Showing papers by "Kyungpook National University published in 1997"
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of methanol extracts of 51 spices on scavenging were studied in detail, and the scavenger of Brassica nigra (brown mustard) was identified as a 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester.
Abstract: The effects of methanol extracts of 51 spices on ·OH scavenging were studied in detail. 2-Deoxyribose oxidation and sodium benzoic acid hydroxylation methods were used for detecting the scavenging activity of ·OH. Mustard varieties, thyme, oregano, clove, and allspice all exhibited strong ·OH-scavenging activity. In particular, 3 varieties of mustard had above 90% ·OH-scavenging activity with a 1 μg/ml concentration of their extracts. The ·OH scavenger of Brassica nigra (brown mustard) was isolated and purified by XAD-2 column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and was identified as a 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester by MS, ‘H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester was prepared by methylating of sinapic acid with diazomethane.
442 citations
TL;DR: Northern blot analysis and competitive RT-PCR demonstrated that Dlx-5 and the bone-specific osteocalcin genes exhibit similar up-regulated expression during the mineralization period of osteoblast differentiation.
Abstract: Two homeotic genes, Dlx and Msx, appear to regulate development of mineralized tissues, including bone, cartilage, and tooth. Expression of Msx-1 and Msx-2 has been studied during development of the osteoblast phenotype, but the role of Dlx in this context and in the regulation of bone-expressed genes is unknown. We used targeted differential display to isolate homeotic genes of the Dlx family that are expressed at defined stages of osteoblast differentiation. These studies were carried out with fetal rat calvarial cells that produce bone-like tissue in vitro. We observed a mineralization stage-specific mRNA and cloned the corresponding cDNA, which represents the rat homolog of Dlx-5. Northern blot analysis and competitive RT-PCR demonstrated that Dlx-5 and the bone-specific osteocalcin genes exhibit similar up-regulated expression during the mineralization period of osteoblast differentiation. This expression pattern differs from that of Msx-2, which is found predominantly in proliferating osteoblasts. S...
292 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that peripheral tissue inflammation induces an increased BDNF synthesis in the DRG and an elevated anterograde transport of BDNF to the spinal dorsal horn.
138 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that peripheral inflammation induces an increased expression of BDNF mRNA which is mediated by NGF in DRG and many neurons expressing trkA mRNA showed increased expession ofBDNF mRNA.
136 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a measurement of the proton structure function F2 and the total virtual photon-proton ( γ ∗ p ) cross-section is presented for 0.11 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 0.65 GeV2 and 2 × 10−6 ≤ x ≤ 6 × 10 −5, corresponding to a range in the γ − p c.m. energy of 100 ≤ W ≤ 230 GeV.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the class, subclass, and potency of antibodies specific for platelet factor 4 (PF4) complexes formed by two groups of patients: one with severe thrombocytopenia, with or without THC, and a positive serotonin release assay (SRA) (Group 1) and another with mild or absent THC and absence of thC, despite having formed antibodies reactive with heparin:PF4 complexes (Group 2).
Abstract: Recent reports indicate that antibodies associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITP) are specific for complexes formed between heparin and the heparin-binding, platelet alpha granule protein, platelet factor 4 (PF4). As with other disorders mediated by immune complexes (IC), the characteristics of the involved immunoglobulins could affect the ability of IC to cause symptoms. We therefore studied the class, subclass, and potency of antibodies specific for heparin:PF4 complexes formed by two groups of patients: one with severe thrombocytopenia, with or without thrombosis, and a positive serotonin release assay (SRA) (Group 1) and another with mild or absent thrombocytopenia, absence of thrombosis, and a negative SRA despite having formed antibodies reactive with heparin:PF4 complexes (Group 2).
IgG antibodies were more common in the Group 1 patients (100%) than in Group 2 (46%), whereas IgM antibodies were more common in Group 2 (81%) than in Group 1 (42%) (P = 0.009). About half of each group formed IgA antibodies. In each group, the IgG antibodies were predominantly IgG1 (82%); 42% were IgG3. Only one IgG2 antibody was identified in a total of 52 antibody formers. Antibodies of the IgG class were consistently of higher titer in Group 1 patients than in Group 2 patients (P < 0.001).
Recent reports suggest that the H131 form of the FcγRII receptor, which binds preferentially to IgG2 Fc, is found with greater than expected frequency in patients with HITP. Identification of only one IgG2 antibody among 38 antibodies of the IgG class argues against a unique role for antibodies of this subclass in the pathogenesis of HITP. The finding that titers of antibodies in Group 1 patients were a significantly higher titer than in Group 2 patients suggests that development of the full-blown HITP syndrome may require the formation of antibodies of unusually high titer. Am. J. Hematol. 54:196–201 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
110 citations
TL;DR: Blood compatibilities of functional group-grafted and heparin-immobilized polyurethanes (PUs) were investigated using in vitro thrombus formation, plasma recalcification time (PRT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), platelet adhesion and activation, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) activation.
108 citations
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the class, subclass, and potency of antibodies specific for platelet factor 4 (PF4) complexes formed by two groups of patients: one with severe thrombocytopenia, with or without THC, and a positive serotonin release assay (SRA) (Group 1) and another with mild or absent THC and absence of thC despite having formed antibodies reactive with heparin:PF4 complexes (Group 2).
Abstract: Recent reports indicate that antibodies associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITP) are specific for complexes formed between heparin and the heparin-binding, platelet alpha granule protein, platelet factor 4 (PF4). As with other disorders mediated by immune complexes (IC), the characteristics of the involved immunoglobulins could affect the ability of IC to cause symptoms. We therefore studied the class, subclass, and potency of antibodies specific for heparin:PF4 complexes formed by two groups of patients: one with severe thrombocytopenia, with or without thrombosis, and a positive serotonin release assay (SRA) (Group 1) and another with mild or absent thrombocytopenia, absence of thrombosis, and a negative SRA despite having formed antibodies reactive with heparin:PF4 complexes (Group 2). IgG antibodies were more common in the Group 1 patients (100%) than in Group 2 (46%), whereas IgM antibodies were more common in Group 2 (81%) than in Group 1 (42%) (P = 0.009). About half of each group formed IgA antibodies. In each group, the IgG antibodies were predominantly IgG1 (82%); 42% were lgG3. Only one IgG2 antibody was identified in a total of 52 antibody formers. Antibodies of the IgG class were consistently of higher titer in Group 1 patients than in Group 2 patients (P < 0.001). Recent reports suggest that the H131 form of the FcγRII receptor, which binds preferentially to IgG2 Fc, is found with greater than expected frequency in patients with HITP. Identification of only one IgG2 antibody among 38 antibodies of the IgG class argues against a unique role for antibodies of this subclass in the pathogenesis of HITP. The finding that titers of antibodies in Group 1 patients were a significantly higher titer than in Group 2 patients suggests that development of the full-blown HITP syndrome may require the formation of antibodies of unusually high titer.
108 citations
TL;DR: The increased risk of death in the diabetic patients remained after accounting for their poorer risk factor profiles; even if they reached the hospital alive, diabetic patients were also less likely to survive than nondiabetic patients; the relative impact of diabetes on survival is greater in women than in men.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of diabetes on survival among patients with first acute myocardial infarction, using data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Monitoring Trends and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) Project in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The WHO MONICA Project is a community-based surveillance system that monitors coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality. All patients with suspected coronary events were observed for 28 days after the onset of symptoms. RESULTS Of 5,322 patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous history of ischemic heart disease (3,643 men and 1,679 women), 333 men (9%) and 224 women (13%) had a history of diabetes. The age-adjusted 28-day case fatality for women with diabetes (25%) was significantly higher than for women without diabetes (16%); relative risk 1.56 (95% CI: 1.19–2.04). The difference for men was also significant (25% with diabetes and 20% without diabetes); relative risk 1.25 (95% CI: 1.02–1.53). Age-specific case fatality increased significantly with age in both men and women without diabetes, but systematic age effects were not so apparent in patients with diabetes. Case fatality significantly decreased over the study period in patients without diabetes, but not among the diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS The increased risk of death in the diabetic patients remained after accounting for their poorer risk factor profiles; even if they reached the hospital alive, diabetic patients were also less likely to survive than nondiabetic patients. The relative impact of diabetes on survival is greater in women than in men.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the parent tin oxide powder, pure or loaded with Ca and/or Pt (0.1 wt%), was mixed with a fixed amount (5 wt.%) of alumina-supported Pd catalyst (net Pd loading 0.25 wt.).
Abstract: In an attempt to promote the sensitivity of tin oxide-based sensors to methane gas, the parent tin oxide powder, pure or loaded with Ca and/or Pt (0.1 wt.%), was mixed with a fixed amount (5 wt.%) of alumina-supported Pd catalyst (net Pd loading 0.25 wt.%). The resulting sensor was found to exhibit excellent sensing properties to methane in the concentration range of 500–10 000 ppm at 658 K regardless of the difference in starting tin oxide powder. It gave higher sensitivity to methane than any other sensors for which the tin oxide powder was either mixed similarly with supported Pt, Rh or Ni catalyst or loaded with the same amount of Pd by conventional methods. The high dispersion of Pd (or PdO) particles appears to be responsible for the excellent promoting action of the supported Pd catalyst. At lower temperature of 573 K, however, the use of the Ca and/or Pt loaded powder of tin oxide gave higher sensitivity to methane than that of the unloaded powder. It is suggested that the mechanism of methane sensing consists of two steps, i.e. activation of methane molecules on the supported Pd catalyst and surface reaction of the activated species on the tin oxide particles. The first step is rate determining at 658 K, while the second step becomes also important kinetically at 573 K, allowing the promoting action of Pt to take place.
95 citations
21 Apr 1997
TL;DR: Experimental results demonstrate that the speech enhancement algorithm using the wavelet transform is very promising and to prevent the quality degradation of the unvoiced sounds during the denoising process.
Abstract: This paper describes a general problem of removing additive background noise from the noisy speech in the wavelet domain. A semisoft thresholding is used to remove noise components from the wavelet coefficients of noisy speech. To prevent the quality degradation of the unvoiced sounds during the denoising process, the unvoiced region is classified first and then thresholding is applied in a different way. Experimental results demonstrate that the speech enhancement algorithm using the wavelet transform is very promising.
TL;DR: Among all the factors studied, the most important component for striga management was genetic tolerance, the ability of a host plant to withstand the parasite.
Abstract: Purple witchweed [Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth.], here called just striga, parasitizes cereal crops in the savanna zone of sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives of this study were to investigate the expressions of a tolerant and a susceptible cultivar of maize (Zea mays L.) to striga as affected by timing (0, 2, 4, and 6 wk after maize planting) and rates (60 and 120 kg N ha -1 ) of N application under striga infestation. The experiment was designed as a split-split plot with four replications. Timing of N application and N rates significantly affected striga emergence, host-plant damage scores, agronomic traits, and grain yield. Nitrogen rate x application time interaction was highly significant for striga emergence. Time of N application was more important than N rate in suppressing striga emergence and host-plant damage. Nitrogen application at 2 wk after planting and 120 kg N ha -1 gave the best result in terms of maize performance and reduction of striga emergence. Host-plant damage symptoms were more useful in differentiating response of host genotypes to striga than striga emergence values. The tolerant cultivar (hybrid 8322-13) produced 188% higher grain yield than the susceptible cultivar (hybrid 8338-1) across all treatments. Grain yield of the tolerant cultivar at 60 kg N ha -1 was 88% higher than that of the susceptible cultivar at 120 kg N ha -1 . The tolerant cultivar produced an average 157% more ears at 60 kg N ha -1 and 51% more ears at 120 kg N ha -1 than the susceptible cultivar. Among all the factors studied, the most important component for striga management was genetic tolerance, the ability of a host plant to withstand the parasite.
TL;DR: Results suggest that neurogenin may participate in the generation of HuC-expressing cells, implying its role in neuronal determination in zebrafish.
TL;DR: A cell-free system in which the leukocyte NADPH oxidase can be activated in two stages using phosphorylated p47PHOX, and it is believed that activation by phosphorylation p47 PHOX is more physiological than activation by amphiphiles.
09 Sep 1997
TL;DR: The approach for extracting features in the transform domain can provide a solution to storage space problem with its ease of computation.
Abstract: A new content-based image retrieval method using texture information is proposed. For efficient image retrieval, it extracts low-level image texture features as a content retrieval index. The proposed feature extraction uses some discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients which represent some dominant directions and gray level variations of the image. Our method also uses a hierarchical similarity measure for efficient retrieval, making it possible to reduce the search space in a large image database. In an experiment using a database of 200 images, our method shows a higher performance in the retrieval rate and processing time than Tamura's (1976). Therefore, our approach for extracting features in the transform domain can provide a solution to storage space problem with its ease of computation.
TL;DR: Findings suggest that α2 Aand α2 C-ARs in the DRG may play an important role in generating sympathetically maintained neuropathic pain.
Abstract: We examined changes in expression of genes coding for alpha 2-AR subtypes in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in a rat model (spinal nerve ligation) or neuropathic pain. The present study demonstrates that the majority of DRG neurons express alpha 2C-AR mRNA and a small proportion of neurons express alpha 2A-AR mRNA, while few neurons express alpha 2B-AR mRNA in non-operated animals. In addition, alpha 2C- and alpha 2A mRNA levels in the DRG showed a significant decrease and increase, respectively in ligated animals. These findings suggest that alpha 2A- and alpha 2C-ARs in the DRG may play an important role in generating sympathetically maintained neuropathic pain.
TL;DR: A bioerodible hydrogel that can be used for albumin delivery and the degradation rate of the SIPNs gels in vitro increased with increasing of PEG weight fraction, which resulted in the formation of cross-linked gels due to the multifunctionality of macromer.
TL;DR: In this article, the step load response of a current-mode-controlled PWM converter is analyzed in terms of the power stage and feedback compensation parameters, and a control design to minimize the overshoot and settling time of the output voltage is presented.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the step load response of a current-mode-controlled pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter and also presents design guidelines for obtaining a good step load response. Analytical expressions for the step load response are derived in terms of the power stage and feedback compensation parameters. Control design to minimize the overshoot and settling time of the output voltage is presented. Analysis results are verified by large-signal simulations.
TL;DR: In this article, new supported catalysts on the basis of cyclopentadienylindenylzirconium dichloride (CpIndZrCl2) anchored on silica with a trisiloxane spacer and a pentamethylene spacer (ZAPM) were prepared and used for ethylene polymerization with modified methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst.
Abstract: New supported catalysts on the basis of cyclopentadienylindenylzirconium dichloride (CpIndZrCl2) anchored on silica with a trisiloxane spacer (ZATS) and a pentamethylene spacer (ZAPM) were prepared and used for ethylene polymerization with modified methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst. ZATS and ZAPM produce polyethylene with lower molecular weight but show higher activity than silica-supported CpIndZrCl2 which was prepared by reacting zirconocene directly with silica, i.e., the activity of silica-supported CpIndZrCl2 is enhanced by introducing a spacer between silica surface and metallocene species.
TL;DR: The reaction of [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6 with a ferrocene-containing tetraazamacrocycle 2,51l9,22-tetraaza[6,6](1,1′)ferrocenophane-1,5-diene (1) gives the copper(I) complex of the type [cu(1)]PF6 (2) which crystallizes in the orthorhombic system: P212121 (#19); a = 7.597(2) A, b=14.805(
TL;DR: Genomic analysis suggests that the two isozymes encoded by swpa1 and swpn1 might contribute to protection against cold-induced oxidative stress through different signaling pathways.
Abstract: Two peroxidase (POD) cDNAs, swpa1 and swpn1, were isolated and characterized from suspension-cultured cells of sweet potato in order to understand the physiological function of POD isozymes. Sequence analysis showed that swpa1 encoded an anionic POD and swpn1 encoded a neutral POD. The swpa1 and swpn1 genes were both highly expressed in suspension-cultured cells in accordance with the high POD activity of these cells. Although both gene transcripts were detected in the stems of intact plants, their transcription levels were much lower than in suspension-cultured cells. During cell growth the pattern of mRNA accumulation of swpa1 differed from that of swpn1, suggesting that expression of these genes is differentially regulated by cell growth stage. In addition, the swpa1 and swpn1 genes responded differently to oxidative stress induced by chilling. The expression of swpa1 was weakly induced by 15° C acclimation and strongly induced by 4° C chilling, whereas the mRNA level of swpn1 was increased by 15° C acclimation and reduced by 4° C chilling. This indicates that the two isozymes encoded by swpa1 and swpn1 might contribute to protection against cold-induced oxidative stress through different signaling pathways. In leaves, both genes were induced by wounding with broadly similar expression patterns. Genomic analysis suggests that the two isozymes are encoded by different loci in the sweet potato genome.
TL;DR: The nonintubated, dismembered pyeloplasty is an excellent technique for all age groups and has a low complication rate.
TL;DR: This paper conducted a study of 288 Korean and 323 Japanese business executives and found that business executives believe basically in higher level business ethics, but they occasionally have to make unethical business decisions which conflict with their personal values, because of prevailing business practices.
Abstract: This is a study of 288 Korean and 323 Japanese Business executives. The result indicates that, (1) the business executives believe basically in higher level business ethics, but (2) they occasionally have to make unethical business decisions which conflict with their personal values, because of prevailing business practices. (3) However, they think higher ethical standards is useful for long-term profit and for improving workers' attitudes, and the standards can be improved, and (4) to improve ethical standards, model setting by superiors is the most important and clear-cut company policies and code of ethics are essential.
TL;DR: In this article, a copolymerization of olefins (ethylene and propylene) and dienes were carried out with homogeneous [Et(Ind)2ZrCl2] and heterogeneous (Solvay-type TiCl3) catalysts, and the polymerization behaviors such as catalytic activity and structure were examined in connection with catalyst type.
TL;DR: In this paper, single and multicomponent competitive adsorptions were carried out in a batch reactor to investigate the removal of three toxic organic phenols, 2-chlorophenol, 3-cyanophenol and 4-nitrophenot, using organically modified montmorillonite.
Abstract: Single- and multicomponent competitive adsorptions were carried out in a batch reactor to investigate the removal of three toxic organic phenols, 2-chlorophenol, 3-cyanophenol, and 4-nitrophenot, using organically modified montmorillonite. To study the removal capacity of phenolic contaminants dissolved in aqueous solution, two organic cations, tetramethylammonium (TMA) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), were exchanged for the metal cations on the montmorillonite to the extent of about 40 and 45% of the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the montmorillonite, respectively, resulting in a surface property change from hydrophilic to organophilic. From the experimental results it was observed that adsorption affinity on TMA/HDTMA–montmorillonite is in the order 2-chlorophenol > 4-nitrophenol > 3-cyanophenol. The Langmuir and the Redlich–Peterson models were used to analyze the single component adsorption equilibria. On the other hand, the IAST and LCM models were used to predict the multicomponen...
TL;DR: Decursinol angelate showed in vitro cytotoxicity and protein kinase C activating activities like decursin, and characterized originally from Sesei grandivittatum.
Abstract: A cytotoxic compound was purified from the root of Angelica gigas Nakai by normal phase HPLC. As a result of the structure analysis by mass, IR, 1 H-NMR, and 13 C-NMR spectrometry, the compound was identified as decursinol angelate, a structural isomer of decursin, and characterized originally from Sesei grandivittatum. Decursinol angelate showed in vitro cytotoxicity and protein kinase C activating activities like decursin.
03 Nov 1997
TL;DR: Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve a faster response to congestion status and a lower consolidation noise compared with the existing algorithms, particularly in network environments with a large number of branch points on a path.
Abstract: A new efficient consolidation algorithm at a branch-point switch for point-to-multipoint available bit rate (ABR) service is proposed. In the scheme, among the received backward resource management (RM) cells with the same sequence number, each branch point passes only one of them, so that the source gets exactly one backward RM cell corresponding to every forward RM cell it generates. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve a faster response to congestion status and a lower consolidation noise compared with the existing algorithms, particularly in network environments with a large number of branch points on a path.
TL;DR: In this article, a photo-crosslinkable polymer (PVA-SbQ) is used in the matrix for the enzyme-immobilized membrane to improve the response time of the sensors.
Abstract: ISFET glucose and sucrose sensors with a platinum electrode and photopolymeric enzyme membrane have been fabricated. The platinum working electrode is used for the electrolysis of hydrogen peroxide, one of the by-products of the enzyme reaction, to improve the sensing characteristics of the sensors. To improve the response time, a photo-crosslinkable polymer (PVA-SbQ) is used in the matrix for the enzyme-immobilized membrane. The characteristics of glucose and sucrose sensors are investigated according to the variation of the platinum electrode area. The response time is about 3–5 min and determination of glucose and sucrose in the range of about 30–300 mg dl−1 is possible.
TL;DR: Investigation of the effects of nitrogen on S. hennonthica infestation and the subsequent grain yield and agronomic traits of tolerant and susceptible maize hybrids in Nigeria found Striga infestation (emergence and host damage), maize grain yield, and plant height were significantly affected by N rates.
Abstract: A phytoparasite, Striga hennonthica (Del.) Benth., infests millions of hectares of cultivated fields of cereal crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Yield losses are often 70 but can be as high as 100% and farmers often abandon infested fields and move to new areas. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of nitrogen on S. hennonthica infestation and the subsequent grain yield and agronomic traits of tolerant and susceptible maize hybrids (Zea mays L.). Two tolerant and two susceptible hybrids were grown under six levels of N (0-150 kg ha -1 ), with and without Striga seed infestation. The trials were conducted for 3 yr at Mokwa, Nigeria. Each plant was infested with approximately 3000 germinable Striga seeds, and the density of Striga that emerged, Striga damage on the host plant, plant height, stalk lodging, and grain yield were measured. Striga infestation (emergence and host damage), maize grain yield, and plant height were significantly affected by N rates. Two tolerant hybrids showed significantly lower Striga emergence and host plant damage symptoms than the susceptible hybrids (P < 0.001). Interactions between infested and uninfested plots and hybrid (tolerant vs. susceptible) for grain yields and stalk lodging were significant (P < 0.001). Striga infestation reduced grain yields of two susceptible hybrids by 49%, and of two tolerant hybrids by 24%. The two tolerant hybrids produced on average 87% greater grain yields than the two susceptible hybrids under low N rates (0-60 kg ha -1 ) and 51% greater yields under high N (90-150 kg ha -1 ). Among the plant traits measured, Striga damage score had the highest correlation with grain yield (r = -0.60**).
TL;DR: In this article, an ISFET glucose sensor based on a new principle using the electrolysis of hydrogen peroxide, one of the byproducts of the oxidation of glucose, and a Pt electrode actuator is proposed and the characteristics investigated.
Abstract: An ISFET glucose sensor based on a new principle using the electrolysis of hydrogen peroxide, one of the by-products of the oxidation of glucose, and a Pt electrode actuator is proposed and the characteristics investigated. Compared with the conventional ISFET glucose sensor, the proposed sensor shows an improvement of four times the sensitivity, an extension of the dynamic range to 5 mM glucose concentration, and a faster response of 3 min in 10 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl). In addition, the baseline of the sensor response can also be checked, so that the influences of drift of the ISFET and pH change in the sample solution can be eliminated. The sensor shows a large dependence on the buffer concentration. When the buffer concentration is changed from 5 to 20 mM, the sensitivity decreases by a factor of four. However, the high sensitivity, 9 mV mM 1 even in 20 mM buffer concentration, will still allow the sensor to measure glucose concentrations of human blood without the need for dilution.