Showing papers by "Kyoto University published in 1974"
682 citations
20 Dec 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors expand the concept of three mobilized planes (compounded mobilized planes) among the three principal stress axes into a new postulate that a stress plane called "spatial mobilized plane" occurs in the three-dimensional stress space.
Abstract: The concept that the deformation of soil is governed by the shear-normal stress ratio on the mobilized plane of soil particles has already been discussed on the basis of the microscopic analysis of the behaviors of soil particles under shear. 5 This discussion originates in an idea that soil is one of the materials to which the frictional law in its broad sense of word applies. In the present paper, the authors expand the formerly proposed concept2),4 of three mobilized planes (compounded mobilized planes) among the three principal stress axes into a new postulate that a stress plane called "spatial mobilized plane" occurs in the three-dimensional stress space. Then, they propsse to verify, with various test data, the fact that stress-strain relationships of soil under three different principal stresses can uniquely be expressed by interpreting the relationships with respect to this plane. They also propose a new yield condition (failure criterion) of soil that soil yields when the shear-normal stress ratio on this plane has reached a fixed value.
562 citations
TL;DR: Thyroplasty offers a new possibility in phonosurgery namely, that the intervention inside the thyroid cartilage is minimal and therefore fine and reliable adjustment is possible during surgery.
Abstract: In an attempt to examine the surgical possibility of changing the vocal cord position and tension by reforming the thyroid cartilage, an experimental study was made using 10 adult dogs. Hoarseness produced by section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was generally much improved by vertical incision on the thyroid ala and slipping in of the lateral cartilage segment. Four types of thyroplasty were proposed from the functional viewpoint. Their effects on the vocal cord are (1) lateral compression, (2) lateral expansion, (3) relaxation (shortening) and (4) stretching (lengthening) respectively. Possible indications for each type of thyroplasty were described with reference to specific laryngeal diseases. The advantages of thyroplasty were emphasized namely, that the intervention inside the thyroid cartilage is minimal and therefore fine and reliable adjustment is possible during surgery. Thyroplasty thus offers a new possibility in phonosurgery.
550 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied cyclic stresses with stress ratio R = 0.65 to sheet specimens of aluminium which have an initial crack inclined to the tensile axis at angles of 30°, 45°, 72° or 90°.
421 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that these two new metabolites are involved in the major metabolic pathway of melatonin in the central nervous system.
305 citations
TL;DR: Spinach chloroplasts induced the photoreduction of cytochrome c and photooxidation of epinephrine, both of which depended on oxygen and were inhibited by superoxide dismutase, and it is proposed that the univalent reducing site of oxygen is a primary electron acceptor in Photosystem I.
300 citations
260 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Assay and Inhibitors of Spinach Superoxide Dismutase were presented. But they did not specify any inhibitors of spinach superoxide disentase.
Abstract: (1974). Assay and Inhibitors of Spinach Superoxide Dismutase. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 471-473.
227 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the de-bonding of an arc-shaped crack lying along the interface of a circular elastic inclusion embedded in an infinite matrix with different elastic constants and derived closed-form solutions for the stresses and the displacements around the crack.
Abstract: The two-dimensional problem of an arc shaped crack lying along the interface of a circular elastic inclusion embedded in an infinite matrix with different elastic constants is considered. Based on the complex variable method of Muskhelishvili, closed-form solutions for the stresses and the displacements around the crack are obtained when general biaxial loads are applied at infinity. These solutions are then combined with A.A. Griffith's virtual work argument to give a criterion of crack extension, namely the de-bonding of the interface. The critical applied loads are expressed explicitly in terms of a function of the inclusion radius and the central angle subtended by the crack arc. In the case of simple tension the critical load is inversely proportional to the square-root of the inclusion radius. By analyzing the variation of the cleavage stress near the crack tip, the deviation of the crack into the matrix is discussed. The case of uniaxial tension is worked out in detail.
212 citations
TL;DR: Cytochemical studies using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) revealed that theCatalase activity was located in microbodies, suggesting that the catalase activities would be related to the hydrocarbon metabolism in the yeasts.
Abstract: The catalase activities of the Candida cells grown on hydrocarbons were generally much higher than those of the cells grown on Iauryl alcohol, glucose or ethanol. Km values for hydrogen peroxide of the enzymes from the glucose- and the hydrocarbon-grown cells of Candida tropicalis were the same level. The enzyme activities of the yeasts were higher at the exponential growth phase, especially of the hydrocarbon-grown cells, than at the stationary phase. Profuse appearance of microbodies having homogeneous matrix surrounded by a single-layer membrane has also been observed electronmicroscopically in the hydrocarbon- grown cells of several Candida yeasts. Cytochemical studies using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) revealed that the catalase activity was located in microbodies. These facts suggest that the catalase activities would be related to the hydrocarbon metabolism in the yeasts.
199 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new method for analytical estimation of the binding force is proposed and the interrelations among various similar methods so far proposed are discussed and the validity of the circular approximation for the meridian curve of the bridge surface is quantitatively examined.
TL;DR: In this paper, the pigment content increased linearly with time after a lag phase when callus tissues were grown on culture medium containing IAA in the dark, whereas it markedly decreased when 2,4-D was substituted for IAA or when cultures were irradiated with blue light.
TL;DR: ESR spectra of spin-labeled phosphatidic acid-phosphatidylcholine membranes are exchange-broadened immediately upon addition of CaCl 2 and these changes directly and conclusively indicate Ca 2+ -induced clustering of spin and aggregates in the binary phopholipid membranes.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pressure-induced semiconductor-metal transition accompanied by a sharp resistance drop with a factor of approximately 10-6 was found for amorphous Si at 100 kbar and Amorphous Ge at 60 kbar.
Abstract: A pressure-induced semiconductor-metal transition accompanied by a sharp resistance drop with a factor of approximately 10–6 has been found for amorphous Si at 100 kbar and amorphous Ge at 60 kbar. The transition in Si is a reversible process between amorphous semiconductor and amorphous metal, while that in Ge is an irreversible process with crystallization into a diamond-type structure. The pressure-induced metallic character in amorphous Si and Ge has been demonstrated by superconductivity at low temperatures. The metallic conduction is believed to be due to structural modifications which remain amorphous.
TL;DR: The subunits α, β and β′, the constituents of core portion of RNA polymerase, were found to be produced coordinately during steady-state growth at different rates within the range examined and to be metabolically as stable as the bulk of protein.
Abstract: SummaryIn an effort to elucidate the control of synthesis of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli, intracellular amounts of the individual subunits were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell lysates and of precipitates formed with specific antibody against holoenzyme I.Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell lysates in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate has been believed to separate the two larger subunits, β and β′, of RNA polymerase from the bulk of protein in E. coli. However, a polypeptide unrelated to the polymerase was found to migrate in the immediate vicinity of the β′ subunit, interfering with the accurate measurement of this subunit. Taking account of the presence of this peptide, designated tentatively as χ, the quantity of RNA polymerase was estimated relying only on the β subunit.Subunits content was also measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the precipitates formed by treating cell lysates with anti-holoenzyme I serum. Since the isolated individual subunits as well as the holo- and core enzyme could be precipitated by the antibody, the present procedure permitted to determine total amounts of the subunits within cells.The subunits α, β and β′, the constituents of core portion of RNA polymerase, were found to be produced coordinately during steady-state growth at different rates within the range examined (0.22 to 1.87 generations/hr) and to be metabolically as stable as the bulk of protein. The rate of synthesis of these subunits relative to the total protein was found to be balanced with the growth rate; the differential rate of synthesis of enzyme core (αp) can be represented by the following empirical equation: αp(%) = 0.7 μ + 0.45, where μ represents growth rate (generation/hr). In contrast, the content of σ subunit was considerably small, i.e. only about one third mole equivalent to enzyme core, and was almost unaffected by the rate of growth.
TL;DR: In this article, a general nonlinear theory of elastic shells for large deflections and finite strains in reference to a certain natural state is presented, where the expansion of the Cauchy-Green strain tensors and Kirchhoff stress resultants are expressed in terms of these expanded displacement components.
TL;DR: It is suggested from these findings that enhanced responsiveness of relay neurons is due to an inhibitory effect on type-B interneurons after activation of NE-containing neurons derived from the LC.
TL;DR: The fatty acid distribution pattern of lipids extracted from different subcellular components of Tetrahymena pyriformis was found to be significantly different from one type of membrane to another and it was suggested that a sterol-like triterpenoid compound, tetrahymanol, which is principally localized in the surface membranes, would be involved in the membrane fluidity.
TL;DR: In this paper, electron-microscopical studies revealed abundant appearance of specific microbodies having homogeneous matrix surrounded by single unit membrane in the hydrocarbon-growing cells.
Abstract: Catalase activities of the cells growing onn-alkanes of various strains ofCandida yeasts wer markedly higher than those of the cells growing on glucose, ethanol or acetate. In connection with this, electron-microscopical studies revealed abundant appearance of specific microbodies having homogeneous matrix surrounded by single unit membrane in the hydrocarbon-growing cells. Localization of catalase activity in the microbodies, in addition to the mitochondria, was confirmed by cytochemical treatment of the cells with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine reagent.
TL;DR: Males showed positive sexual behavior toward females of their own group, but copulation between them was the most scarce due to female refusal, and there was correlation between male positive attitude toward females and dominance rank order of the male, but was not between copulation and the dominanceRank order.
TL;DR: In this paper, the similarity of shear characteristics between sands and clays was investigated and the stress-strain relationship between clays and sands was verified with measured data of drained triaxial compression tests on various kinds of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays.
TL;DR: The regulation of lipogenesis in animal tissues is discussed, which must be precisely regulated in animals in response to their ever-changing energy needs, to the quantity, and the quality of foodstuffs ingested.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulation of lipogenesis in animal tissues. Lipid is an essential component of all living cells, and a large group of lipids contain long-chain fatty acids in their molecules. Among fatty acid-containing lipids, glycerolipids are the most abundant; in them, fatty acids are esterified to glycerol. In triglycerides, the most common glycerolipids, each of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol is esterified to a fatty acid. Triglycerides are the most concentrated store of energy for the organism, yielding per gram over twice as many calories as does carbohydrate or protein. Phosphoglycerides also belong to glycerolipids. The major homeostatic function of lipogenesis is to store as triglycerides the chemical energy of foodstuffs ingested in excess of the immediate energy requirements of the organism. Therefore, the lipogenic process must be precisely regulated in animals in response to their ever-changing energy needs, to the quantity, and the quality of foodstuffs ingested.
TL;DR: In this paper, the self-consistent equation for fermion propagator in a vector-gluon model is fully examined, and it is proved that with a suitable gauge chosen, the equation without ~utoff has solutions only in the case mo=O, it is then shown that, if g'/4n Bn, the "normal-state" solution without cutoff, even if it existed, should necessarily have an unphysical singularity.
Abstract: Solutions of the self-consistent equation for fermion propagator in a vector-gluon model are fully examined. The equation is characterized by a set of parameters, i.e., the coupling constant g, the bare mass of the fermion mo and the cutoff A. It is proved that with a suitable gauge chosen, the equation without ~utoff has solutions ·only in the case mo=O, It is then shown that, if g'/4n Bn, the "normal-state" solution for the equation without cutoff, even if it existed, should necessarily have an unphysical singularity. This fact implies that the "normal-state" solution becomes unstable for a su.fficiently large value of g'. § l. Introduction The. reason for success of low energy theorems obtained by current algebra and PCAC-treatment may be well understood in terms of chiral symmetry in which the pseudoscalar mesons play a special role among hadtons as the Nambu Goldstone (NG) bosons1l transforming nonlinearly under chiral transformation. On the other hand, in the composite hadron models based on SU(3) or SU(6), it is clear that there is no vital distinction between pseudoscalar mesons and others such as vector- and tensor-mesons. It is therefore worth expecting that the pseudoscalar NG bosons can also be interpreted as the bound states in con formity with the viewpoint of the composite model. . This homogeneity and· heterogeneity ot the pseudoscalar mesons to other mesons should rather be in vestigated by comparing their internal structure with composite particles· . . In this respect it would be meaningful to study a model in which spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry is realized by a composite NG boson: The Nambu Jona-Lasinio model2l is known as such an example. However, the use of chain approximation and the momentum cutoff inevitable for the local four-fermion
TL;DR: In this article, a macroscopic orbital revolution may appear, which is characteristic to far from equilibrium situation, when it entails instability, and cyclic balance is useful in describing coupled degrees of freedom at off-equilibrium situation.
Abstract: Irreversible circulation of fluctuation around the steady state, or cyclic balance, is useful in describing coupled degrees of freedom at off-equilibrium situation. When it entails instability, a macroscopic orbital revolution may appear, which is characteristic to far from equilibrium situation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new design factor is defined and the relation between the design factor and the probability of sliding failure of an embankment is formulated under consideration of the randomness of the soil properties.
TL;DR: It is concluded that although the mutants show individual differences, many are temperature sensitive in tRNA maturation functions, and a genetic approach may prove useful in study of tRNA biosynthesis in E. coli.
Abstract: An efficient method was devised to isolate temperature sensitive mutants of E. coli defective in tRNA biosynthesis. Mutants were selected for their inability to express suppressor activity after su3(+)-transducing phage infection. In virtually all the mutants tested, temperature sensitive synthesis of tRNA(Tyr) was demonstrated. Electrophoretic fractionation of (32)P labeled RNA synthesized at high temperature showed in some mutants changes in mobility of the main tRNA band and the appearance of slow migrating new species of RNA. Temperature sensitive function of mutant cells was also evident in tRNA synthes: directed by virulent phage T4 and BF23. We conclude that although the mutants show individual differences, many are temperature sensitive in tRNA maturation functions. In spite of much information on the structure and function of transfer RNA (tRNA), our knowledge concerning the biosynthesis of tRNA is relatively poor. It is generally assumed that complete tRNA molecules are made via a series of processing steps from the original transcription products of tRNA genes which are presumably unmodified and longer than mature tRNA molecules. In the case of tyrosine suppressor tRNA of su3(+), an unmodified precursor RNA carrying additional residues at the 3' and 5' ends has been isolated (1,2), and an endonuclease cleaving at the 5' side of this precursor has been identified in E. coli (3). In the case of T4 encoded tRNA, a large precursor molecule for several tRNA's has been reported (4). Some enzymes that catalyze the modifications have also been described (5). However, the over-all picture and the precise mechanisms of tRNA maturation are as yet largely unkown. For study of tRNA biosynthesis in E. coli, a genetic approach may prove useful, as has been the case in other biosynthetic pathways. In order to obtain mutants blocked in any of the intermediary steps of tRNA synthesis, we have developed an efficient selection system that enriches these mutants. Since any mutational block in tRNA biosynthesis might well be lethal, we looked for conditional lethal mutants in which the defect in tRNA synthesis occurs only at high temperature. In this selection system, the su3 gene carried by a temperate phage was newly introduced into cells(su(-)) and those cells incapable of synthesizing su3(+) tRNA at high temperature were selected. Such mutants were easily enriched by using conditions in which cells expressing suppressor activity were killed by two virulent phages. In this communication, we report the method for isolation of mutants and some characterization of tRNA synthesis in these mutants. Recently, Schedl and Primakoff (6) have independently isolated thermosensitive mutants of E. coli defective in tRNA synthesis which may or may not be different types from ours.