Showing papers by "Ladoke Akintola University of Technology published in 2006"

Possible antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effect of fermented parkia biglobosa (jacq) extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats§

Abstract: SUMMARY 1 The hypoglycaemic effect of fermented seeds of Parkia biglobosa (PB; African locust bean), a natural nutritional condiment that features frequently in some African diets as a spice, was investigated in the present study in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Its effect was compared with that of glibenclamide (Daonil; Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France), a reference antidiabetic drug. The effects of PB on lipid profiles were also examined. 2 In order to assess the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of PB on experimental animals, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined. In addition, the weight of each animal was determined to assess any possible weight gain or loss in the experimental animals (diabetic rats treated with Daonil (group C), the aqueous extract of PB (group D) or the methanolic extract of PB (group E)) compared with control groups (non-diabetic (group A) and non-treated diabetic (group B)). 3 A single dose of 120 mg/kg, i.v., alloxan administered to rats resulted in significant increases in the FPG (P < 0.001) of test animals compared with controls. However, dietary supplementation with PB (6 g/kg extract for 4 weeks administered orally using an intragastric tube) ameliorated the alloxan-induced diabetes in a manner comparable with that of the reference antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of PB (6% w/w) elicited 69.2% and 64.4% reductions, respectively, in FPG compared with 70.4% in 0.01 mg/150 g glibenclamide-treated rats. 4 Although animals treated with the aqueous extract of PB gained weight in manner similar to normal controls, animals given the methanolic extract and glibenclamide lost weight in manner similar to non-treated diabetic rats. In addition, high levels of HDL and low LDL were observed in animals treated with the aqueous extract of PB, a pattern similar to that seen in normal controls. Low levels of HDL and high levels of LDL were observed in animals treated with the methanolic extract of PB, a pattern similar to that seen in non-treated diabetic controls. 5 The results of the present study demonstrate that both aqueous and methanolic extracts of fermented seeds of PB exert a hypoglycaemic effect; hence, PB has an antidiabetic property. However, only the aqueous extract of PB ameliorated the loss of bodyweight usually associated with diabetes. Although the aqueous extract has a favourable lipid profile, which is probably an indication of its possible anti-arteriogenic property (hypertension and ischaemic heart diseases being common complications in diabetes mellitus), the methanolic extract shows possible contraindication to ischaemic heart diseases.

Comparative Study of Nutritional Status of Urban and Rural Nigerian School Children

Abstract: Nutritional assessment in the community is essential for accurate planning and implementation of intervention programmes to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with under-nutrition. The study was, therefore, carried out to determine and compare the nutritional status of children attending urban and rural public primary schools in Ife Central Local Government Area (ICLGA) of Nigeria. The schools were stratified into urban and rural, and studied schools were selected by balloting. Information obtained on each pupil was entered into a pre-designed proforma. The weight and height were recorded for each pupil, and converted to nutritional indices (weight for age, weight for height, height for age). A total of 749 pupils (366 and 383 children from the rural and urban communities, respectively) were studied. The overall prevalent rates of underweight, wasting and stunting were 61.2, 16.8 and 27.6%, respectively. In the rural area these were 70.5, 17.8 and 35.8%, while in the urban they were 52.2, 15.9 and 19.8%, respectively. The mean nutritional indices (Weight for Age, Weight for Height and Height for Age) were found to be significantly lower among the rural pupils than urban pupils (P < 0.001 in each case). The present study shows that malnutrition (underweight, wasting and stunting) constituted major health problems among school children in Nigeria. This is particularly so in the rural areas. Therefore, prevention of malnutrition should be given a high priority in the implementation of the ongoing primary health care programmes with particular attention paid to the rural population.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Niger Delta soil: contamination sources and profiles

Abstract: The distribution and sources of PAHs in soil as well as PAHs profiles have been investigated in areas with anthropogenic pollution in the Niger Delta (Nigeria) such as Warri and Ughelli. PAHs were identified in 21 soil samples (0–10cm upper layer) collected in May, 2003. The typical total PAHs level in Niger Delta soil ranged from 182 ± 112 - to - 433 ±256 ig/kg dw. PAH concentrations in soil samples from Warri Refinery, Tanker Loading point and Ugboko via Rapele oil field were quite high ( the mean OPAH concentrations were 433, 402 and 384 ig/kg dry weight respectively). The dominant PAHs in soil samples were pyrene, naphthalene and benzo[k]fluoranthene. The soil total PAHs (PAHtot.) concentration, normalized to organic carbon content (OC), ranged from 11.4 to 47.2 mg PAHtot. /kg OC; and showed that organic matter of the soil samples from Quality Control Centre, Ugelli West is highly contaminated with PAHs and had a value of 47.2 ± 31.2 mg PAHtot./kg OC. Two and three ring aromatic hydrocarbons predominated in soil samples from Ughelli West, Tanker Loading point and Delta Steel Company, which is indicative of petrogenic origin.

Growth, haematological and biochemical studies on garlic- and ginger-fed broiler chickens

Abstract: The effects of dietary garlic and ginger on the growth performance and blood composition of broiler chickens were investigated. One hundred and ninety six 7-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments. Each treatment contained two replicates. Control diet contained 0% garlic and 0% ginger. Treatments T1, T2 and T3 contained garlic at 5g/kg, 10g/kg and 15g/kg respectively. Ginger supplements were concentrated in the diets at 5g/kg, 10g/kg, 15g/kg for treatments T4, T5 and T6 respectively. There were no significant differences in the average final live weights of birds on the different treatments. However, birds on garlic and ginger treatments had slightly better (P>0.05) average feed intake, weight gain and final live weight than those on the control diet. The supplements caused significant differences in the average weights (g) of the shank (P Keywords : broilers chickens, bio-chemical studies, garlic, ginger Moor Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(2) 2004: 122-128

Coagulation / flocculation process in the removal of trace metals present in industrial wastewater

Abstract: Attempts were made in this study to examine the effectiveness of polymer addition to coagulation process during treatment of a beverage industrial wastewater to remove some of its trace metals content such as lead, cadmium, total iron, total chromium, nickel and zinc Experiments were conducted using the standard Jar test procedure to determine the performance of both ferric chloride and organic polymer (a non-ionic polyacrylamide) individually and ferric chloride-polymer combination The dosages used for ferric chloride ranged from 0 to 500mg/l, whereas polymer dosages varied between 0 and 100mg/l The (optimal) removal efficiency for total chromium in the wastewater was obtained at 300mg /l for ferric chloride and 65mg/l for polymer Whereas for zinc and total iron, the optimal removal efficiencies were obtained at 500mg/l for ferric chloride and 65mg/l for polymer Addition of ferric chloride resulted in significant removal of the metals reaching up to 91%, 72% and 54% of total chromium, zinc and total iron respectively while addition of polymer achieved 95%, 87% and 88% of total chromium, zinc and total iron respectively Ferric chloride produced more voluminous and more compacted sludge than polymer Combinations of ferric chloride and polymer at different ratio achieved better removal efficiencies of the metals in the range 84-97% for total chromium, 69-90% for zinc and 69-92% for total iron, also less sludge was produced Lead, cadmium and nickel were not detected in the raw wastewater Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol 10(3) 2006: 159-162

Plasma selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in HIV-1/AIDS infected patients: a correlation with the disease progression.

Abstract: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To find a correlation, if any, between the concentration of plasma selenium and erythrocyte activity in HIV-infected patients with the progression of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma selenium concentration and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were measured in 62 HIV-1 seropositive patients before commencing antiretroviral drug. Thirty (30) age-matched and apparently healthy HIV-1/11 seronegative subjects were recruited as control subjects. HIV-1 seropositive patients were classified according to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Criteria. RESULTS The mean plasma selenium concentrations of 0.53+/-0.06_mol/L and 0.71+/-0.10_mol/L were significantly reduced (P<0.001) in HIV- 1 patients with CD4+ count of <200 lym/mm3 and that of 200-499 lym/mm3 respectively when compared with the controls which is 1.01+/-0.10_mol/L. The mean erythrocyte GSH-Px activity of 15.1+/-2.4 U/g Hb and 20.7+/-3.7U/g Hb of HIV-1 seropositive patients with CD4+ count of <200 lym/mm3 and 200-499 lym/mm3 respectively were significantly reduced (P<0.001) compared with 31.5+/-4.5 U/g Hb for the control. Our results clearly show that there is reduced scavenging antioxidant i.e Selenium and GSH-Px which will lead to oxidative stress in the HIV-1 patients when compared with controls, and decrease significantly with the progression of disease, i.e. AIDS

The increasing prevalence of diabetic nephropathy as a cause of end stage renal disease in Nigeria

Abstract: The incidence of diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in the western world has increased by 150% in the past 10 years in the United States, with similar trends in Europe and Japan. It is apparent from the present study that diabetic nephropathy may be assuming an increasing role as a cause of chronic kidney disease in Nigeria.

Toxicity of cassava wastewater effluents to african catfish: clarias gariepinus (burchell, 1822)

Abstract: The relative lethal and sublethal toxicity of cassava wastewater effluents from a local food factory were investigated on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings using a renewable static bioassay. The physico-chemical characteristics of the cassava wastewater effluents showed a number of deviations from the standards of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) on the guidelines for effluent discharges. Considering the pollutants of the effluent, cyanide (CN) is suspected to be primarily responsible for the toxicity, although synergistic effect of other pollutants cannot be ruled out. At each exposure, in the two tests, the test-organisms showed signs of serious stress, swimming pattern changed and mortality increased over relatively small increase in concentration. The LC 50 for lethal and sublethal tests were 0.024 mg1 -1 and 0.0064 mg1 -1 , respectively. The differences observed in the mortalities and bioconcentration of metals in fish muscles of varying concentrations were significant (p Keywords : bioconcentration, Clarias gariepinus , effluent, toxicity, wastewater SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Vol. 28(2) 2005: 189-194

Analysis of burn mortality in a burns centre.

Abstract: We present an analysis of burn mortality in our burns centre in Nigeria A total number of 285 patients sustained burns during the study period (1996-2000) Fifty-seven of the patients (20%) died, of whom 38 were male (667%) and 19 female (333%) Flame burn was responsible for 929% of the deaths, followed by 53% of deaths due to chemical burns and 18% to scalding The highest mortality was found in the 71-80 yr age group, and survival decreased with increasing percentage burn surface areas Mortality in males (208%) was higher than in females (186%), with flame burns causing produced more deaths than other aetiologies The causes of deaths were acute renal failure (24 cases, 421%), septicaemia (18 cases, 316%), acute respiratory syndrome (5 cases, 87%), shock (4 cases, 70%), and upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to peptic ulcer and severe anaemia (1 case each, 18%) We conclude that improved facilities and better trained personnel will lead to a reduction in the current high mortality rate among burn patients in our environment

Low prevalence of hepatitis-C viral seropositivity among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary hospital.

Abstract: Recently, there have been increasing reports of high prevalence of hepatitis-C virus (HCV) in patients with type-2 diabetes, mostly in western nations. This suggests that type-2 diabetic patients could be considered to be at special risk of acquiring HCV and possibly that diabetes has an etiological relationship with HCV. Ninety patients with type-2 diabetes attending the medical outpatient clinic of the University College Hospital (UCH) and 90 nondiabetic controls with comparable age, sex and risk factors of exposure to HCV were recruited into the study. All subjects were screened for anti-HCV using a third-generation rapid enzyme immunoassay (Dialab anti-HCV cassette). Data were analyzed using Student's t test, Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. None of the diabetic patients tested positive for anti-HCV, while 1.1% of the control group tested positive for anti-HCV. There appears to be low prevalence of anti-HCV among type-2 diabetic patients in UCH Ibadan, and therefore no demonstrable risk of HCV in our patients.

The Essential Oil from the Leaves and Flowers of “African Marigold,” Tagetes erecta L.

Abstract: The essential oils from the leaves and flowers of Tagetes erecta L. cultivated in Nigeria were examined by GC and GC/MS. Piperitone (50.7%), piperitenone (13.2%) and (E)-β-ocimene (6.7%) were the predominant components in the leaf oil. The flower oil was characterized by the presence of 1, 8-cineole (23.1%), α-pinene (11.8%), α-terpineol (10.7%), piperitone (8.0%) and sabinene (5.6%) as the major compounds.

Constituents of the Essential Oils of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch. from Nigeria

Abstract: The air-dried leaves of Boswellia dalzielli Hutch. on hydrodistillation gave an essential oil in a yield of 1.25 (v/w). The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-nine compounds were identified, with α-pinene (45.7%) and α-terpinene (11.5%) being the predominant compounds. The abundance of monoterpenoids in this oil is in accordance with previous findings for the oils of this genus.

Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Farm Practices Among Women Farmers in Osun State

Abstract: The study assesses the factors influencing adoption of improved farm practices among women farmers in Osun State. The study was conducted in the three agricultural zones of the state. 80 women farmers were randomly selected and information was collected through a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistical techniques like frequency counts mean and percentages were used to analyse the data. The inferential statistics used was correlation which was used to determine the relationship between the variables. The study showed positive and significant relationship between adoption of innovation and credibility (r = 0.470) communication ability (r = 0.241) divisibility (r = 0.251) and relative advantage (r = 0.235). However negative and significant relationship exists between adoption and religion (r = -0.431) complexity (r = -0.401) cost (r = -0.351) land tenure (r = -0.320) norms (r = -0.311) and belief (r = -0.253). (authors)

Rabies and antirabies immunization in South Western Nigeria: knowledge, attitude and practice.

Abstract: Factors responsible for the continued endemicity of rabies in Nigeria were determined by carrying out a knowledge, attitude and practice study among residents of Osun State. Structured questionnaires were administered to 679 individuals comprising students, traders and civil servants. Only 33.4% of the respondents knew rabies could be prevented by vaccination, while 38.7% believed that the infection could be treated with herbs. Of the 387 victims of dog bite, 240 (62%) never sought prophylactic postexposure treatment. Of the 10 people who received postexposure treatment, only one received the appropriate treatment consisting of washing, disinfection of wounds, tetanus toxoid and complete antirabies immunization.

Implications of Farmers’ Attitude Towards Extension Agents on Future Extension Programme Planning in Oyo State of Nigeria

Abstract: The focus of this study was on the attitude of farmers towards extension agents in Ogbomoso Zone of Oyo State. Stratified sampling technique was used in the selection of one hundred farmers and thirteen extension agents as the sample for the study. Interview schedule and structured questionnaire were used respectively to elicit information from the respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency counts, mean, percentages, while chi-square, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T-test were used to test the magnitude of the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The findings showed that majority of the respondents (farmers) had very favourable attitude towards the extension services. The extension teaching methods commonly adopted by the extension agents are farm and home visit (92%), demonstration (84%), posters (77%) among other. However, significance differences exist between frequency of contact and attitude of farmers towards the extension agents

Perception of Village Extension Agents in Disseminating Agricultural Information in Oyo Agricultural Zone of Oyo-State

Abstract: KEYWORDS Agriculture; fertilizer; local herb; extension agents; gender; marital status; education ABSTRACT The study examined the perception of village Extension Agents in disseminating Agricultural information in Oyo agricultural zone of Oyo-State. A well structured, pretested and validated interview scheduled was used to collect information from the farmers. Analysis of data was carried out using frequencies, percentages and weighted mean score. Also correlation coefficient was used to establish relationship between the variables. The result showed that fertilizer application to crops (r = 0.445), planting of soyabean (r = 0.361), improved goat housing on a raised flour (r = 0.344), maize dressing with apron plus (r = 0.278), control of mange using local herb (r = 0.251) and improved rabbit housing on raised plat form (r = 0.220) had positive and significant relationship with farmers' perception of Extension agents. Also marital status (f = 2.37) Gender (f = 1.68), level of education (f = 1.68) had significant relationship with perception of extension activities of the farmers.

Land Use Classification and Informal Sector Question in Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Abstract: Against the background of uncontrolled infiltration of informal sector activities in virtually every segment of urban space, especially along major roads of cities, this paper examines the pattern along two federal roads in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. The study which employs Descriptive and Correlation Analyses observed that while certain land use types are more generators of informal sector enterprises than others, there is a significant positive relationship between land use intensity and incidence of informal sector enterprises. With distance between one electric pole and the third one as measurement unit data was obtained about land use and incidence of informal sector enterprises by direct observation and recording by trained research assistants. A regression modeling is therefore recommended for further studies to establish a system of incorporating informal sector activities into land use allocation process

Hepatitis B virus infection: implications in chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation.

Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with reported prevalence rates varying from 3 - 26 %. The higher prevalence of infection has been reported in patients with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. Hepatitis B virus not only affects the liver but has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of membranous, membranoproliferative and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritides. Though controlling the spread of HBV infection in renal dialysis units has been one of the major triumphs in the management of end-stage renal disease, transmission of HBV can still occur through contamination of equipments and environmental surfaces and the use of multiple dose vials of drugs. Some reports have indicated that prior HBV infections have negative impact on graft and host survival following transplantation. Interferon can be used in the treatment of HBV-associated glomerulonephritides (HBV- GN) but is contraindicated in transplantation because of its immuno-modulatory effects. Despite the fact that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have suboptimal response to HBV immunization, immunization is still beneficial to these patients. However, reports indicate that most patients with CKD were either not immunized or were given suboptimal doses. Control of HBV in the population by immunization can lead to a reduction in the prevalence of HBV- GN. In addition, immunization of patients with CKD will help in controlling HBV infection in dialysis settings and can lead to improved graft and host survival following transplantation.

Pre-term pre-labour rupture of membranes: Effect of chorioamnionitis on overall neonatal outcome

Abstract: SummaryOur objective was to evaluate the association between clinical chorioamnionitis following preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes (PPROM) and adverse neonatal outcome. We compared retrospectively, adverse neonatal outcome of singleton pregnancies with documented PPROM who developed chorioamnionitis (cases) with those who did not (controls). Our result showed that poor neonatal outcome was significantly associated with chorioamnionitis (34% vs 13%; p = 0.008). This association was found on multiple logistic regression analysis to be independent (p < 0.05) of other risk factors for poor neonatal outcome, viz: latency period (p = 0.002) and gestational age at delivery (p < 0.001). We conclude that chorioamnionitis complicating PPROM worsen neonatal outcome. The implication of this on expectant management of PPROM is discussed.

Development and quality evaluation of non‐alcoholic beverages from maize based products

Abstract: Purpose – This paper sets out to focus on the utilization of the locally available raw material to develop an acceptable and high quality non‐alcoholic beverage in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approach – Maize‐based non‐alcoholic beverages were produced from either plain maize powder or combinations of maize powder and mango or soybean flour. Plain and fruit or soy‐ fortified maize powders were analyzed using standard methods for chemical composition, while total solid, sediment height, pH, titratable acidity, storage stability and microbial load were determined on the formulated beverage products. Taste panel evaluation was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of the products.Findings – While the protein, fat and ash contents of plain maize powder were 5.69, 5.95 and 0.35 per cent respectively, there was minimal enhancement with fruit addition. However, with 10 per cent soybean addition significant improvement over the unfortified sample in protein (14.62 per cent), fat (10.64 per cent) and ash (0.96 pe...

The development of manufacturing safety programme simulator

Abstract: Purpose – The manufacturing industry perceives government standards as an attempt to unnecessarily increase production cost. This may be due to lack of acceptable models for demonstrating the associated benefits to industry. It was the goal of this study to develop a simulation model for predicting the performance of a manufacturing safety programme (SP).Design/methodology/approach – The principles of system‐dynamics were applied to identify the relevant safety‐related components and their relationships. A simulation model for evaluating periodic performance of a manufacturing SP was then developed. A set a dynamic equations for predicting factory accidents or preventions and the monetary saving were the performance measures. Two set of factory data: non‐SP (1979) and SP (1991‐2004) were collected from a bottling company. The parameters of the model were estimated using the first set while it was validated with the second and associated monetary saving computed.Findings – Solutions to factory accidents or...

Urban environmental sustainability: a challenge to effective landscaping in nigeria

Abstract: The poor quality of the Nigerian urban environment has been attributed partly to the inadequate%2C misuse and mis- management of the urban open spaces. This%2C according to various researchers%2C has exerted a major strain on the physical outlook of the environment and a negative effect on the welfare and productivity of the residents. This has called for the need to identify and analyze the open spaces in the urban environment and assess the implications of their landscape planning on the status of the city and the development of a healthy and sustainable environment. This study therefore discusses the concept of sustainability%2C particularly within the built environment. It looks into the principles and indicators for sustainability of the environment and the resulting problems. Furthermore%2C a case study of Akure urban core was carried out to assess the uses and landscape status of the open spaces. The results when statistically analysed showed the inadequacies in the provision and management of the open spaces in the study area. It therefore recommends attainable policies for the effective sustainability of the environment. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : urban environment%2C sustainability%2C landscaping.

Effects of plant residue quality, application rate, and placement method on phosphorus availability from Sokoto rock phosphate

Abstract: Plant residues are being suggested as an amendment to enhance P release from rock phosphate, however, plant residue enhanced P release could depend on the residue quality, application rate and placement method. Effects of plant residue quality, application rate and placement method on solubility and P release from rock phosphate (PR) were studied in laboratory and field experiments. Leaves of ten woody and␣herbaceous species were incubated in a P-deficient soil with Sokoto PR under laboratory conditions to study the effects of residue quality on P release from PR. Effects of residue application rate and placement method were investigated in a field trial with five rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 t DM ha−1) of leaves of Dactyladenia barteri, two placement methods (incorporation and mulching), and two levels of Sokoto PR (0 and 60 kg P ha−1) in a split-split plot design replicated three times. The plant residues were applied 4 weeks before the main season planting. Maize (main season) followed by cowpea (minor season) was used as test plant. In the laboratory incubation study, addition of plant residues increased the soil pH. Phosphorus released at 8 weeks was greater for plant residues with high C/N ratio, and low magnesium and potassium. In the field trial, soil pH was not affected by the addition of plant residues. Residue placement method showed little effects on P availability from PR. When residues were incorporated with PR, soil Olsen P was highest at lower rates of residues (1 and 2 t DM ha−1) at maize planting. Maize P concentration and P uptake were highest at the incorporation of 4 t DM ha−1 residues with PR. Incorporation at higher rate (8 t DM ha−1) resulted in the greatest P uptake of the second crop, cowpea. The study shows the potential of plant residues in enhancing P release from PR. However, there could be initial immobilization of P, but this could be overcome within a short period if residues of high C/N ratio are used. A lower rate of residues (1–4 t DM ha−1) is efficient at releasing PR–P for short-term effect especially if incorporated.

Essential Oil of Annona reticulata L. Leaves from Nigeria

Abstract: Hydrodistilled oil obtained from the leaves of Annona reticulata L. grown in Nigeria was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine components were characterized. These consisted of 18 monoterpenes amounting to 29.0%, 20 sesquiterpenes totaling 52.9% and one aromatic esters making up 10.9%. The oil contained (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (19.0%), ar-turmerone (12.0%), benzyl benzoate (10.9%) and γ-terpinene (7.4%) as the major constituents.