Showing papers by "Ladoke Akintola University of Technology published in 2003"

Levels and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils of Industrial Southern Nigeria

Abstract: A knowledge of the total content of trace metals is not enoughto fully assess the environmental impact of polluted soils. Forthis reason, the determination of metal species in solution isimportant to evaluate their behaviour in the environment andtheir mobilization capacity. Sequential extraction procedure wasused to speciate five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn) fromfour contaminated soils of Southern Nigeria into sixoperationally defined geochemical species: water soluble,enchangeable, carbonates, Fe-Mn oxide, organic and residual.Metal recoveries were within ± 10% of the independentlydetermined total Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations. The highest amount of Cd (avg. 30%) in the nonresidual fractionswas found in the exchangeable fraction, while Cu and Zn weresignificantly associated with the organic fraction. Thecarbonate fraction contained on average 14, 18.6, 12.6, 13 and11% and the residual fraction contained on average 47, 18, 33,50 and 25% of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn respectively. Assuming thatmobility and bioavailability of these metals are related to thesolubility of the geochemical form of the metals, and that theydecrease in the order of extraction sequence, the apparentmobility and potential bioavailability for these five metals inthe soil were: Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The mobility indexes ofcopper and nickel correlated positively and significantly withthe total content of metals, while mobility indexes of cadmiumand zinc correlated negatively and significantly with the totalcontent of metals.

Chemical composition of the leaf volatile oil of Psidium guajava L. growing in Nigeria

Abstract: The composition of the volatile oil obtained from the hydrodistillation of the leaves of Psidium guajava L, growing in Nigeria, was studied by GC–MS Forty-two compounds, representing more than 90% of the volatile mixture, were identified The significant compounds were limonene (421%) and β-caryophyllene (213%) Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from the Leaves of Three Eucalyptus Species Growing In Nigeria

Abstract: The leaf oils of Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell., Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden were analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. The dominant compounds were 1, 8-cineole (53.8%) in E.microtheca, α-pinene (21.4% and 30.4%) in E. tereticornis and E. grandis, respectively, and β-pinene (39.4%) in E.tereticornis. The absence of 1,8-cineole in the oils of E. tereticornis and E.grandis is peculiar.

Study of atmospheric pollution levels by trace elements analysis of tree bark and leaves

Abstract: The concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, and Mn in leaf and bark samples of 7 tree species at 22 sampling locations with different pollution levels, in Ogbomoso, Nigeria, were investigated. The metal concentrations (mean ± RSD in m g g -1 ) in leaf and bark samples, respectively, were: Pb, 203 ± 70, 282 ± 120; Cu, 19.5 ± 4.2, 12.7 ± 2.6; Zn, 42.7 ± 12.9, 42.8 ± 13.1; Ni, 30.0 ± 11.1, 20.0 ± 9.9; Fe, 869 ± 348, 504 ± 118; and Mn, 108 ± 18, 73.7 ± 13.8. The high-pollution automobile parking lots showed higher levels of these elements (p KEY WORDS: Atmospheric pollution, Trace elements analysis, Tree bark, Tree leaves Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2003 , 17(1), 11-17.

Effect of Processing Factors on Rheological Properties of Ogi

Abstract: Maize flours were obtained by wet milling or dry milling processes in traditional fermented ogi flour with or without fortification with soy fractions. The rheological and paste characteristics of the products were assessed. Inclusion of soy fractions affected the rheological and paste characteristics of the products, specifically in improving the gelatinization index of the products. The products could be described as pseudoplastic, which increase in consistency value with increasing concentration of ogi flour. The consistency index (K) values are much lower in dry milled ogi flour than the wet milled ogi flour. This correlates the patterns of the peak viscosities of dry milled ogi flours compared to the wet milled ogi flour. Changes in rheological characteristics were more noticeable with increase in temperature and addition of souring (fermentation) water.

Problems of accessing scholarly publications by Nigerian scientists: a study of the University of Ibadan

Abstract: This study assesses the impact of information technology (IT) on scholarly publications and the problems associated with accessing these publications by scientists at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The study discovered that ICT (Information and Communication Technology) facilities like the Internet and e-mail have taken root in the academic environment through providing access to scholarly publications. However, the implementation of IT application is still a problem to Nigerian academics because of many factors, ranging from the lack of funds to fluctuations in the supply of electricity. This has indirectly affected the level of usage of ICT in Nigeria by the lecturers and it has hindered access to scholarly publications useful for research. Despite many constraints, the use of information technology is growing among lecturers in Nigerian universities.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Myristica Fragrans Houtt (Nutmeg) From Nigeria

Abstract: The essential oil isolated from the seeds of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) was found to contain sabinene (49.09%), α-pinene (13.19%), α-phellandrene (6.72%), and terpinen-4-ol (6.43%) as major constituents on analysis by GC and GC-MS.

Effect of addition of ripe bananas on some physico-chemical properties of maize 'extract'.

Abstract: Flour mixes obtained by the addition of banana pulp in various proportions (0-50%) to maize 'extracts' were evaluated for some quality characteristics. All the mixes had significantly lower values of crude protein, fat and water-holding capacity. Gelation, however, significantly increased the water-holding capacity in all cases. The ash content, titratable acidity and total sugars increased tremendously with an increase in the level of banana substitution. While both Adam's consistency values and equilibrium moisture content decreased with an increase in the level of banana substitution, the syneresis values did not show any consistent pattern. The consistently low moisture content and the results of the moisture sorption isotherms suggest a good storage stability of all the mixes, especially when kept under conditions of water activity of 0.30 and below, and their possible suitability for baked products.

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of acetyl substituted benzyl disulfides

Abstract: The synthesis and fungicidal activity of acetyl substituted benzyl disulfides 1 ( a – g ) are reported. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR) and mass spectrometric techniques. The results of the biological screening showed that the synthesized compound possess very high fungicidal activity. KEY WORDS: Acetyl substituted benzyl disulfides, Fungicidal activity Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2003 , 17(1), 53-60.

Risk factors for neonatal tetanus in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Abstract: This case-control study identified risk factors for neonatal tetanus in this population and indicates that the problem has not yet received adequate attention. The incidence of neonatal tetanus can be greatly reduced by providing the masses with appropriate health education as well as formal education especially at the grass roots level; ensuring access to antenatal services, improving the quality of such services, and extending efforts to provide tetanus immunisation to mothers. Tetanus, listed among the major causes of neonatal death in many tropical countries including Nigeria, is a major public health problem. Although neonatal tetanus (NNT) death toll has reduced by a third in the last decade worldwide, there is a noticeable surge in deaths from this killer disease in Nigeria, giving the country the largest absolute increase worldwide, up by 62% [5,6]. This study sought to obtain more recent information on major risk factors associated with NNT in this community and to make suggestions for reducing its incidence. The study was conducted in all secondary and tertiary hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria, a city with a projected population of over 4 million [1]. All NNT cases diagnosed by standard criteria were admitted into the study until the total required sample size was met and matched 1:1 with controls. The minimum sample size was calculated after correcting for design effect. The instrument used was a pre-tested structured questionnaire administered to mothers of cases and controls. Subjects enrolled in the study were140 cases and 140 controls with a male/female ratio of 1.4:1 and 1.1:1 respectively. All 19 neonates with onset of illness within the first 4 days of life died, giving a case fatality of 100%. The younger the babies at onset of illness the more likely they were to die (x 2 =41.7, P <0.0001). The overall case fatality rate was 79.4% with a male/female death ratio of 1.3:1. Teenage mothers, fathers with no education, primiparity, low socio-economic class, late antenatal (ANC) booking, none/incomplete maternal tetanus immunisation, delivery outside the health facility, untrained personnel at delivery, use of non-sterile cord-cutting tool, and the presence of animals within the residence were significantly associated with NNT (Table 1). ANC was attended by 86.4% of mothers of cases but only 25.6% of these mothers received full immunisation. Three out of four mothers of cases who attended ANC did so with a frequency of 5 to 20 times indicating missed opportunities for immunisation. The main reason for failure to receive full immunisation was ignorance on the mothers’ part, which reflects inadequate health education by the system. The study identified major risk factors associated with the occurrence of NNT in Ibadan and the surrounding district and indicated that NNT continues to be a common and serious problem in this community because NNT constituted more than one third (38.5%) of the total neonatal admissions in the study sites during the study period. In this study, 40% of the NNT cases were delivered in health facilities in contrast to Tompkins series in which none was delivered in a health facility [4]. The NNT rate in facility delivery is, however, higher than the 15% reported by Grange [2]. Though health facility delivery was associated with significantly lower risk for NNT, the risk was not totally absent suggesting that there is need to look more critically at the role the health facilities play in the transmission of NNT.

Effect of soybean substitution for cowpea on physical, compositional, sensory and sorption properties of akara Ogbomoso

Abstract: Akara Ogbomoso was prepared from cowpea:soybean flour mixture ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40 and 40:60. Physical, compositional, sensory and sorption characteristics of the akara were evaluated. Protein and fat content increased, while carbohydrate content decreased as the soy content of the flour mixture of akara Ogbomoso increased. There were no significant differences (P<0.01) in the colour, taste, aroma and overall acceptability for either the freshly prepared akara Ogbomoso or the akara Ogbomoso stored for 10 weeks. There were significant differences (P<0.01) in crunchiness, increasing as the soy substitution increased both in the freshly prepared and stored akara Ogbomoso. The adsorption isotherms of akara Ogbomoso varied with varying levels of soy substitution and at 20, 30 and 40 °C, had sigmoid shaped, type II isotherms according to Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) classification, and were affected by temperature and composition. Increased levels of soy substitution and temperature depressed the isotherms. Calculated monolayer moisture contents using BET and Guggenhein Anderson deBoer models decreased with increasing soy substitution and temperature.

Risk factors associated with neonatal tetanus in Ibadan, Nigeria--a revisit.

Abstract: To identify major risk factors associated with recent occurrence of neonatal tetanus (NNT) in Ibadan Nigeria, 140 cases matched 1:1 with controls were recruited into the study from the major referral hospitals. Maternal age (<20 years), low paternal education, low socio-economic status, primiparity and delivery outside health facilities were associated with significantly increased risk for NNT. Lack of trained attendant at delivery, the type of instrument used to cut the cord and the presence of livestock within the family compound also significantly increased the risk for NNT. Antenatal clinic (ANC) was attended by 86.4% of mothers of cases but only 25.6% of these mothers received full immunization. Three out of four mothers of cases who attended ANC did so with a frequency of 5 to 20 times indicating missed opportunities for immunization. Data also suggest that the main reason for failure to receive full immunization was ignorance on the mothers' part, which reflects inadequate health education by the health system. The study case fatality rate was 79.4 percent. Risk factors observed in this population are generally known, indicating that the problem has not yet received adequate attention. Effort needs to be made towards providing the masses with formal education as well as health education, targeting the population at grass root level. Improving access to antenatal care services as well as improving the quality of these services; outreach efforts on immunization would contribute in no small measure to reducing the incidence of neonatal tetanus in this community.

Bacteriological and parasitological assessment of vaginitis in pregnant women in iseyin, oyo state, nigeria

Abstract: Specimens of High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) of 135 pregnant women were examined to determine the cause of vaginitis in pregnant women in lseyin, Oyo State, Nigeria between August and October 1999. Study subjects were selected from patient attending selected antenatal clinics in public, private and mission hospitals/clinics in lseyin. Samples were collected from subject in lithotomy position using sterile cuscos bivalve speculum. Samples were analysed by using standard technique as described. A structured questionnaire was also administered in order to obtain vital epidemiological information necessary for the study as described. The data analysis was done using chi square test. Results shows that 45 (33.3%) were positive for Candida spp, 15 (11.1%) for Gardnerella vaginalis and 5 (3.7%) for Trichomonas vaginalis. Sexual activities of individual have no significant effect on prevalence of vaginitis while symptomatology was a major indicator of infection. The effect of educational attainment and religion on infection rate was discussed. Infection decreased with age of patients while infection distribution by age of pregnancy gave a confusing pattern and the factors responsible for this were discussed. Since vaginitis could be asymptomatic most time, the screening of all pregnant women with risk factors for preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes must be undertaken. Prompt treatment of cases is also recommended. Key Words: Pregnant women, vaginitis, aetiologic agents, prevalence, Iseyin. (Af J Clinical & Exp Microbiology: 2003 4(2): 116-126)

Chemical composition of the leaf volatile oils of Callitris intratropica R. T. Baker & H. G. Smith from Nigeria

Abstract: The chemical composition of the leaf volatile oils of Callitris intratropica from two different regions in Nigeria were investigated by GC and GC–MS. The essential oils comprised mainly monoterpenoids (93.0–95.9%), while sesquiterpenoids constituted the minor components (1.4–4.4%). The quantitatively significant constituents of the essential oils were α-pinene (35.9–55.6%), limonene (21.6–50.5%) and myrcene (6.0–10.1%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Composition of colostrum and milk of South African indigenous Nguni goats grazing natural pasture and supplemented with concentrate

Abstract: Samples of colostrum, early and late lactation milk from thirteen South African indigenous Nguni goats (SAING) were analysed for contents of total solids (TS), solids-not-fat (SNF), fat, protein, lactose, ash and energy. Relationships between colostrum or milk and some parameters such as litter size (LS), milk yield (MY) and does kidding weight (DKW) were determined. Fat, protein and lactose contents of colostrum were poorly correlated (P > 0.05) with LS. Of relationships between early lactation parameters considered, only the coefficient between MY and DKW was significant (r = 0.72, P 0.05). However, the milk fat content of late lactation milk was significantly correlated with LS (r = 0.23, P = 0.041). Means of TS, SNF, fat and energy contents decreased with increased lactation period while ash content increased as lactation advanced. Protein and lactose contents were at maximum in colostrum and early lactation milk, respectively. Fat and TS contents of colostrum, early and late lactation milk samples were positively and significantly (P Keywords: Nguni goats; colostrum; milk; composition; natural pasture African Journal of Range & Forage Science 2003, 20(1): 47–51

Pretreated sorghum-cassava flour as a substitute for traditional Nigerian yam flour (elubo)

Abstract: Sorghum grains were subjected to different pretreatments (germination, pregelatinization or fermentation) and then milled into flour. Pretreated or untreated sorghum flour (30 parts) was mixed with cassava flour (70 parts). The mixes were evaluated for water holding capacity (WHC), syneresis, gel strength and proximate composition. Comparison of the results were made with those obtained from either yam or cassava flour. Compared with the untreated sorghum, WHC increased by approximately 12% when sorghum was pregelatinized, but decreased by approximately 12% when malted while fermentation had no significant (p > 0.05) influence. All composite mixtures, except the malted sorghum-cassava mix produced stronger gels than cassava flour. The values for protein, fat and ash for all the sorghum-cassava mixtures were higher than for either cassava or yam flour. Sensory tests showed that the reconstituted stiff porridge prepared from pretreated or untreated sorghum-cassava mixtures, except that prepared from malted sorghum-cassava mix, had acceptable sensory characteristics.

An evaluation of corrosion prevention practices in agricultural equipment manufactured and used in Nigeria

Abstract: In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the corrosion prevention practices applied to agricultural equipment manufactured and used in Nigeria, it is necessary to identify the various corrosion prevention methods and specify the contribution and the efficiency of each method to corrosion protection. This paper outlines the basic corrosion prevention methods used in practice and attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of their use in relation to agricultural service in Nigeria. The results of this study indicated the use of oils, fats, waxes and lubricants on metal parts, spraying with gasoline on corrosion‐sensitive parts constituted the majority of applied corrosion protection in industries where the equipment is manufactured and/or used. The study concluded by giving practical recommendations that are essential for improving corrosion prevention in the Nigerian agricultural industry.

Audit of day case surgery in LAUTECH teaching hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria

Abstract: Background/ method: A retrospective study of all patients operated as day-case at the Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital Osogbo over a period of 14 months (October 2000 to November 2001) was carried out. Results: Seventy-six patients were operated as day-cases within the study period, but 74 case notes (97.4%) were available for analysis. There were 46 males (62.2%) and 28 females (37.8%), giving a male: female ratio of 1.6:1. the age ranged between 11 and 70 years (mean 27.26 ± 23.89 years). The commonest procedure performed was excisional biopsy, which constituted 40.5% of all procedures; followed by herniorrhaphy, which accounted for 28.4%. Pain was the commonest immediate postoperative problem. This responded to analgesics like dipyrone, pentazocine and paracetamol. There were minimal postoperative complications at home and mortality was zero. None of the patients came for admission after surgery. Conclusion: We concluded that day-case surgery is feasible, safe and acceptable to our patients; other hospitals are encouraged to undertake day-case surgery service. Nig J Surg Res 2003; 5: 43 – 49) Key words: Day case surgery, audit

Gossypiboma simulating huge ovarian mass: a case report.

Abstract: A case of 36 year old Po+1 with retained abdominal gauze pack following myomectomy necessitating, exploratory laparatomy is presented. The need to pay attention to counting of instruments and gauze packs before closing the abdomen coupled with use of gauze impregnated with radio-detectable material is emphasized.

Impact of Forage Legume Hays Derived from Intercrop as Dry Season Feed Supplements for Lactating Bunaji Cows and N'dama Beef Cattle

Abstract: Akinlade, J.A., Smith, J.W., Larbi, A., Adekunle, I.O., Taiwo, A.A. and Busari, A.A. 2003. Impact of forage legume hays derived from intercrop as dry season feed supplements for lactating Bunaji cows and N'dama beef cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 24: 185–191. Two experiments were conducted concurrently to study the influence of three forage legume, hays (Stylosanthes guianensis, Centrosema pubescens and Cajanus cajan) obtained from maize—based intercropping system, as supplements to mature guinea grass (Panicum maximum). The legume hays were fed to lactating Bunaji cows (Experiment 1) and N'dama calves (experiment 2) for a period of 30 and 60 days, respectively using a completely randomized design with 4 animals per treatment in both trials. The dry matter degradation characteristics of the forage legumes were also assessed in three rumen—fistulated Bunaji castrates. Cows supplemented with C. pubescens and C. cajan produced higher milk (P<0.05) than those offered S. guianensis. Calves supplemented ...

Chemical composition and rumen degradation of diet combinations of cottonseed cake, dried brewer's grains and Lablab purpureus hay incubated in the rumen of fistulated N'dama steers in South-western Nigeria

Abstract: The chemical composition and dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) degradation characteristics of four diet combinations at four total digestible nutrients (TDN) levels of cottonseed cake (CSC), dried brewer's grains (DBG) and Lablab purpureus hay (LL) which were fed to ruminants in the humid zone of Ibadan, South-west Nigeria, were evaluated. The TDN levels used were 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 kg TDN. The CSC and DBG used are agro-industrial by-products which are used in feeding livestock while the LL is a leguminous plant which is not used much as human feed but is usually grown as forage legume for animal feeding. The completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates was used. The experiment was carried out in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria during the wet season (June to July). The diets were high in crude protein contents so that they had high nutritional potential for ruminants feeding and productivity. The potential degradability (PD) of dry matter (DM) values ranged from 75.24 to 79.47 g/ 100g DM, while that for the nitrogen (N) degradability ranged between 88.36 and 94.30 g/100g N. The soluble fraction a value of DM degradation and the crude fibre (CF) content of the chemical composition of the diets were significantly correlated (r= 0.644; P= 0.007). The potential degradability (PD) values for both the DM and N degradabilities were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the four treatment diets combinations. Keywords: Chemical composition, degradation, N'dama steers, cotton seed cake, dried brewer's grainsLablab purpureus