Showing papers by "Kyungpook National University published in 1999"
TL;DR: The association of DHA deficiency with depression is the reason for the robust positive correlation between depression and myocardial infarction, and patients with cardiovascular disease or Type II diabetes are often advised to adopt a low-fat diet with a high proportion of carbohydrate.
1,005 citations
TL;DR: The inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities resulting from the supplementation of either tangerine-peel extract or a combination of its bioflavonoids could account for the decrease in fecal neutral sterol that appears to compensate for the decreased cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver.
Abstract: The cholesterol-lowering effects of tangerine peel extract and a mixture of two citrus flavonoids were tested. Male rats were fed a 1 g/100 g high-cholesterol diet for 42 d with supplements of either tangerine-peel extract or a mixture of naringin and hesperidin (0.5 g/100 g) to study the effects of plasma and hepatic lipids, hepatic enzyme activities, and the excretion of fecal neutral sterols. Both the tangerine-peel extract and mixture of two flavonoids significantly lowered the levels (mean +/- SE) of plasma (2.44 +/- 0. 59 and 2.42 +/- 0.31 mmol/L, vs. 3.80 +/- 0.28 mmol/L, P < 0.05), hepatic cholesterol (0.143 +/- 0.017 and 0.131 +/- 0.010 mmol/g vs. 0.181 +/- 0.003 mmol/g, P < 0.05), and hepatic triglycerides (0.069 +/- 0.007 and 0.075 +/- 0.006 mmol/g vs. 0.095 +/- 0.002 mmol/g, P < 0.05) compared to those of the control. The 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (1565.0 +/- 106. 0 pmol. min-1. mg protein-1 and 1783.0 +/- 282 pmol. min-1. mg protein-1 vs. 2487.0 +/- 210.0 pmol. min-1. mg protein-1, P < 0.05) and acyl CoA: cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) activities (548.0 +/- 65.0 and 615.0 +/- 80.0 pmol. min-1. mg protein-1 vs. 806.0 +/- 105.0 pmol. min-1. mg protein-1, P < 0.05) were significantly lower in the experimental groups than in the control. These supplements also substantially reduced the excretion of fecal neutral sterols compared to the control (211.1 +/- 26.7 and 208.2 +/- 31.6 mg/d vs. 521.9 +/- 53.9 mg/d). The inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities resulting from the supplementation of either tangerine-peel extract or a combination of its bioflavonoids could account for the decrease in fecal neutral sterol that appears to compensate for the decreased cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver.
350 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the human element of enterprise is argued to be a vital resource for strategy execution, and the authors show in a study of Korean businesses how an organization's commitment to its employees' well-being can aid in the profitable execution of its positioning strategies.
Abstract: The human element of enterprise is argued to be a vital resource for strategy execution. We show in a study of Korean businesses how an organization’s commitment to its employees’ well-being (OCE) can aid in the profitable execution of its positioning strategies. We found that OCE, by itself, sometimes has a weakly positive association with return on assets (ROA). But far more important, we found that ROA is strongly and positively influenced by the interaction between OCE and the dedicated pursuit of Porter’s (1980) strategies for achieving competitive advantage: these are cost leadership, marketing differentiation and innovative differentiation. In short, dedicated positioning strategies appear to be executed more effectively where organizations exhibit a high level of commitment to their employees; and conversely, OCE is apt to have a strong impact on ROA only in the context of a dedicated, that is intensive and thorough, positioning strategy. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
333 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that Cbfa1 may function transiently to divert a committed myoblast to a potentially osteogenic cell, however, other factors induced by BMP‐2 appear to be necessary for complete expression of the osteoblast phenotype.
Abstract: The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 is a potent osteoinductive signal, inducing bone formation in vivo and osteoblast differentiation from non-osseous cells in vitro. The runt domain-related protein Cbfa1/PEBP2alphaA/AML-3 is a critical component of bone formation in vivo and transcriptional regulator of osteoblast differentiation. To investigate the relationship between the extracellular BMP-2 signal, Cbfa1, and osteogenesis, we examined expression of Cbfa1 and osteoblastic genes during the BMP-2 induced osteogenic transdifferentiation of the myoblastic cell line C2C12. BMP-2 treatment completely blocked myotube formation and transiently induced expression of Cbfa1 and the bone-related homeodomain protein Msx-2 concomitant with loss of the myoblast phenotype. While induction of collagen type I and alkaline phosphatase (AP) expression coincided with Cbfa1 expression, Cbfa1 mRNA was strikingly downregulated at the onset of expression of osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN) genes, reflecting the mature osteoblast phenotype. TGF-beta1 treatment effectively suppressed myogenesis and induced Cbfa1 expression but was insufficient to support osteoblast differentiation reflected by the absence of ALP, OPN, and OCN. We addressed whether induction of Cbfa1 in response to BMP-2 results in the transcriptional activation of the OC promoter which contains three enhancer Cbfa1 elements. Transfection studies show BMP-2 suppresses OC promoter activity in C2C12, but not in osteoblastic ROS 17/2.8 cells. Maximal suppression of OC promoter activity in response to BMP-2 requires sequences in the proximal promoter (up to nt -365) and may occur independent of the three Cbfa sites. Taken together, our results demonstrate a dissociation of Cbfa1 expression from development of the osteoblast phenotype. Our findings suggest that Cbfal may function transiently to divert a committed myoblast to a potentially osteogenic cell. However, other factors induced by BMP-2 appear to be necessary for complete expression of the osteoblast phenotype.
260 citations
TL;DR: The proposed novel subblock partition scheme for PTS OFDM shows almost same PAPR reduction performance as compared to the conventional pseudo-random SPS which has been known to have the best performance, and computational complexity can be reduced extensively.
Abstract: In general, there has been a trade-off between performance of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction and computational complexity in partial transmit sequence (PTS) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In this paper, a novel subblock partition scheme (SPS) for PTS OFDM is proposed and analyzed. In this scheme, signals assigned randomly in partial subbands are duplicated and concatenated repetitively to generate each subblock. The proposed scheme, therefore, has a form of concatenation of pseudo-random and interleaved SPS. As results of simulations, the proposed scheme shows almost same PAPR reduction performance as compared to the conventional pseudo-random SPS which has been known to have the best performance. However, computational complexity can be reduced extensively. Hence, the proposed scheme may be considered to be more suitable than the conventional ones for application in high speed transmission systems such as digital terrestrial broadcasting.
200 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that evolving schools of thought must display a combination of novelty, continuity, and scope to achieve school status and discuss their role in promoting the detection and assimilation of a school's intellectual products, as well as the creation of a stream of empirical research.
Abstract: This article focuses on “schooling” in organization theory: the process through which new schools of thought become established as distinct, legitimate theoretical frameworks. We argue that evolving schools of thought must display a combination of novelty, continuity, and scope to achieve school status. We describe these attributes and discuss their role in promoting the detection and assimilation of a school's intellectual products, as well as the creation of a stream of empirical research. We derive eight testable propositions from our theoretical model and discuss implications for future research.
195 citations
TL;DR: The sufficient condition for the existence of controller and H^~ state feedback controller design methods are presented and the obtained sufficient condition can be rewritten as an LMI form in terms of transformed variables.
166 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of WO 3 -based nanocrystalline sensors were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the surface morphology by the SEM photography and specific surface area by the BET method.
Abstract: TiO 2 added tungsten trioxides with grain size of about 3 nm, were synthesized by sol-coprecipitation of WCl 6 and TiCl 4 solution with ammonium hydroxide and surfactant. Tungsten trioxide and titanium oxides were also synthesized by sol-precipitation from WCl 6 and TiCl 4 , respectively. After calcining these materials, the thick film sensors were fabricated by the screen-printing technology. These materials were investigated about the characteristics of their structural properties by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the surface morphology by the SEM photography and specific surface area by the BET method. The grain size of precursor obtained by coprecipitation of TiCl 4 (4 wt.%) and WCl 6 was about 3 nm and that of WO 3 precursor by simple precipitation was about 8 nm. TiO 2 added WO 3 nanocrystalline thick films showed higher sensitivity to NO x over wide temperature ranges, than those of pure WO 3 or the simple mixture of WO 3 and TiO 2 powder. It was shown that the particle size and surface area of sensing materials make an important role of the sensing characteristics of WO 3 -based thick film sensor. The TiO 2 added WO 3 nanocrystalline sensor showed excellent sensitivity to low level NO x concentrations (0.5–30 ppm), fast response, recovery reaction, and good selectivity at 350°C.
153 citations
TL;DR: Polyurethanes synthesized from 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polytetramethylene glycol with ethylene diamine as a chain extender showed an increased hydrophilicity of the modified PUs, indicating the covalent immobilization of heparin on the surfaces.
148 citations
TL;DR: Tests with car images travelling on the road and at the entrance of a car park showed extraction rates of 99 and 97.5%, respectively, suggesting that the proposed method works well with real-world situations.
Abstract: The authors present a method for locating car license plates using neural networks. Neural networks are used as filters for analysing small windows of an image and deciding whether each window contains a license plate. A post-processor combines these filtered images and gives the final location of the license plates. The method offers robustness when dealing with noisy images. Tests with car images travelling on the road and at the entrance of a car park showed extraction rates of 99 and 97.5%, respectively. These results suggest that the proposed method works well with real-world situations.
143 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the decay distribution of the Delta (1232) resonance into the ppi{sup 0} final state was measured over a wide range of barycentric decay angles and energies.
Abstract: Jefferson Lab experiment E94-014 measured the excitation of the Delta (1232) resonance via the reaction p(e,e{prime}p){pi}{sup 0} at Q{sup 2} near 2.8 and 4 Gev{sup 2}. This is the highest Q{sup 2} for which exclusive resonance electroproduction has ever been observed. Decay distributions of the Delta (1232) resonance into the ppi{sup 0} final state were measured over a wide range of barycentric decay angles and energies. The goal of this experiment is to assess the transition in Q{sup 2} from the constituent quark model (CQM) to the regime where hard processes become important. At Q{sup 2} {approx} few GeV{sup 2}/c{sup 2} the ratio E{sub 1+}/M{sub 1+} depends dramatically on the theoretical description, varying from a few 10{sup -2} in the CQM limit, to about 1 in the pQCD limit. Preliminary analysis of the data shows that the ratio E{sub 1+}/M{sub 1+} remains small at Q{sup 2} up to 4 Gev{sup 2}/c{sup 2}. After first pass analysis we obtain E{sub 1+}/M{sub 1+} = -4.1 {+-} 1.2 at Q{sup 2} = 2.8 Gev{sup 2}/c{sup 2} and E{sub 1+}/M{sub 1+} = -7.9 {+-} 0.8 at Q{sup 2} = 4 Gev{sup 2}/c{sup 2} (statistical errors only).
TL;DR: DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses in B. subtilis were non-selectively inhibited byThese results suggest that superoxide radicals are important in the antibacterial actions of the agents.
Abstract: Cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I, constituents of a medicinal plant, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, had antibacterial activity against a broad range of Gram positive bacteria. These compounds generated superoxide radicals in Bacillus subtilis lysates. A recombination-deficient mutant strain of B. subtilis was 2- to 8-fold more sensitive than a wild strain, and this hypersensitivity was reduced in the presence of dithiothreitol as an antioxidant. DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses in B. subtilis were non-selectively inhibited by these compounds. These results suggest that superoxide radicals are important in the antibacterial actions of the agents.
TL;DR: In this paper, the complex two-plane Grassmannian with both a Kahler and a quaternionic Kahler structure was applied to the normal bundle of a real hypersurface M in G
Abstract: The complex two-plane Grassmannian G
2(C
m+2
in equipped with both a Kahler and a quaternionic Kahler structure. By applying these two structures to the normal bundle of a real hypersurface M in G
2(C
m+2
one gets a one- and a three-dimensional distribution on M. We classify all real hypersurfaces M in G
2
C
m+2
, m≥3, for which these two distributions are invariant under the shape operator of M.
TL;DR: The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) was flown on the space shuttle Discovery during flight STS-91 in a 51.7 degree orbit at altitudes between 320 and 390 km as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: Results show that naringenin lowers the plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations by suppressing HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet.
Abstract: The effects of dietary supplementation of a citrus bioflavonoid, naringenin, on the cholesterol metabolism were studied. For 42 days male rats were fed a 1% (wt/wt) high-cholesterol diet with or witho
TL;DR: Signal intensity alterations in the bone marrow of the affected hip joint are useful in the differentiation of septic arthritis from transient synovitis.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To find any differential magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings between septic arthritis and transient synovitis in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MR imaging findings in nine pediatric patients with septic arthritis and 14 with transient synovitis were retrospectively studied. The diagnoses were made by means of joint aspiration with bacteriologic study, arthrotomy, and clinical evaluation. MR imaging findings were analyzed with emphasis on the grade of joint effusion and alterations in signal intensity in the soft tissue and bone marrow of the affected hip joint. RESULTS: Signal intensity alterations in bone marrow (ie, low signal intensity on fat-suppressed gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo images and high signal intensity on fat-suppressed T2-weighted fast spin-echo images) were seen in eight of nine patients with septic arthritis. These signal intensity alterations consisted of mild juxtaarticular changes in six patients without osteomyelitis and extensive changes in...
TL;DR: Based on comprehensive small-signal analyses, this paper presented the proper way of designing the control loop of converters driving other converters downstream and verified the analysis and design results by both time and frequency-domain simulations.
Abstract: This paper reveals that the dynamics of a converter loaded with other converters downstream are markedly different from those of a standalone converter and conventional design techniques developed for converters with a resistive load could destabilize the control loop of converters combined with other converters. Based on comprehensive small-signal analyses, this paper presents the proper way of designing the control loop of converters driving other converters downstream. The analysis and design results are verified by both time- and frequency-domain simulations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that PKC protects NO-induced apoptotic cell death, presumably nullifying the NO-mediated activation of JNK/SAPK, p38 kinase, and CPP32-like protease in RAW 264.7 parent cells.
Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) induces apoptotic cell death in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. To elucidate the inhibitory effects of protein kinase C (PKC) on NO-induced apoptosis, we generated clones of RAW 264.7 cells that overexpress one of the PKC isoforms and explored the possible interactions between PKC and three structurally related mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in NO actions. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO-generating agent, activated both c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38 kinase, but did not activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1 and ERK-2. In addition, SNP-induced apoptosis was slightly blocked by the selective p38 kinase inhibitor (SB203580) but not by the MAP/ERK1 kinase inhibitor (PD098059). PKC transfectants (PKC-βII, -δ, and -η) showed substantial protection from cell death induced by the exposure to NO donors such as SNP and S -nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). In contrast, in RAW 264.7 parent or in empty vector-transformed cells, these NO donors induced internucleosomal DNA cleavage. Moreover, overexpression of PKC isoforms significantly suppressed SNP-induced JNK/SAPK and p38 kinase activation, but did not affect ERK-1 and -2. We also explored the involvement of CPP32-like protease in the NO-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of CPP32-like protease prevented apoptosis in RAW 264.7 parent cells. In addition, SNP dramatically activated CPP32 in the parent or in empty vector-transformed cells, while slightly activated CPP32 in PKC transfectants. Therefore, we conclude that PKC protects NO-induced apoptotic cell death, presumably nullifying the NO-mediated activation of JNK/SAPK, p38 kinase, and CPP32-like protease in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
01 Feb 1999-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJN Facility) as mentioned in this paper is composed of scintillation counters 5.08 cm thick, 15 and 22 cm wide, and lengths ranging from 32 cm at the most forward angle to 450 cm at larger angles.
Abstract: The time-of-flight system for the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is described. The system, covering an area of 206-square-meters, is composed of scintillation counters 5.08 cm thick, 15 and 22 cm wide, and lengths which vary from 32 cm at the most forward angle to 450 cm at larger angles. All of the components of the system have been designed to optimize the time resolution. Event timing, achieved by leading-edge discrimination with time-walk correction, has been measured with cosmic rays, a laser pulser, and known particle interactions. The intrinsic time resolution varies from about 80 ps for the short counters to 160 ps for the longer counters. Reconstruction of interacting particles during the first period of operation yields an average time resolution for electrons of 163 ps.
TL;DR: Anilines react with triallylamine in dioxane at 180 °C in the presence of a catalytic amount of ruthenium chloride and triphenylphosphine together with tin(II) chloride dihydrate to afford the corresponding 2-ethyl-3-methylquinolines in good yields.
TL;DR: In this article, ammonium persulfate (APS) and gamma irradiation were combined with four kinds of inorganic peroxides for the production of modified starch, and the results showed that the combination of adding APS and Gamma irradiation showed the lowest initial viscosity and the best stability.
TL;DR: RFM is proposed as a method that has a low correlation coefficient when combined with Logistic Regression or Neural Networks and it is concluded that the low correlated coefficient does not always ensure improved performance.
Abstract: Response models such as RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary), Logistic Regression, and Neural Networks estimate a single response model in direct marketing for segmenting and targeting customers. However, if there is considerable customer heterogeneity in the database, the models can be potentially misleading. To reflect this heterogeneity, researchers have introduced ways to combine two or more methods. Suggesting the capability of the combined model using the low correlation coefficient between them, the previous research on the combined response model did not provide answers for two important questions: (1) What are the response models that have a low correlation coefficient between them when combined? (2) Does the low correlation coefficient ensure improved performance? In this paper, we propose RFM as a method that has a low correlation coefficient when combined with Logistic Regression or Neural Networks. Our case study also concludes that the low correlation coefficient does not always ensure improved performance.
TL;DR: In this article, the driving conditions that were tested for the in-vehicle concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) included transport modes, fuel distributions, vehicle ventilation conditions, driving routes, commute seasons, car models, and driving periods.
TL;DR: In this article, the production of forward jets has been measured in deep inelastic ep collisions at HERA in terms of single differential cross sections as a function of the Bjorken scaling variable (x_{Bj}) and as triple differential cross-sections d^3 \sigma / dx{Bj} dQ^2 dp_{t,jet}^2, where q is the four momentum transfer squared and p is the squared transverse momentum of the forward jet.
Abstract: The production of forward jets has been measured in deep inelastic ep collisions at HERA. The results are presented in terms of single differential cross sections as a function of the Bjorken scaling variable (x_{Bj}) and as triple differential cross sections d^3 \sigma / dx_{Bj} dQ^2 dp_{t,jet}^2, where Q^2 is the four momentum transfer squared and p_{t,jet}^2 is the squared transverse momentum of the forward jet. Also cross sections for events with a di-jet system in addition to the forward jet are measured as a function of the rapidity separation between the forward jet and the two additional jets. The measurements are compared with next-to-leading order QCD calculations and with the predictions of various QCD-based models.
TL;DR: Chondroblastoma was found to show hypointense portions on T2-weighted images, and Signal intensity on T1- and T2,weighted MR images in chondro Blastoma was dependent on the amounts of histopathological components.
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the MR findings of chondroblastoma with pathologic correlation. Method: In 22 patients with pathologically proven chondroblastoma, MR signal characteristics were correlated with pathological findings. Results: On T2-weighted images, 12 (55%) lesions were hyperintense with hypointense areas in 9 lesions, whereas 10 (45%) were hypointense. Therefore, 19 of 22 (86%) lesions with pathologic correlation had hypointense areas entirely (n = 10) or partly (n = 9) on T2-weighted images. On gadolinium-enhanced images, 13 (59%) lesions showed lobular enhancement and 9 (41%) showed marginal and septal enhancement. Low signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images was most strongly associated with an abundance of immature chondroid matrix, hypercellularity of the chondroblasts, calcifications, and hemosiderin on histology. Conclusion: Chondroblastoma was found to show hypointense portions on T2-weighted images. Signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MR images in chondroblastoma was dependent on the amounts of histopathological components.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of chiral C 2 -symmetric bisferrocenyldiimine 1 and bisferricenyldiamines 2 and 3 proved to be efficient ligands for the copper(I)-catalyzed asymmetric cyclopropanation, cyclopenation, and aziridination of alkenes and alkynes to give high diastereo and enantioselectivity as well as high chemical yields.
Abstract: A new series of chiral C 2 -symmetric bisferrocenyldiimine 1 and bisferrocenyldiamines 2 and 3 proved to be efficient ligands for the copper(I)-catalyzed asymmetric cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, and aziridination of alkenes and alkynes to give high diastereo- and enantioselectivity as well as high chemical yields. In some instances the enantiomeric excesses of cyclopropanated products are among the highest (>97% ee) ever reported. Comparative studies show that stereoselectivity depends highly on the steric variation both in the ligand and the substrate. Other transition metal complexes incorporating some of these ligands such as Ru( 3c )Cl 2 , [(NBD)Rh( 2 )]ClO 4 , [Cu( 2 )(MeCN) 2 ]PF 6 , and Pd( 2 )Cl 2 also demonstrated high enantioselectivity in cyclopropanation reactions.
TL;DR: In this paper, a hierarchical Bayes generalized linear model approach is taken which connects the local areas, thereby enabling one to "borrow strength" to estimate cancer incidence rates for local areas.
TL;DR: In this paper, the polymethylene bridged dinuclear zirconocenes (CH2)n (C5H4)2][(C9H7)ZrCl2]2 (n=3 (10), 5 (11), 7 (12), 9 (13) have been synthesized by treating not only the respective disodium salts of the ligands with two equivalents of (C 9H7), ZrCl3 in THF, but also the distannylated derivatives of the corresponding disodium compounds with two equivalent equivalents of Z
TL;DR: The capsules crosslinked with 1% triethylene tetramine and 1% glutamic dialdehyde solutions were superior to the uncrosslinked capsules in mechanical strength and adsorption/desorption capacity even after 30 cycles of repeated use.
Abstract: A biosorbent was prepared by immobilizing and culturing Zoogloea ramigera cells in calcium alginate capsules to high density. The biosorbent (the cell and its exopolysaccharide "Zooglan") along with the [calcium] alginate is known to be responsible for cadmium removal. The dry weight of the biosorbent reached 107 g/L after 3 days of cultivation and 220 g/L after 5 days based on the core volume of a 2.0-mm diameter capsule used. The biosorbents were completely contained in the core of the capsule where the cells grew preferentially near the shell of the capsules while the polymer distributed homogeneously in the core. The specific cadmium uptake by the capsule biosorbent was 1.9 mg/g adsorbent at an initial cadmium concentration of 3 mg/L. This is 1.24 times more than the specific cadmium uptake by the 1.8-mm beads prepared under a comparable condition. The capsules crosslinked with 1% triethylene tetramine and 1% glutamic dialdehyde solutions were superior to the uncrosslinked capsules in mechanical strength. The crosslinked capsules maintained their mechanical strength and adsorption/desorption capacity even after 30 cycles of repeated use. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: Extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in rat hippocampus during different stages of the sleep-waking cycle are investigated using in vivo microdialysis and functional implications of AS related-decreased 5-HT in the hippocampus are discussed.