Showing papers by "Kuvempu University published in 2016"
TL;DR: In this paper, the steady boundary layer flow of MHD Williamson fluid through porous medium toward a horizontal linearly stretching sheet in the presence of nanoparticles is investigated numerically, and the resultant non-dimensionalized boundary value problem is solved numerically by Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth order method with shooting technique.
186 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mixture of tartaric acid and ascorbic acid was used to dissolve the LiCoO2 collected from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
160 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the hydrogeological determinants to assess the sensitivity of each factor to the infiltration pattern and to map the regional groundwater potential zone for the semi-arid watershed in Karnataka, India using a geographic information system (GIS) and satellite remote sensing.
152 citations
TL;DR: The reductive-complexing dissolution mechanism is proposed here, which converts the dissolved Co(III)- to Co(II)-L (L=IDA or MA) thereby selective recovery of Co as Co( II)-oxalate is possible.
142 citations
TL;DR: In this article, numerical solutions of three-dimensional flow over a non-linear stretching surface are developed for an electrically conducting flow of viscous nanoliquid is considered and the expressions of skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number are computed and analyzed comprehensively through numerical values.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a hydrometallurgical based process on leaching applied to recover Co from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is explained, where both glycine and ascorbic acid are used.
Abstract: In the article, we are explaining a hydrometallurgical based process on leaching applied to recover Co from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Glycine and ascorbic acid were introduced as leaching reagents and the leaching of Co with a solution containing glycine is investigated. An effective recovery of Co is possible when both glycine and ascorbic acid are used. A condition for achieving a recovery of more than 95% Co has been achieved experimentally by varying the concentrations of leachant and time of the reaction. Leaching with 0.5 M glycine, 0.02 M ascorbic acid and 0.2 g LiCoO 2 in a batch extractor, results in a highly efficient recovery of Co within 360 min of the processing time at 80 °C. This hydrometallurgical process is found to be simple, eco friendly and satisfactory for the recovery of cobalt from spent LIBs.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a steady two-dimensional hydromagnetic stagnation point flow of an electrically conducting nanofluid past a stretching surface with induced magnetic field, melting effect and heat generation/absorption has been analyzed numerically.
123 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate magnetic iron (III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) uptake by the Solanum lycopersicum (S. lycopericum) plant and find that the NPs are deposited preferentially in root hairs, root tips, nodal and middle zone of plant.
Abstract: In the present study, we demonstrate magnetic iron (III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) uptake by the Solanum lycopersicum (S. lycopersicum) plant. The S. lycopersicum seeds were coated with Fe2O3 NPs and allowed to germinate in moistened sand bed. The seedlings are observed for 20 days, and then, it was post-treated using different amounts of Fe2O3 NPs in hydroponic solution for 10 days. The plant was allowed to grow in green house for 3 months, and uptake of NPs through roots and translocation into different parts was studied. For this, we have segmented the plants and incubated with 10 % NaOH solution. It is found that the NPs are deposited preferentially in root hairs, root tips followed by nodal and middle zone of plant. The iron present in the whole plant was quantitatively estimated by treating dry biomass of the plant in acid. The Fe2+/Fetotal increased with increasing concentration of NPs and >45 % ferrous iron suggests the biomineralization of NPs due to rich phytochemicals in plants. We believe that the present study is useful to build a base line data for novel applications in agri-nanotechnology.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical investigation of the hydromagnetic three-dimensional boundary layer flow of nanofluid due to stretching sheet has been carried out in the presence of a nonlinear thermal radiation, Soret and Dufour effects.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the conjugate effects of heat and mass transfer over a moving/stationary vertical plate have been studied under the influence of applied magnetic field, thermal radiation, internal heat generation/absorption and first order chemical reaction.
Abstract: The problem of conjugate effects of heat and mass transfer over a moving/stationary vertical plate has been studied under the influence of applied magnetic field, thermal radiation, internal heat generation/absorption and first order chemical reaction. The fluid is assumed to be electrically conducting water based Cu-nanofluid. The Tiwari and Das model is used to model the nanofluid, whereas Rosseland approximation is used for thermal radiation effect. Unified closed form solutions are obtained for the governing equations using Laplace transform method. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are expressed graphically for different flow pertinent parameters. The physical quantities of engineering interest such as skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also computed. The obtained analytical solutions satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions and they can be reduced to known previous results in some limiting cases. It is found that, by varying nanoparticle volume fraction, the flow and heat transfer characteristics could be controlled.
86 citations
TL;DR: Theoretical study on hydromagnetic heat transfer in viscous fluid on continuously stretching non-isothermal surface, with linear variation of surface temperature or heat flux has been carried out as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Theoretical study on hydromagnetic heat transfer in dusty viscous fluid on continuously stretching non-isothermal surface, with linear variation of surface temperature or heat flux has been carried out. Effects of Hall current, Darcy porous medium, thermal radiation and non-uniform heat source/sink are taken into the account. The sheet is considered to be permeable to allow fluid suction or blowing, and stretching with a surface velocity varied according to a linear. Two cases of the temperature boundary conditions were considered at the surface namely, PST and PHF cases. The governing partial differential equations are transferred to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by employing suitable similarity transformations and then they are solved numerically. Effects of various pertinent parameters on flow and heat transfer for both phases is analyzed and discussed through graphs in detail. The values of skin friction and Nusselt number for different governing parameters are also tabulated. Comparison of the present results with known numerical results is presented and an excellent agreement is found.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of chemical reaction on flow, heat, and mass transfer of Williamson nanofluid over a stretching sheet is considered under the influence of nonlinear thermal radiation.
Abstract: The main emphasis of the present study is to discuss the effect of chemical reaction on flow, heat, and mass transfer of Williamson nanofluid over a stretching sheet. The flow is considered under the influence of nonlinear thermal radiation. To obtain the numerical results, the governing equations have been reduced to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. An efficient Runge-Kutta-Felhberg 45 order method along with a shooting technique is used to get the required solutions. The accuracy of the method used is verified with the existing results, and they are found to be in good agreement. Obtained numerical solutions are presented in the form of graphs and tables for a various range of slip boundary condition and for different values of flow pertinent parameters, such as permeability parameter, radiation parameter, Lewis number, Heat capacities ratio, diffusivity ratio, Schmidt number, chemical reaction parameter, volumetric volume expansion...
TL;DR: This paper focuses on India’s scientific publication in predatory journals and the need for regulating quality of Indian science and education.
Abstract: Nature Index analysis 2014 rates India at the 13th place for its high-quality scientific publications. Despite this achievement, several studies have revealed that India is also among the major contrib-utors of articles published in poor-quality predatory open access journals. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to estimate which category of educational and research institutes predomi-nately publishes in predatory open access journals in India and to understand whether academi-cians in India are aware of predatory journals. It was found that private/government colleges contribute to about 51% of predatory publications, followed by private universities, state universi-ties, national institutes, central universities and industries, for research articles published from September 2015 to mid-February 2016. The publication pressure among researchers and lack of monitoring the research being conducted are the major factors contributing to articles published in poor-quality predatory open access journals from India.
TL;DR: In this article, literature on corrosion inhibitors has been reviewed and discussions are made on properties and efficience of inhibitors, the prominent features of the mechanism of corrosion inhibitors have been highlighted and in a few cases have tried to p redict its mechanism.
Abstract: Use of inhibitor is proven as an efficient and wide ly accepted corrosion prevention method. Corrosion control of steel is an important activity in technical, economic, environmental and safety terms. This article enumer ates several types of inhibitors used to combat corrosion in acidic medium. In this paper , literature on corrosion inhibitors has been reviewed and discussions are made on properties and efficie ncy of inhibitors. (T he prominent features of our work on the mechanism of corrosion inhibitors have been highlighted and in a few cases have tried to p redict its mechanism).
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of a viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting dusty fluid over an unsteady stretching sheet is analyzed numerically.
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of an unsteady squeezing three-dimensional flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid in rotating vertical channel of stretching left plane was solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth fifth order method.
Abstract: – The purpose of this paper is to numerically solve the problem of an unsteady squeezing three-dimensional flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid in rotating vertical channel of stretching left plane. The fluid is assumed to be Newtonian, incompressible and electrically conducting embedded with nanoparticles. Effect of internal heat generation/ absorption is also considered in energy equation. Four different types of nanoparticles are considered, namely, copper (Cu), alumina (Al2O3), silver (Ag) and titanium oxide (TiO2) with the base fluid as water. Maxwell-Garnetts and Brinkman models are, respectively, employed to calculate the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluid. , – Using suitable similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into set of ordinary differential equations. Resultant equations have been solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth fifth order method for different values of the governing parameters. Effects of pertinent parameters on normal, axial and tangential components of velocity and temperature distributions are presented through graphs and discussed in detail. Further, effects of nanoparticle volume fraction, squeezing parameter, suction/injection parameter and heat source/sink parameter on skin friction and local Nusselt number profiles for different nanoparticles are presented in tables and analyzed. , – Squeezing effect enhances the temperature field and consequently reduces the heat transfer rate. Large values of mixed convection parameter showed a significant effect on velocity components. Also, in many heat transfer applications, nanofluids are potentially useful because of their novel properties. They exhibit high-thermal conductivity compared to the base fluids. Further, squeezing and rotation effects are desirable in control the heat transfer. , – Three-dimensional mixed convection flows over in rotating vertical channel filled with nanofluid are very rare in the literature. Mixed convection squeezing three-dimensional flow in a rotating channel filled with nanofluid is first time investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the stagnation point flow of Maxwell fluid towards a permeable stretching sheet in the presence of nanoparticles was analyzed and discussed for different values of the parameters, and it was shown that the velocity increases whereas the temperature and concentration decrease with the increase of Maxwell parameter.
Abstract: Analysis has been carried out to study the stagnation point flow of Maxwell fluid towards a permeable stretching sheet in the presence of nanoparticles. Using suitable transformations, the governing partial differential equations are first converted to ordinary one and then solved numerically by fourth–fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method with MAPLE. The flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed and discussed for different values of the parameters. Present work reveals that the velocity increases whereas the temperature and concentration decrease with the increase of Maxwell parameter. The thermal and concentration boundary layer thickness decreases with velocity ratio, Lewis number, Prandtl number suction, Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. Comparison with known results for Newtonian fluid flow is found an excellent agreement.
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed investigation of two-dimensional mixed convection flow of non-Newtonian fluid due to convectively heated stretching sheet in the presence of dust particles is conducted.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple and efficient method for the preparation of nanoparticles with high yield at low cost was proposed, where the size and crystallinity of the nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDAX).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the HEC-HMS hydrological simulation model with integrated use of remote sensing and GIS for the analysis of the hydrology of watersheds.
Abstract: The scarcity of reliable rainfall-runoff recorded data in Doddahalla watershed is a serious problem for the analysis of the hydrology of watersheds. Sustainable management of the available water in this area is only possible when there was sound information on the rainfall-runoff and other hydrological determinants that influence the water resource. Considering the current problem rainfall-runoff. simulation is carried out using the HEC-HMS hydrological simulation model with integrated use of remote sensing and GIS. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3 hourly and Indian Meteorological Department daily rainfall datasets are utilised. Cartosat-1 CartoDEM (30 m) was used to delineate the sub-watershed and generate the stream network. Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension (HEC-GeoHMS), along with ArcHydro extension in ArcGIS 9.3 utilised to create the input file for use in HEC-HMS. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Linear Imaging and Self Scanning sensors (LISS-III, 24 m) and Survey of India (SOI) toposheet are used to prepare the soil and land use map. All the data are georectified and reprojected to Geographic Coordinate System-World Geodetic System 1984 (GCS WGS) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone 43 North for the easy handling in GIS environment. SCS-CN loss model and SCS unit hydrograph as a transform method was applied to simulate the excess storm water to direct runoff in the watershed. The Muskingum-Cunge model used as channel routing. The model is validated by using field observation data and discharge data from the neighbouring Hoovinahole watershed. The results of simulated and observed stream flow show greater confidence and the reliability of the model. Similar procedure and calibration parameters applied to the ungauged Doddahalla watershed for estimating the rainfall-runoff. The research result gives a general idea regarding the stream flow, peak flow and velocity of the peak flow. The present study concludes that the stimulated result can be useful for the water and land resource planning and management practice in the Doddahalla watershed. The models can be best utilised in ungauged watershed and water scarce region where the monitored data are limited, and runoff estimation is mandatory to sustain the water resources.
TL;DR: These biohybrid nanomaterials are non-toxic to normal epithelial cells (Vero), whereas they are highly toxic for tested human cancer cells of MDA-MB-231, HeLa, SiHa, and Hep-G2.
Abstract: Nanomedicine is an emerging field concerned with the use of precision engineered nanomaterials, which leads to the development of novel remedial and diagnostic modalities for human use. In this study, Cu(NO3)2 and AgNO3 precursors were reduced to copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Terminalia arjuna bark extracts under microwave irradiation in the presence of well-dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in aqueous medium. The formation of CuNPs or AgNPs and their functionalization with MWCNTs via bioactive molecules of plant extract were evidenced from UV–Vis spectra, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and TEM images. The phytochemically functionalized Cu-MWCNTs and Ag-MWCNTs nanomaterials showed enhanced biocide activity, and the inhibitory activity for bacteria was higher than that of fungus. Furthermore, these biohybrid nanomaterials are non-toxic to normal epithelial cells (Vero), whereas they are highly toxic for tested human cancer cells of MDA-MB-231, HeLa, SiHa, and Hep-G2. The cell viability was found to decrease with the increasing dose from 10 to 50 µg mL−1, as well as incubation time from 24 to 72 h. For instance, the cell viability was found to be ~91 % for normal Vero cells and ~76 % for cancer cells for lower dose of 10 µg mL−1.
TL;DR: In this article, 3,5-Bis(alkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl azo dyes were synthesized by a multi-step reaction sequence.
TL;DR: This effort was the first total profiling of the synovial fluid proteome in RA that led to identification of 956 proteins, illustrating the complex and dynamic nature of RA in which multiple pathways seems to be participating actively.
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoinflammatory disorder that affects small joints. Despite intense efforts, there are currently no definitive markers for early diagnosis of RA and for monitoring the progression of this disease, though some of the markers like anti CCP antibodies and anti vimentin antibodies are promising. We sought to catalogue the proteins present in the synovial fluid of patients with RA. It was done with the aim of identifying newer biomarkers, if any, that might prove promising in future. To enrich the low abundance proteins, we undertook two approaches—multiple affinity removal system (MARS14) to deplete some of the most abundant proteins and lectin affinity chromatography for enrichment of glycoproteins. The peptides were analyzed by LC–MS/MS on a high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometer. This effort was the first total profiling of the synovial fluid proteome in RA that led to identification of 956 proteins. From the list, we identified a number of functionally significant proteins including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, S100 proteins, AXL receptor protein tyrosine kinase, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), programmed cell death ligand 2 (PDCD1LG2), TNF receptor 2, (TNFRSF1B) and many novel proteins including hyaluronan-binding protein 2, semaphorin 4A (SEMA4D) and osteoclast stimulating factor 1. Overall, our findings illustrate the complex and dynamic nature of RA in which multiple pathways seems to be participating actively. The use of high resolution mass spectrometry thus, enabled identification of proteins which might be critical to the progression of RA.
TL;DR: In this article, a sensitive, selective and reproducible electrochemical method was developed for the electroanalysis of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ) using eosin Y film modified carbon paste electrode.
TL;DR: In this article, the radon activity concentration in drinking water samples and their annual effective dose exposure in Shimoga district was analyzed using the Emanometry technique, which revealed that 44.8% of the tested drinking water sample had radon levels in excess of the EPA recommended maximum contamination level of 11.1 Bq−l−1.
Abstract: This paper presents the distribution of radon activity concentration in drinking water samples and their annual effective dose exposure in Shimoga district. The radon concentrations in 38 drinking water samples were measured by using Emanometry technique. The measured radon concentration in drinking water samples ranged between 3.10 ± 0.25 and 38.50 ± 1.54 Bq l−1 with an average value of 13.60 ± 1.12 Bq l−1. This study reveals that 44.8 % drinking water samples analyzed have radon levels in excess of the EPA recommended maximum contamination level of 11.1 Bq l−1. The total mean annual effective doses of all the samples are significantly lower than the reference level of 0.1 mSv y−1.
TL;DR: A new approach for the synthesis of one dimensional gold nanostructure (AuNs) and its application in the development of cholesterol biosensor, which showed rapid response, high sensitivity, wide linear range and low detection limit and has also been used successfully to determine cholesterol in serum samples.
TL;DR: The results from this study provided the first evidence that AgOBP2 play crucial roles in host-seeking, detection of oviposition attractants, etc.
Abstract: Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a highly invasive pest that feeds primarily on phloem resulting in severe economic loss to growers. A. gossypii has cosmopolitan distribution with broad host range, polyphenism, parthenogenetic mode of reproduction, vectoring abilities, and host alteration which has profound influence on its management. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in insects are involved in olfaction, playing a key role in orienting the insect for feeding or oviposition. Recent studies revealed that OBP2 is found in both sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica and is preferentially binds to plant volatiles, thus playing crucial roles in host-seeking, detection of oviposition attractants, etc., However, information about the role of OBP2 in A. gossypii (AgOBP2) is still unavailable. In this study, we cloned and characterized OBP2, ortholog from A. gossypii, and the full-length AgOBP2 complementary DNA (cDNA) consisted of 859 bp with an open reading frame of 732 bp. Phylogenetic analysis resulted in grouping of AgOBP2 protein with members of the tribe Aphidini. Further, diet-mediated delivery of double-stranded RNA for AgOBP2 induced silencing, which was evaluated at 48 and 96 h. The reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTq-PCR) results revealed that the level of AgOBP2 messenger RNA (mRNA) was significantly reduced (55-77 %) in dsAgOBP2 treatment after 96 h as compared to the untreated control. The same was reiterated by the electrophysiological responses in the aphids which was reduced (>50 % at 0.25 μg/μl concentration) as compared to the untreated control. Thus, our results showed the potential of gene silencing, possibly to interfere with the odorant perception of A. gossypii for RNAi-mediated pest management. The results from our study provided the first evidence that AgOBP2 play crucial roles in host-seeking, detection of oviposition attractants, etc.; as a result, we suggests that OBP2 could potentially serve as a practicable target for RNAi-mediated gene silencing in hemipteran insect pest control.
TL;DR: A conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI)/Ni0.5Zn0.4 composites with high dielectric absorbing properties and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness at low frequencies were successfully synthesized through a simple in situ emulsion polymerization.
Abstract: A conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI)/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 composites with high dielectric absorbing properties and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness at low frequencies were successfully synthesized through a simple in situ emulsion polymerization. PANI was doped with hydrochloric acid to improve its electrical properties and interactions with ferrite particles. PANI/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. Frequency dependence of dielectric and ac conductivity (σac) studies have been undertaken on the PANI/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 composites in the frequency range 50 Hz–5 MHz. The electrical conduction mechanism in the PANI/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 is found to be in accordance with the electron hopping model. Further, frequency dependence of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) is studied. The EMI shielding effectiveness is found to decrease with an increase in the frequency. The maximum value 55.14 dB of SE at 50 Hz was obtained at room temperature for PANI/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 composites in the 50 Hz–5 MHz frequency range. PANI/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 composites were demonstrated as a promising functional material for the absorbing of electromagnetic waves at low frequencies because of a large amount of dipole polarizations in the polymer backbone and at the interfaces of the Ni–Zn ferrite particles and PANI matrix.
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of boundary layer stagnation-point flow and heat transfer of a Williamson nanofluid on a linear stretching/shrinking sheet with convective boundary condition is studied.
Abstract: In
this paper, the problem of boundary layer stagnation-point flow and heat transfer of a Williamson nanofluid on a linear stretching/shrinking sheet with convective boundary condition is studied The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are considered in the energy equation The governing partial differential equations are first transformed into set of ordinary differential equations, which are then solved numerically using Runge–Kutta–Felhberg fourth–fifth order method with Shooting technique The characteristics of the flow and heat transfer as well as skin friction and Nusselt number for various prevailing parameters are presented graphically and discussed in detail A comparison with the earlier reported results has been done and an excellent agreement is shown It is found that dual solutions exist for the shrinking sheet case Further, it is observed that the thermal boundary layer thickness increases with increase in Williamson parameter for both solutions
TL;DR: This is the first comprehensive and large-scale study to demonstrate the widespread adulteration of market samples of S. asoca in India and argues for a strong and robust regulatory framework to be put in place, which would ensure the quality of raw herbal trade products and reassure consumer confidence in indigenous medicinal systems.
Abstract: Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd, commonly known as “Asoka” or “Ashoka,” is one of the most important medicinal plants used in raw herbal trade in India. The bark extracts of the tree are used in the treatment of leucorrhea and other uterine disorders besides also having anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic, anti-helminthic, and analgesic activity. The indiscriminate and rampant extraction of the wood to meet the ever-increasing market demand has led to a sharp decline in naturally occurring populations of the species in the country. Consequently, the species has recently been classified as “vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Increasing deforestation and increasing demand for this medicinal plant have resulted in a limited supply and suspected widespread adulteration of the species in the raw herbal trade market. Adulteration is a serious concern due to: (i) reduction in the efficacy of this traditional medicine, (ii) considerable health risk to consumers, and (iii) fraudulent product substitution that impacts the economy for the Natural Health Product (NHP) Industry and consumers. In this paper, we provide the first attempt to assess the extent of adulteration in the raw herbal trade of S. asoca using DNA barcoding validated by NMR spectroscopic techniques. Analyzing market samples drawn from 25 shops, mostly from peninsular India, we show that more than 80 % of the samples were spurious, representing plant material from at least 7 different families. This is the first comprehensive and large-scale study to demonstrate the widespread adulteration of market samples of S. asoca in India. These results pose grave implications for the use of raw herbal drugs, such as that of S. asoca, on consumer health and safety. Based on these findings, we argue for a strong and robust regulatory framework to be put in place, which would ensure the quality of raw herbal trade products and reassure consumer confidence in indigenous medicinal systems.