Showing papers by "Kyushu University published in 2021"
Daniel J. Klionsky1, Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz2, Sara Abdelfatah3, Mahmoud Abdellatif4 +2980 more•Institutions (777)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
1,129 citations
Université Paris-Saclay1, Autonomous University of Barcelona2, University of Cambridge3, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health4, University of Bonn5, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases6, Harvard University7, University of Lausanne8, University of Padua9, National Research Council10, Heidelberg University11, Salk Institute for Biological Studies12, University of Minnesota13, Pasteur Institute14, Tel Aviv University15, Johns Hopkins University16, University of Portsmouth17, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven18, PSL Research University19, Trinity College, Dublin20, Baylor College of Medicine21, University College London22, University of Edinburgh23, Oregon Health & Science University24, National Institutes of Health25, Columbia University26, University of Rochester27, University of Copenhagen28, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich29, University of Málaga30, Tufts University31, University of Freiburg32, Utrecht University33, Nihon University34, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine35, University of California, Los Angeles36, University of Yamanashi37, New York University38, University of British Columbia39, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology40, University of Wisconsin-Madison41, University of California, San Francisco42, McGill University43, University of Kentucky44, Kyushu University45, University of Bordeaux46, University of Minho47, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave48, University of Alabama at Birmingham49, University of Gothenburg50, University of Poitiers51, Cajal Institute52, King's College London53, University of Strasbourg54, Virginia Tech55, University of Düsseldorf56, Russian Academy of Sciences57, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University58, University of Seville59, Georgia Institute of Technology60, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston61, University of California, San Diego62, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul63, University of Ljubljana64, University of Manchester65, Ikerbasque66
TL;DR: In this article, the authors point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs.A2.
Abstract: Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling was first described over a century ago, uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the contribution of reactive astrocytes to CNS diseases, repair, and aging. It is also unclear whether fixed categories of reactive astrocytes exist and, if so, how to identify them. We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters-preferably in vivo-plus multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models. These guidelines may spur the discovery of astrocyte-based biomarkers as well as astrocyte-targeting therapies that abrogate detrimental actions of reactive astrocytes, potentiate their neuro- and glioprotective actions, and restore or augment their homeostatic, modulatory, and defensive functions.
797 citations
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center1, Yonsei University2, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust3, University of Duisburg-Essen4, Texas Oncology5, Catholic University of Korea6, McMaster University7, University of Miami8, University of Western Ontario9, Autonomous University of Barcelona10, University of Queensland11, Seoul National University12, Macquarie University13, Rambam Health Care Campus14, Kyushu University15, University of Tübingen16, Medical University of Vienna17, Eisai18, Merck & Co.19, Harvard University20
TL;DR: In this article, Lenvatinib in combination with pembrolizumab or everolimus has been shown to have activity against advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Abstract: Background Lenvatinib in combination with pembrolizumab or everolimus has activity against advanced renal cell carcinoma. The efficacy of these regimens as compared with that of sunitinib ...
722 citations
Charité1, United States Department of Veterans Affairs2, Baylor College of Medicine3, University of Padua4, Mayo Clinic5, University of Greifswald6, University of Miami7, Maastricht University8, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven9, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine10, University of Tübingen11, Cleveland Clinic12, Kyushu University13, University of Belgrade14
TL;DR: Improved standardization of available invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tools and a consensus on their specific use are needed to allow specific diagnosis and stratification of patient cohorts for the implementation of aetiology-based therapies.
Abstract: Inflammatory cardiomyopathy, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration into the myocardium and a high risk of deteriorating cardiac function, has a heterogeneous aetiology. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is predominantly mediated by viral infection, but can also be induced by bacterial, protozoal or fungal infections as well as a wide variety of toxic substances and drugs and systemic immune-mediated diseases. Despite extensive research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy complicated by left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure or arrhythmia is associated with a poor prognosis. At present, the reason why some patients recover without residual myocardial injury whereas others develop dilated cardiomyopathy is unclear. The relative roles of the pathogen, host genomics and environmental factors in disease progression and healing are still under discussion, including which viruses are active inducers and which are only bystanders. As a consequence, treatment strategies are not well established. In this Review, we summarize and evaluate the available evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy, with a special focus on virus-induced and virus-associated myocarditis. Furthermore, we identify knowledge gaps, appraise the available experimental models and propose future directions for the field. The current knowledge and open questions regarding the cardiovascular effects associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are also discussed. This Review is the result of scientific cooperation of members of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC, the Heart Failure Society of America and the Japanese Heart Failure Society.
502 citations
University of Warwick1, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus2, London South Bank University3, Al-Hikmah University4, National University of Malaysia5, University of Nottingham6, University of Kent7, Kyushu University8, American University of Sharjah9, Birkbeck, University of London10, University of Sheffield11
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a critical review of negative and positive impacts of the pandemic and proffers perspectives on how it can be leveraged to steer towards a better, more resilient low carbon economy.
Abstract: The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on the 11th of March 2020, but the world is still reeling from its aftermath. Originating from China, cases quickly spread across the globe, prompting the implementation of stringent measures by world governments in efforts to isolate cases and limit the transmission rate of the virus. These measures have however shattered the core sustaining pillars of the modern world economies as global trade and cooperation succumbed to nationalist focus and competition for scarce supplies. Against this backdrop, this paper presents a critical review of the catalogue of negative and positive impacts of the pandemic and proffers perspectives on how it can be leveraged to steer towards a better, more resilient low-carbon economy. The paper diagnosed the danger of relying on pandemic-driven benefits to achieving sustainable development goals and emphasizes a need for a decisive, fundamental structural change to the dynamics of how we live. It argues for a rethink of the present global economic growth model, shaped by a linear economy system and sustained by profiteering and energy-gulping manufacturing processes, in favour of a more sustainable model recalibrated on circular economy (CE) framework. Building on evidence in support of CE as a vehicle for balancing the complex equation of accomplishing profit with minimal environmental harms, the paper outlines concrete sector-specific recommendations on CE-related solutions as a catalyst for the global economic growth and development in a resilient post-COVID-19 world.
432 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-unit stacked tandem hyperfluorescence OLED with improved singlet-excited-state energy transfer from a sky-blue assistant dopant exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) called hetero-donor-type TADF(HDT-1) to a pure-blue emitter is presented.
Abstract: Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are a promising light-source technology for future generations of display1,2. Despite great progress3–12, it is still challenging to produce blue OLEDs with sufficient colour purity, lifetime and efficiency for applications. Here, we report pure-blue (Commission Internationale de l’ Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of 0.13, 0.16) OLEDs with high efficiency (external quantum efficiency of 32 per cent at 1,000 cd m−2), narrow emission (full-width at half-maximum of 19 nm) and good stability (95% of the initial luminacnce (LT95) of 18 hours at an initial luminance of 1,000 cd m−2). The design is based on a two-unit stacked tandem hyperfluorescence OLED with improved singlet-excited-state energy transfer from a sky-blue assistant dopant exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) called hetero-donor-type TADF(HDT-1) to a pure-blue emitter. With stricter control of device fabrication and procedures it is expected that device lifetimes will further improve to rival commercial fluorescent blue OLEDs. Pure-blue organic LEDs with narrow emission and improved stability show promise for display applications.
335 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two recently emerging mutations in the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, L452R and Y453F, are shown to increase spike stability, virus infectivity, and fusogenicity.
316 citations
Stanford University1, Tohoku University2, Osaka University3, Kyushu University4, Iwate Medical University5, Juntendo University6, Nihon University7, Nippon Medical School8, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research9, Shiga University of Medical Science10, University of Tokyo11, Broad Institute12, University of Helsinki13, Harvard University14
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted 220 deep-phenotype genome-wide association studies (diseases, biomarkers and medication usage) in BioBank Japan (n = 179,000), by incorporating past medical history and text-mining of electronic medical records.
Abstract: Current genome-wide association studies do not yet capture sufficient diversity in populations and scope of phenotypes. To expand an atlas of genetic associations in non-European populations, we conducted 220 deep-phenotype genome-wide association studies (diseases, biomarkers and medication usage) in BioBank Japan (n = 179,000), by incorporating past medical history and text-mining of electronic medical records. Meta-analyses with the UK Biobank and FinnGen (ntotal = 628,000) identified ~5,000 new loci, which improved the resolution of the genomic map of human traits. This atlas elucidated the landscape of pleiotropy as represented by the major histocompatibility complex locus, where we conducted HLA fine-mapping. Finally, we performed statistical decomposition of matrices of phenome-wide summary statistics, and identified latent genetic components, which pinpointed responsible variants and biological mechanisms underlying current disease classifications across populations. The decomposed components enabled genetically informed subtyping of similar diseases (for example, allergic diseases). Our study suggests a potential avenue for hypothesis-free re-investigation of human diseases through genetics.
291 citations
National Research Council1, University of Twente2, Nottingham Trent University3, Leibniz Association4, University of Piraeus5, Luleå University of Technology6, University of the Basque Country7, Technical University of Madrid8, University of Trento9, Frederick University10, Budapest University of Technology and Economics11, Umeå University12, University of Tartu13, Queen's University Belfast14, Trinity College, Dublin15, Kyushu University16, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic17, Aalborg University18, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne19, Philippine Institute for Development Studies20, Newcastle University21
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comparative analysis of the mitigation targets of 327 European cities, as declared in their local climate plans, and analyze whether the type of plan, city size, membership of climate networks, and its regional location are associated with different levels of mitigation ambition.
Abstract: Cities across the globe recognise their role in climate mitigation and are acting to reduce carbon emissions. Knowing whether cities set ambitious climate and energy targets is critical for determining their contribution towards the global 1.5 °C target, partly because it helps to identify areas where further action is necessary. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the mitigation targets of 327 European cities, as declared in their local climate plans. The sample encompasses over 25% of the EU population and includes cities of all sizes across all Member States, plus the UK. The study analyses whether the type of plan, city size, membership of climate networks, and its regional location are associated with different levels of mitigation ambition. Results reveal that 78% of the cities have a GHG emissions reduction target. However, with an average target of 47%, European cities are not on track to reach the Paris Agreement: they need to roughly double their ambitions and efforts. Some cities are ambitious, e.g. 25% of our sample (81) aim to reach carbon neutrality, with the earliest target date being 2020.90% of these cities are members of the Climate Alliance and 75% of the Covenant of Mayors. City size is the strongest predictor for carbon neutrality, whilst climate network(s) membership, combining adaptation and mitigation into a single strategy, and local motivation also play a role. The methods, data, results and analysis of this study can serve as a reference and baseline for tracking climate mitigation ambitions across European and global cities.
227 citations
TL;DR: A taxonomy is proposed and outline the four families in time series data augmentation, including transformation-based methods, pattern mixing, generative models, and decomposition methods, and their application to time series classification with neural networks.
Abstract: In recent times, deep artificial neural networks have achieved many successes in pattern recognition. Part of this success can be attributed to the reliance on big data to increase generalization. However, in the field of time series recognition, many datasets are often very small. One method of addressing this problem is through the use of data augmentation. In this paper, we survey data augmentation techniques for time series and their application to time series classification with neural networks. We propose a taxonomy and outline the four families in time series data augmentation, including transformation-based methods, pattern mixing, generative models, and decomposition methods. Furthermore, we empirically evaluate 12 time series data augmentation methods on 128 time series classification datasets with six different types of neural networks. Through the results, we are able to analyze the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and recommendations of each data augmentation method. This survey aims to help in the selection of time series data augmentation for neural network applications.
198 citations
TL;DR: About 98% of volume reduction was obtained by burning the Cs adsorbed charcoal, which ensured safe storage and disposal of radioactive waste, and can offer a guideline to produce a functional adsorbent for effective Cs removal and safe radioactive waste disposal.
TL;DR: The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate immune cells, which are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma, called microglia, or at the CNS interfaces, such as leptomeningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophage as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate immune cells These are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma, called microglia, or at the CNS interfaces, such as leptomeningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages While they were primarily thought of as phagocytes, their function extends well beyond simple removal of cell debris during development and diseases Brain-resident innate immune cells were found to be plastic, long-lived, and host to an outstanding number of risk genes for multiple pathologies As a result, they are now considered the most suitable targets for modulating CNS diseases Additionally, recent single-cell technologies enhanced our molecular understanding of their origins, fates, interactomes, and functional cell statesduring health and perturbation Here, we review the current state of our understanding and challenges of the myeloid cell biology in the CNS and treatment options for related diseases
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified glutaminase 1 (GLS1) as an essential gene for the survival of human senescent cells and showed that inhibition of GLS1-dependent glutaminolysis in aged mice eliminated the cells specifically and ameliorated age-associated organ dysfunction.
Abstract: Removal of senescent cells (senolysis) has been proposed to be beneficial for improving age-associated pathologies, but the molecular pathways for such senolytic activity have not yet emerged. Here, we identified glutaminase 1 (GLS1) as an essential gene for the survival of human senescent cells. The intracellular pH in senescent cells was lowered by lysosomal membrane damage, and this lowered pH induced kidney-type glutaminase (KGA) expression. The resulting enhanced glutaminolysis induced ammonia production, which neutralized the lower pH and improved survival of the senescent cells. Inhibition of KGA-dependent glutaminolysis in aged mice eliminated senescent cells specifically and ameliorated age-associated organ dysfunction. Our results suggest that senescent cells rely on glutaminolysis, and its inhibition offers a promising strategy for inducing senolysis in vivo.
University of Pennsylvania1, Royal Melbourne Hospital2, Medical University of Vienna3, University of Kansas4, Oslo University Hospital5, Emory University6, Ohio State University7, University of Chicago8, University of California, San Francisco9, McMaster University10, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center11, Université de Montréal12, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital13, University of Würzburg14, Karolinska Institutet15, Hokkaido University16, University of Minnesota17, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital18, University of Amsterdam19, University of Michigan20, Johns Hopkins University21, Kyushu University22, University of Milan23, Novartis24, Oregon Health & Science University25
TL;DR: Tisagenlecleucel showed durable activity and manageable safety profiles in adult patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas in the pivotal JULIET trial.
Abstract: Summary Background In the primary analysis of the pivotal JULIET trial of tisagenlecleucel, an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, the best overall response rate was 52% and the complete response rate was 40% in 93 evaluable adult patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas. We aimed to do a long-term follow-up analysis of the clinical outcomes and correlative analyses of activity and safety in the full adult cohort. Methods In this multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial (JULIET) done at 27 treatment sites in ten countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, and the USA), adult patients (≥18 years) with histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas who were ineligible for, did not consent to, or had disease progression after autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0–1 at screening, were enrolled. Patients received a single intravenous infusion of tisagenlecleucel (target dose 5 × 108 viable transduced CAR T cells). The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ie, the proportion of patients with a best overall disease response of a complete response or partial response using the Lugano classification, as assessed by an independent review committee) at any time post-infusion and was analysed in all patients who received tisagenlecleucel (the full analysis set). Safety was analysed in all patients who received tisagenlecleucel. JULIET is registered with ClinialTrials.gov , NCT02445248 , and is ongoing. Findings Between July 29, 2015, and Nov 2, 2017, 167 patients were enrolled. As of Feb 20, 2020, 115 patients had received tisagenlecleucel infusion and were included in the full analysis set. At a median follow-up of 40·3 months (IQR 37·8–43·8), the overall response rate was 53·0% (95% CI 43·5–62·4; 61 of 115 patients), with 45 (39%) patients having a complete response as their best overall response. The most common grade 3–4 adverse events were anaemia (45 [39%]), decreased neutrophil count (39 [34%]), decreased white blood cell count (37 [32%]), decreased platelet count (32 [28%]), cytokine release syndrome (26 [23%]), neutropenia (23 [20%]), febrile neutropenia (19 [17%]), hypophosphataemia (15 [13%]), and thrombocytopenia (14 [12%]). The most common treatment-related serious adverse events were cytokine release syndrome (31 [27%]), febrile neutropenia (seven [6%]), pyrexia (six [5%]), pancytopenia (three [3%]), and pneumonia (three [3%]). No treatment-related deaths were reported. Interpretation Tisagenlecleucel shows durable activity and manageable safety profiles in adult patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas. For patients with large B-cell lymphomas that are refractory to chemoimmunotherapy or relapsing after second-line therapies, tisagenlecleucel compares favourably with respect to risk–benefit relative to conventional therapeutic approaches (eg, salvage chemotherapy). Funding Novartis Pharmaceuticals.
TL;DR: KAGRA as discussed by the authors is a newly built gravitational-wave telescope, a laser interferometer comprising arms with a length of 3 km, located in Kamioka, Gifu, Japan.
Abstract: KAGRA is a newly built gravitational-wave telescope, a laser interferometer comprising arms with a length of 3\,km, located in Kamioka, Gifu, Japan. KAGRA was constructed under the ground and it is operated using cryogenic mirrors that help in reducing the seismic and thermal noise. Both technologies are expected to provide directions for the future of gravitational-wave telescopes. In 2019, KAGRA finished all installations with the designed configuration, which we call the baseline KAGRA. In this occasion, we present an overview of the baseline KAGRA from various viewpoints in a series of of articles. In this article, we introduce the design configurations of KAGRA with its historical background.
TL;DR: In this article, the ATLAS particle-flow reconstruction method is used to reconstruct the topo-clusters of the proton-proton collision data with a center-of-mass energy of 13$ TeV collected by the LHC.
Abstract: Jet energy scale and resolution measurements with their associated uncertainties are reported for jets using 36-81 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data with a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed using two different input types: topo-clusters formed from energy deposits in calorimeter cells, as well as an algorithmic combination of charged-particle tracks with those topo-clusters, referred to as the ATLAS particle-flow reconstruction method. The anti-$k_t$ jet algorithm with radius parameter $R=0.4$ is the primary jet definition used for both jet types. Jets are initially calibrated using a sequence of simulation-based corrections. Next, several $\textit{in situ}$ techniques are employed to correct for differences between data and simulation and to measure the resolution of jets. The systematic uncertainties in the jet energy scale for central jets ($|\eta| 2.5$ TeV). The relative jet energy resolution is measured and ranges from ($24 \pm 1.5$)% at 20 GeV to ($6 \pm 0.5$)% at 300 GeV.
TL;DR: In this article, the most desirable properties of high-efficiency MOFs based adsorbents were revealed and the knowledge gaps were also scrutinized and future directions and perspectives for new experimental design.
TL;DR: This article proposed that active learner engagement is a key concern for all instructed learners in Language Teaching Research (LTR) programs, and proposed an approach to encourage active learners in language teaching.
Abstract: At the turn of the new millennium, in an article published in Language Teaching Research in 2000, Dornyei and Kormos proposed that ‘active learner engagement is a key concern’ for all instructed la...
TL;DR: The design of RELab tenoexo is presented; a fully wearable assistive soft hand exoskeleton for daily activities; sleek mechanisms for a hand module that generates the four most frequently used grasp types, employing a remote actuation system that reduces weight on the hand.
Abstract: Worldwide, over 50 million people suffer from persistent hand impairments after stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI). This results in major loss of independence and quality of life. Robotic hand exoskeletons can compensate for lost motor function and assist in grasping tasks performed in everyday activities. Several recent prototypes can partially provide this assistance. However, it remains challenging to integrate the dexterity required for daily tasks in a safe and user-friendly design that is acceptable for daily use in subjects with neuromotor hand impairments. We present the design of RELab tenoexo; a fully wearable assistive soft hand exoskeleton for daily activities. We present sleek mechanisms for a hand module that generates the four most frequently used grasp types, employing a remote actuation system that reduces weight on the hand. For optimal assistance and highest adaptability, we present various design and control options to customize the modular device, along with an automated tailoring algorithm that allows automatically generated hand modules for individual users. Mechanical evaluation shows that RELab tenoexo covers the range of motion and the fingertip forces required to assist users in up to 80% of all grasping activities. In user tests, we find that the low weight, unintrusive size, high wearing comfort, and appealing appearance are beneficial for user acceptance and usability in daily life. Finally, we demonstrate that RELab tenoexo leads to an immediate improvement of the functional grasping ability in a subject with SCI.
10 Jun 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors harmonize worldwide litter-type inventories across seven major aquatic environments and find that a set of plastic items from take-out food and beverages largely dominate global litter, followed by those resulting from fishing activities.
Abstract: The surge of research on marine litter is generating important information on its inputs, distribution and impacts, but data on the nature and origin of the litter remain scattered. Here, we harmonize worldwide litter-type inventories across seven major aquatic environments and find that a set of plastic items from take-out food and beverages largely dominates global litter, followed by those resulting from fishing activities. Compositional differences between environments point to a trend for litter to be trapped in nearshore areas so that land-sourced plastic is released to the open ocean, predominantly as small plastic fragments. The world differences in the composition of the nearshore litter sink reflected socioeconomic drivers, with a reduced relative weight of single-use items in high-income countries. Overall, this study helps inform urgently needed actions to manage the production, use and fate of the most polluting human-made items on our planet, but the challenge remains substantial. Data on marine litter are scattered. Harmonizing worldwide aquatic litter inventories, this study finds global litter dominated by plastics from take-out food, followed by fishing, with litter being trapped in nearshore areas and land-sourced plastic reaching the open ocean mostly as small fragments.
TL;DR: These risk maps in agricultural soils may play a vital role in reducing pollution sources; so that zonal pollution control, as well as ecological protection, may be achieved in this resource-based agricultural land.
TL;DR: The extent to which they can promote environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth, green patent registrations, green bond issuances, green foreign direct investment, and environmental, social, and governance information disclosures stands to impact on their shifts to sustainable growth paradigms.
Abstract: Green innovation and green finance are two key components of sustainable development. In the most populous, fastest‐growing region in the world, Asian countries are pressed to maintain economic growth while addressing climate change and environmental externalities. Japan, South Korea, and China have each implemented policies to promote green innovation and finance conducive to such ends. While each country possesses unique capabilities, the extent to which they can promote environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth, green patent registrations, green bond issuances, green foreign direct investment, and environmental, social, and governance information disclosures stands to impact on their shifts to sustainable growth paradigms.
Saleh Abdalla1, Abdolnabi Abdeh Kolahchi, Michael Ablain, Susheel Adusumilli2 +357 more•Institutions (88)
TL;DR: In 2018, the 25th year of development of radar altimetry was celebrated and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that the strategic introduction of electron-withdrawing imine and electron-donating amine moieties into a versatile boron-embedded 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene skeleton enables systematic hypsochromic and bathochromic shifts of narrowband emissions, respectively.
Abstract: Establishing a simple and versatile design strategy to finely modulate emission colors while retaining high luminescence efficiency and color purity remains an appealing yet challenging task for the development of multi-resonance-induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials. Herein, we demonstrate that the strategic introduction of electron-withdrawing imine and electron-donating amine moieties into a versatile boron-embedded 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene skeleton enables systematic hypsochromic and bathochromic shifts of narrowband emissions, respectively. By this method, effective electroluminescence color tuning was accomplished over a wide visible range from deep-blue to yellow (461-571 nm), using the same MR molecular system, without compromising very narrow spectral features. Deep-blue to yellow organic light-emitting diodes with maximum external quantum efficiencies as high as 19.0-29.2 % and superb color purity could be produced with this family of color-tunable MR-TADF emitters.
TL;DR: This review discusses the contributions of gold catalysis, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, to the field of materials science, and investigates the synthesis of polymers, including nanowires and polyesters, the postcyclization ofpolymers, polymerization by cyclopropanation, and gold-catalyzed radical polymerization reactions.
Abstract: Often stoichiometric amounts of gold find use in materials science; occasionally gold is even used as a support. This review discusses the contributions of gold catalysis, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, to the field of materials science. One topic is the synthesis of polymers, including nanowires and polyesters, the postcyclization of polymers, polymerization by cyclopropanation, and gold-catalyzed radical polymerization reactions. Other topics are dyes, phosphonium salts, and a wide range of extended conjugated π-systems, the latter ranging from acenes, pentalene derivatives, and different heterocyclic π-systems to fascinating applications in the synthesis of helical anellated aromatic molecules. The existing contributions clearly demonstrate the potential of gold catalysis for significant future impulses for the field of materials science.
TL;DR: In this article, a nanographitic fused-nonacyclic π-system (BSBS-N1) was developed as a new multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitter.
Abstract: Developing organic luminophores with unique capability of strong narrowband emission is both crucial and challenging for the further advancement of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Herein, a nanographitic fused-nonacyclic π-system (BSBS-N1), which was strategically embedded with multiple boron, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms, was developed as a new multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitter. Narrowband sky-blue emission with a peak at 478 nm, full width at half maximum of 24 nm, and photoluminescence quantum yield of 89 % was obtained with BSBS-N1. Additionally, the spin-orbit coupling was enhanced by incorporating two sulfur atoms, thereby facilitating the spin-flipping process between the excited triplet and singlet states. OLEDs based on BSBS-N1 as a sky-blue MR-TADF emitter achieved a high maximum external electroluminescence quantum efficiency of 21.0 %, with improved efficiency roll-off.
Tokyo University of Science1, National Institutes of Health2, University of Tokyo3, Kyushu University4, University of Tsukuba5, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology6, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology7, Nara Institute of Science and Technology8, Hokkaido University9, Indiana University10, University of Oxford11
TL;DR: In this article, a panel of already approved drugs in a cell culture model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and identified two new agents having higher antiviral potentials than the drug candidates such as remdesivir and chroloquine in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells: the anti-inflammatory drug cepharanthine and human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor nelfinavir.
University of South Dakota1, Dordt College2, University of Cambridge3, Brigham and Women's Hospital4, Harvard University5, Johns Hopkins University6, The George Institute for Global Health7, Cancer Council Victoria8, Taipei Veterans General Hospital9, Kyushu University10, Wageningen University and Research Centre11, Karolinska Institutet12, University of Eastern Finland13, University of British Columbia14, University of Bordeaux15, Baylor College of Medicine16, Tufts University17, Public Health Research Institute18, National Taiwan University19, University of Melbourne20, RMIT University21, Ohio State University22, Imperial College London23, Laval University24, University of Ottawa25, University of Washington26, Uppsala University27, University of Iowa28, University of California, San Diego29, University of Tennessee Health Science Center30, University of Minnesota31, New York Academy of Medicine32
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a de novo pooled analysis conducted with data from 17 prospective cohort studies examined the associations between blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk for all-cause mortality.
Abstract: The health effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been controversial. Here we report the results of a de novo pooled analysis conducted with data from 17 prospective cohort studies examining the associations between blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk for all-cause mortality. Over a median of 16 years of follow-up, 15,720 deaths occurred among 42,466 individuals. We found that, after multivariable adjustment for relevant risk factors, risk for death from all causes was significantly lower (by 15–18%, at least p < 0.003) in the highest vs the lowest quintile for circulating long chain (20–22 carbon) omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids). Similar relationships were seen for death from cardiovascular disease, cancer and other causes. No associations were seen with the 18-carbon omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid. These findings suggest that higher circulating levels of marine n-3 PUFA are associated with a lower risk of premature death. Associations between of omega-3 fatty acids and mortality are not clear. Here the authors report that, based on a pooled analysis of 17 prospective cohort studies, higher blood omega-3 fatty acid levels correlate with lower risk of all-cause mortality.
TL;DR: In this paper, the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large b-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) showed inferior survival with standard rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubici...
Abstract: PURPOSEPatients with the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) historically showed inferior survival with standard rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubici...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate a highly efficient NIR emitter with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and its application to NIR-OLEDs.
Abstract: Near-IR organic light-emitting diodes (NIR-OLEDs) are potential light-sources for various sensing applications as OLEDs have unique features such as ultra-flexibility and low-cost fabrication. However, the low external electroluminescence (EL) quantum efficiency (EQE) of NIR-OLEDs is a critical obstacle for potential applications. Here, we demonstrate a highly efficient NIR emitter with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and its application to NIR-OLEDs. The NIR-TADF emitter, TPA-PZTCN, has a high photoluminescence quantum yield of over 40 % with a peak wavelength at 729 nm even in a highly doped co-deposited film. The EL peak wavelength of the NIR-OLED is 734 nm with an EQE of 13.4 %, unprecedented among rare-metal-free NIR-OLEDs in this spectral range. TPA-PZTCN can sensitize a deeper NIR fluorophore to achieve a peak wavelength of approximately 900 nm, resulting in an EQE of over 1 % in a TADF-sensitized NIR-OLED with high operational device durability (LT95 >600 h.).