed the non-aggregated structure of the glycogen. particles.3. The optical rotartory dispersion and circular dichroism spectra of the glycogen were measured using an addition of iodine solution, and only the muscle glycogen showed the Cotton effect.4. The sedimentation coefficient of the liver glycogen showed the larger s value than the muscle one, and the relationship between s value and concentration of the glycogen was discussed.
TL;DR: A maximum hypnotic effect accompanied with other potent pharmacological properties was observed in 2-(4-pyridyl)-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone, the potency of which was equal to or stronger than Methaqualone in mice.
Abstract: The preparation of series of 2-pyridyl-4(3H)-quinazolinones is described. Some of them showed a hypnotic action in mice when given orally. Studies on the structure-activity relationship demonstrated that 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl substitution at 2 position of quinazolinone ring, and o-, m-, and p-substitution of the aromatic ring at 3 position are suitable for manifestation of hypnotic activity. The order of potency of activities produced by the difference in the position of substitution of substituents at 2 and 3 position decreased in the order of 4-pyridyl, o-tolyl>3-pyridyl, o-tolyl>2-pyridyl, o-tolyl. The anthranilates of these 4(3H)-quinazolinones were inactive. A maximum hypnotic effect accompanied with other potent pharmacological properties was observed in 2-(4-pyridyl)-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone (14), the potency of which was equal to or stronger than Methaqualone in mice.
TL;DR: Propranolol significantly delayed an appearance of abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria at the early stage, but it had little influence on the improvement of isoproterenol-induced myocardial damages at the later stage.
Abstract: A fine structural investigation was performed on the myocardial lesion induced by high doses of isoproterenol in rats. The findings in the myocardial cells at the early stage consisted of swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and depletion of glycogen granules. The results suggest that isoproterenol primarily affects endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, leading to the impairment of their membranes and metabolism, About 8min. after isoproterenol, electron dense bodies were found in mitochondria, suggesting an accumulation of calcium. Fibroblastic infiltration was noted in damaged myocardial area 6 hours after isoproterenol, and after 24 hours in some cases there occasionally appeared young myocytes which were possibly originated in surviving myocardial cells. Propranolol significantly delayed an appearance of abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria at the early stage, but it had little influence on the improvement of isoproterenol-induced myocardial damages at the later stage.
TL;DR: In this paper, the separation of fission product La, Ce and Pr was performed within 90-180 seconds by electromigration using electromigration and the location of the zone on the paper strip reached after migration was obtained by color reaction of the carrier added to the irradiated uranyl nitrate solution.
TL;DR: The results, and previous findings, reveal that the effect of oxygen on the formation of heme and cytochrome in E. coli is manifold, and oxygen enhances the Formation of enzymes for succinyl-CoA synthesis, formation of enzymes in some step between ALA and protoheme, and the reaction of preformed enzymes inSome step betweenALA and protoporphyrin.
Abstract: Aerobically grown cells of Escherichia coli contained several times as much cytochrome b1, cytochrome d, and protoheme as anaerobically grown cells. The activity for the synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from succinate and glycine was remarkably higher in aerobically than in anaerobically grown cells. Incubation of anaerobically grown cells for 4hr with ALA under either aerobic or anaerobic condition resulted in the synthesis of protoheme, but the aerobic incubation was more favorable for the heme formation. By prolonged aeration of anaerobically grown cells with ALA, porphyrins were accumulated inside and outside of the cells. If casamino acids were supplemented to the incubation mixture containing ALA, the aerobic protoheme formation was much more pronounced, and the heme synthesis was partly inhibited by chloramphenicol and by puromycin. Accompanied with the formation of protoheme by the aerobic incubation of anaerobically grown cells, a cytochrome-type pigment, which could be reduced by succinate or NADH and oxidized by air, accumulated in the cells. The reduced spectrum of the pigment showed peaks identical with those of cytochrome b1, but the shape of the absorption curve was not the same as that of the cytochrome.These results, and previous findings, reveal that the effect of oxygen on the formation of heme and cytochrome in E. coli is manifold; oxygen enhances (1) the formation of enzymes for succinyl-CoA synthesis, (2) formation of enzymes in some step between ALA and protoheme, (3) the reaction of preformed enzymes in some step between ALA and protoheme (probably the conversion of coproporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin), and possibly (4) the formation of ALA synthetase. In addition, oxygen may affect the formation of apoprotein moiety of cytochromes.
TL;DR: It was suspected from the results that the interwinement of the chain of α-1, 4-linked glucose units and the linkage of the Chain tended to occur more easily in case of high concentration of the sample during ultracentrifugation, resulting from the deviation of glycogen metabolism in tumor cells.
Abstract: Ultrastructural appearances and physico-chemical properties of ascites hepatoma AH13 glycogen were studied and compared with those of the muscle and liver glycogen. In the electron microscopy, the AH13 glycogen particles were demonstrated in various forms, some of which were similar to the muscle or liver glycogen, and the other had strong resemblance to the polyglucose which was synthesized from uridine diphosphate glucose by glycogen synthetase in the muscle fiber. Sometimes, there was the characteristic figure in part of the particles.End group assay of the AH13 glycogen products exhibited the average chain length of intermediate value between both the liver and muscle glycogen. The optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism spectra of AH13 glycogen, measured in addition of iodine, showed the positive Cotton effect was stronger than the muscle glycogen. This Cotton effect was discussed relation to variation of temperature from 10°C to 85°C.The glycogen-iodine complex presumably indicated not only the chain length, but also the chain helical structure, affecting by the temperature. The sedimentation coefficients, calculated for AH13 glycogen, depended on the sample concentration. Schlieren diagrams showed the sharpness of the curves on the photographs. It was suspected from the results that the interwinement of the chain of α-1, 4-linked glucose units and the linkage of the chain tended to occur more easily in case of high concentration of the sample during ultracentrifugation. This presumably resulted from the deviation of glycogen metabolism in tumor cells. These facts suggested the specific chain conformation without protein-bonded aggregation as proposed by Lazarow (9).
TL;DR: Results indicate that both NMT and MSR in conscious man are facilitated by acute hypocapnia, and that NMT is inhibited by acute hypercapnia.
Abstract: SUMMARY The effects of both acute hypocapnia and hypercapnia on neuromuscular transmission (NMT) and monosynaptic spinal reflex (MSR) in conscious subjects were studied by observing the averaged evoked electromyogram. The M-wave amplitude increased to 165 ± 25% (mean ± standard error) during acute hypocapnia with an end expiratory carbon dioxide concentration of 2.5 ± 0.2 vol.% and decreased to 73 + 7% during acute hypercapnia with an expiratory concentration of 6.8 ±0.1 vol.%, in comparison with the control value. The H-wave amplitude increased to 226 ±82% during acute hypocapnia and decreased to 85 ± 9% during acute hypercapnia in comparison with the control value. These results indicate that both NMT and MSR in conscious man are facilitated by acute hypocapnia, and that NMT is inhibited by acute hypercapnia. However, the effect of acute hypercapnia on MSR could not be ascertained only by the observation of the H reflex in these conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, a method to obtain the asymptotic expansion for the Hertz vector in the general case is given, by means of which formulas applicable even to the near field are obtained in a relatively simple from under the condition practically admitted, in particular without restrictions on the position of the receiving point in air.
Abstract: By the application of the method of operators asymptotic expressions of the Hertz vector for the radiation of a dipole in a lossy half-space are obtained under the exclusive condition k 2 R 0 ≫1, where k 2 is the wave number for free space, and R 0 is the distance from the median between the dipole and its image to the observing point. A method to obtain the asymptotic expansion for the Hertz vector in the general case is given, by means of which formulas applicable even to the near field are obtained in a relatively in a relatively simple from under the condition practically admitted, in particular without restrictions on the position of the receiving point in air. The result is compared with others previously appeared, and when k 2 R 0 ≪1 assures its agreement with the one derived by the quasi-static approach.
TL;DR: In this paper, the reactions of diaryl disulfide with N-chlorosuccinimide, n-chloroacetamide and N-sulfenacetamide were attempted.
Abstract: The reactions of diaryl disulfide with N-chlorosuccinimide, N-chloroacetamide and N-chlorosaccharine were attempted. When diaryl disulfide was allowed to react with N-chlorosuccinimide in the presence of pyridine, N-arylsulfensuccinimide was obtained in moderate yield. The reaction of di (p- and m-nitrophenyl) disulfide with N-chloroacetamide in the similar conditions was also successfully carried out to yield the corresponding N-sulfenacetamide, though dibenzyl disulfide reacted to give exclusively N-sulphidobisacetamide. In the reaction with N-chlorosaccharine, N-sulfensaccharine was successful to isolate only in the case of di (o-nitrophenyl). disulfide. Dibenzyl trisulfides also reacted with N-chlorosuccinimide under the similar conditions to give N-phenyl-methanesulfensuccinimides.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the mechanism of the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) by some nucleophiles (sulfides, phosphites, thiophene, sulfonium compounds, and transition metal ions) including d-orbitals, and the following results were obtained.