scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "La Trobe University published in 1980"


Journal ArticleDOI

217 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental data, primarily from studies on the rat, in support of the chronometric approach, include the reinstatement of cyclic feeding patterns after food deprivation; the continuation of circadian pattern of wheel running and nocturnal drinking during food deprivation.

178 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Understanding of the nature and function of specific genes determining the genetic component of continuous variation is still poorly understood forms a major problem for the unravelling of underlying evolutionary strategies controlling such variation in natural populations.
Abstract: Phenotypic variation is continuous in the vast majority of assayable situations, in spite of the impression gained from classical genetic and, more recently, electrophoretic studies stressing discontinuities. Even alleles that are effectively discrete at the molecular level contribute to quantitative variation at “higher” phenotypic levels. Because there has been strong emphasis upon the study of one or a few loci where allelic substitutions have easily measurable effects, it is not surprising that our understanding of the nature and function of specific genes determining the genetic component of continuous variation is still poorly understood (Thompson and Thoday, 1979). This forms a major problem for our unravelling of underlying evolutionary strategies controlling such variation in natural populations.

97 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
Ian R. Bock1
TL;DR: The Drosphila melanogaster species‐group, established by Sturtevant (1942) for fourteen species, is now known to contain 115 described species here divided into twelve named subgroups (including one newly proposed), as well as further undescribed species.
Abstract: . The Drosphila melanogaster species-group, established by Sturtevant (1942) for fourteen species, is now known to contain 115 described species here divided into twelve named subgroups (including one newly proposed), as well as further undescribed species. Three of the species, melanogaster, simulans and ananassae, are cosmopolitan; two others, kikkawai and malerkotliana, are widespread in the southern hemisphere, the latter apparently a recent introduction to South America. The greatest numbers of species otherwise occur in the Oriental region with smaller numbers in the Ethiopian, eastern Palaearctic and Australian regions and in several islands of the South Pacific. D.rajasekari and D.raychaudhurii are synonymized with D.biamipes;also D.andamanensis Parshad & Singh is synonymized with D.andamanensis Gupta & Raychaudhuri.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that increased [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding in the chick forebrain is a correlate of the early phases of memory fixation.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aspects of the biology of C. minitans and its potential for control of S. sclerotiorum were investigated, with results believed to have resulted from low temperatures and dry conditions.
Abstract: Aspects of the biology of C. minitans and its potential for control of S. sclerotiorum were investigated. Temperatures below 7°C resulted in comparatively slow rates of germination and infection of sclerotia by C. minitans. The optimum temperature for germination, growth, infection of sclerotia, and destructive parasitism by C. minitans was 20°C. The optimum relative humidity for germination, growth and infection by C. minitans was above 95%. Autumn inoculations with suspensions of conidia, pycnidia and mycelium of C. minitans in the field resulted in negligible numbers of sclerotia remaining viable after 1 month. With culture-grown sclerotia 2 months were required for a similar reduction of sclerotial viability. In the absence of C. minitans mulching had no significant effect on sclerotial viability. In the presence of C. minitans mulching did, however, influence the viability and infection by C. minitans of culture-grown sclerotia. Populations of field sclerotia also differed from culture-grown sclerotia in that they harboured an internal population of microorganisms, which included C. minitans, and had a lower level of viability at the commencement of the treatments. A winter application of C. minitans did not result in significant infection of sclerotia nor in a reduction in viability of sclerotia. This failure is believed to have resulted from low temperatures and dry conditions.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that group SST produces faster improvement in social skills and equivalent reduction in alcohol consumption than individually trained subjects, and that S ST produces significantly larger reduction of alcohol consumption and bigger improvement inSocial Skills Training than TST procedures, whether subjects are treated in a group or individually.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the 13C NMR spectra of eight triterpenes are recorded and all carbon shifts have been assigned, and the data are in agreement with the structures assigned to the rare lupanediol, lup-20(29)-ene-3α,23-diol, and other lupane triterbenes isolated from the Sri Lankan Glochidion species (Euphorbiaceae).
Abstract: The 13C NMR spectra of eight triterpenes are recorded and all carbon shifts have been assigned. The data are in agreement with the structures assigned to the rare lupanediol, lup-20(29)-ene-3α,23-diol, and other lupane triterpenes isolated from the Sri Lankan Glochidion species (Euphorbiaceae). The 13C NMR data of some triterpenes, aleuritolic acid derivatives and taraxerane derivatives are compared.

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concern of this paper will be with what privacy is, what is its domain, whether there is a right to privacy, and, if so, whether it is an ultimate, basic, albeit, a prima facie right, or simply a conditional right.
Abstract: The right to privacy is one of the rights most widely demanded today. Privacy has not always so been demanded. The reasons for the present concern for privacy are complex and obscure. They obviously relate both to the possibilities for very considerable enjoyment of privacy by the bulk of people living in affluent societies brought about by twentieth-century affluence, and to the development of very efficient methods of thoroughly and systematically invading this newly found privacy. However, interesting and important as it is as a socio-philosophical inquiry, the concern of this paper is not with why privacy has come to be so highly prized, but rather with whether it is rightly prized, and if so, when and why. This means that my concern will be with what privacy is, what is its domain, whether there is a right to privacy, and, if so, whether it is an ultimate, basic, albeit, a prima facie right, or simply a conditional right.

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, materials balance calculations on amphibolite and granulite facies from the Adirondack region and from some areas of New Quebec demonstrate that the rocks of the two facies differ by near granite-minimum melt compositions.
Abstract: Materials balance calculations on amphibolite facies and granulite facies rocks from the Adirondack region and from some areas of New Quebec demonstrate that the rocks of the two facies differ by near granite-minimum melt compositions. The implication of these results are; granulites of both regions result from partial melting of greywacke-type metasedimentary rocks during upper amphibolite facies metamorphism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To date, no convincing empirical evidence exists for a link mechanism between the brain catecholamine system and the adrenocortical system following aversive learning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fluorochrome ethidium bromide combines with double-stranded DNA and fluoresces when excited by u.v. radiation to create EB, which strongly stained all eucaryotic and procaryotic cell types tested.
Abstract: The fluorochrome ethidium bromide (EB) combines with double-stranded DNA and fluoresces when excited by u.v. radiation. When applied at aqueous concentrations ranging from 2 mg l−1 to Ig l−1 EB strongly stained all eucaryotic and procaryotic cell types tested. It concentrated preferentially in procaryotic cells containing DNA and in the nucleus and other cytoplasmic components of eucaryotic cells. It did not stain cell walls or inert materials, e.g. clay and sand, as intensely as material containing nucleic acid. Potential applications for EB as a stain include the detection of plant root nuclei and the examination of bacteria and fungi in soil and mud preparations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Determination of the molecular weight of the purified enzyme by centrifugation and by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that the enzyme from rat liver is a trimer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data indicate that the environmental conditions necessary in the acquisition phase are also required to maintain intake of THC 12.5 microgram/kg/infusion.
Abstract: Previous findings have shown that naive rats self-inject IV Δ9-THC 12.5 μg/kg/infusion in the presence of a FT-1 non contingent food delivery schedule. In the present study the effects of three different body weight levels, 80%, 90% and 100%, with and without a FT-1 food delivery schedule, were examined on the THC self-injection behavior. Results confirmed that 80% body weight plus the FT-1 schedule condition leads to the highest intake of THC. In a further experiment, naive rats acquired THC self-injection at 80% body weight with a FT-1 schedule. Rats were then allowed to regain body weight to their free feeding level and were tested again in the same basic paradigm. Animals recovering body weight did not maintain the self-injection rates. The data indicate that the environmental conditions necessary in the acquisition phase are also required to maintain intake of THC 12.5 μg/kg/infusion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Groups of male rats totally food deprived for periods up to 96 hr, water ad lib do not totally regain body weight lost through deprivation, but in contrast to food deprived groups, water deprived groups accurately defend body weight.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The utilization of a diversity of resources is a feature of populations tending somewhat towards a K-strategy; this is emphasized by the relative heterogeneity among isofemale strains of these populations for desiccation resistance and to a lesser extent development times.
Abstract: Adult tolerance of ethanol vapour in a closed system containing 12% ethanol in solution, decreases in a cline from southern to northern Australia. However a Darwin population is more tolerant than predicted from its latitude. Ethanol tolerance races in Australia have almost certainly evolved within the last 100-150 years, because of resource unavailability prior to that time. Within populations, variation among isofemale strains is lowest in the climatically extreme southern Melbourne (37°S) and northern Darwin and Melville I. (11-12°S) populations. This suggests low resource diversity within extreme populations compared with the climatically less extreme Brisbane (28°S) and especially Townsville (19°S) populations. For desiccation resistance, the population rankings are: Darwin Melbourne > Townsville > Brisbane Melville I. and for development time, rankings are similar: Darwin Melbourne < Townsville < Brisbane Melville I.Therefore resource utilization heterogeneity is greatest in populations not greatly stressed by desiccation and where development times are extended. In total therefore, the utilization of a diversity of resources is a feature of populations tending somewhat towards a K-strategy; this is emphasized by the relative heterogeneity among isofemale strains of these populations for desiccation resistance and to a lesser extent development times.The D. melanogaster gene pool can be viewed as made up of climate-associated races. Since the ethanol tolerances of adjacent (and climatically similar) Darwin and Melville I. are very different, resource utilization races may occur within climatic races. Such a mosaic of resource utilization races are more likely in climatically extreme than in optimal habitats.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that secondary school students' attitudes toward reading may be conceptualized multi-dimensionally as consisting of Individual Development, Utilitarian, and Enjoyment factors and describe the development of self-report scales designed to measure each of these dimensions of reading attitude.
Abstract: Argues that secondary school students' attitudes toward reading may be conceptualized multi-dimensionally as consisting of Individual Development, Utilitarian, and Enjoyment factors. Describes the development of self-report scales designed to measure each of these dimensions of reading attitude. Factor analyses showed the dimensions to be distinguishable empirically one from the other. The three scales were found to be internally consistent (a = .69-.92) and stable (a = .72-.90). Concurrent validity data based on peer ratings are also provided. Implica- tions for pedagogical and research issues arising from this conceptualization of at- titude toward reading are also discussed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review points to the need for simple procedures by which to estimate the probability of decision errors and the literature in which a threshold loss function is employed can be further subdivided.
Abstract: A criterion-referenced test can be viewed as testing either a continuous or a binary variable, and the scores on a test can be used as measurements of the variable or to make decisions (e.g., pass or fail). Recent work on the reliability of criterion-refer enced tests has focused on the use of scores from tests of continuous variables for decision-making purposes. This work can be categorized according to type of loss function—threshold, linear, or quad ratic. It is the loss function that is used either ex plicitly or implicitly to evaluate the goodness of the decisions that are made on the basis of the test scores. The literature in which a threshold loss function is employed can be further subdivided ac cording to whether the goodness of decisions is as sessed as the probability of making an erroneous decision or as a measure of the consistency of deci sions over repeated testing occasions. This review points to the need for simple procedures by which to estimate the probability of decision errors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activities, electrophoretic phenotypes, and the extent of ethanol resource utilization are compared for three groups of species distinguishable on ecological criteria: the cosmopolitan species D. melanogaster, a frequent inhabitant of wineries; fruit‐baited species of the typically Australian subgenus Scaptodrosophila; and species not attracted to fermented‐fruit baits being collected by sweeping in temperate rain forests.
Abstract: Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activities, electrophoretic phenotypes, and the extent of ethanol resource utilization are compared for three groups of species distinguishable on ecological criteria: 1) the cosmopolitan species D. melanogaster, a frequent inhabitant of wineries; 2) fruit-baited species of the typically Australian subgenus Scaptodrosophila: D. lativittata, D. nitidithorax and D. howensis; and 3) Scaptodrosophila species not attracted to fermented-fruit baits being collected by sweeping in temperate rain forests (D. inornata, D. collessi) or from Hibiscus flowers (D. hibisci). D. melanogaster showed the highest levels of ADH activity and an electrophoretic polymorphism with two active allelic forms, while group 2) species showed intermediate ADH activities and polymorphisms, which were consistent with "high activity" and "low activity" allelic forms in natural populations of these species, and group 3) species showed only "low activity" forms. Ethanol resource utilization follows the same sequence, being 1 greater than 2 greater than 3 (D. howensis and D. collessi were not tested). Therefore the species considered show an association of ADH biochemical phenotype, laboratory ethanol utilization, and resources utilized.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experiment 2 showed that the high rate of self-injection was due to the interaction of pharmacological properties of opiates and environmetal variables rather than to a general increase in activity arising from the deprivation state or the effects of the schedule.
Abstract: Experiment 1 reported the effects of the interaction of a fixed 1 min delivery schedule and body weight, using schedule-induced self-injection paradigm, in the rate of acquisition of methadone and heroin. Eighty-one rats were assigned to 100% and 80% reduced body weight conditions with and without a schedule. The findings show that: (a) voluntary heroin and methadone intake was enhanced when a schedule was introduced to animals at 80% but not at 100% body weight; (b) high intake of heroin and methadone was accompanied by increased levels of plasma 11-OHCS. Experiment 2 showed that the high rate of self-injection was due to the interaction of pharmacological properties of opiates and environmetal variables rather than to a general increase in activity arising from the deprivation state or the effects of the schedule. The results are discussed in terms of a stress factor arising from an interaction between environmental and pharmacological factors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Memory formation for a single-trial passive avoidance task in day-old chicks was inhibited by intracranial administration of potassium chloride, ouabain, or cycloheximide when the chicks were trained in pairs, and it was suggested that the counteractive effect of isolation on cyclo Heximide-induced amnesia was due to isolation extending some phase of memory preceding the cyclo heximidesensitive protein synthesis-dependent phase.

Journal ArticleDOI
David Kiefer1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed an optimal control model of the housing life cycle and extended this model to incorporate housing codes and rent control with respect to the goal of encouraging housing stability and thus neighbourhood stability.
Abstract: The life cycle of a dwelling unit is a succession of tenants, generally proceeding to lower-income groups, and a sequence of quality levels, generally ending in a dilapidated state. The process of tenant turnover mirrors a neighbourhood turnover process which is identified as contributing to antagonism between social classes. The paper develops an optimal control model of the housing life cycle and extends this model to incorporate housing codes and rent control. The efficacy of these two popular policy instruments is investigated with respect to the goal of encouraging housing stability and thus neighbourhood stability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between the stereochemistry about the tin atom and the corresponding quadropole splitting value is examined and the extension to the use of Mossbauer spectroscopy to determine the binding of organotins in more complex biochemical systems is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is a latitudinal cline in attraction to ethanol of newly hatched D. melanogaster larvae; attraction decreases as one moves from the temperate regions to the Australian tropics, making tropical populations less dependent on ethanol.
Abstract: There is a latitudinal cline in attraction to ethanol of newly hatchedD. melanogaster larvae; attraction decreases as one moves from the temperate regions to the Australian tropics. Tropical populations manifest high levels of heterogeneity compared with temperate regions, making tropical populations less dependent on ethanol. Since ethanol is a resource forD. melanogaster, an approach to the genetics of resource utilization in natural populations via behavior genetics of larval ethanol responses is feasible, using isofemale strains as experimental material.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the feasibility of a tax-wage bargain in Australia designed to increase employment without generating excess product demand while government expenditure is held constant, and the question is whether product demand would expand more or less than potential supply.
Abstract: This paper examines the feasibility of a tax-wage bargain in Australia designed to increase employment without generating excess product demand while government expenditure. investment and the balance of trade are held constant. It is assumed that tax cuts would lower pre-tax real wages while keeping post-tax real wages constant, and that the lower wage costs would increase potential output and employment along neoclassical lines. The question is whether product demand would expand more or less than potential supply. Estimates from the ORANI model of the IMPACT project are used to obtain a relationship between real wage costs and potential output.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A Ca2-induced Ca2+ release mechanism of physiological importance was found to operate in all arthropod muscle fibres investigated and suggested that Sr2+ competes with Ca2+.
Abstract: Mechanically skinned skeletal muscle fibres of three crustaceans (barnacle, crayfish and crab) and two insects (cockroach and cricket) were activated in Ca2+- and Sr2+-buffered solutions of different concentrations and the isometric force response was determined. The maximum force response induced by Sr2+ (P0Sr) was only 0-10% of that induced by Ca2+ (P0Ca) in all crustacean muscles, but approached 90% in insects. Experiments on barnacle muscle fibres activated simultaneously by Ca2+ and Sr2+ suggested that Sr2+ competes with Ca2+ for binding onto the regulatory sites without, however, being able to turn all of them 'on' as efficiently as Ca2+. Interestingly, the ratio P0Sr/P0Ca and the sensitivity for both Sr2+ and Ca2+ increased substantially after 4-6 h following the dissection of the animals in most intact decapod muscle fibres and after 24 h in most barnacle muscle fibres. The steepness of the activation curves for both Ca2+ and Sr2+ was similar for each muscle regardless of the age of the fibre and implied that more than 2 Ca2+ (2 Sr2+) were involved in the activation process of each muscle. A Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release mechanism of physiological importance was found to operate in all arthropod muscle fibres investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the introduction of early closing of hotel bars in Australia is discussed, with a focus on the six o'clock swill, which is a classic Australian drink.
Abstract: (1980). ‘Six o'clock swill’: The introduction of early closing of hotel bars in Australia. Historical Studies: Vol. 19, No. 75, pp. 250-266.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Bacteria are traditionally considered to be genetically haploid,* and their DNA content per cell is much less than that of “typical” eucaryotic cells, yet procaryotes have enjoyed extraordinary evolutionary success, to the point where the range of ecological niches they occupy defines the limits of biological habitability on Earth.
Abstract: Bacteria are traditionally considered to be genetically haploid,* and their DNA content per cell is much less than that of “typical” eucaryotic cells (Sparrow et al., 1972). Superficially, these features would appear to restrict their adaptive flexibility, yet procaryotes have enjoyed extraordinary evolutionary success, to the point where the range of ecological niches they (rather than the eucaryotes) occupy defines the limits of biological habitability on Earth.