Showing papers by "Lancaster University published in 1973"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived confidence limits for the estimates of the weights and of the variance of a composite forecast with two components and showed that, in practice, it is doubtful whether combined forecasts offer much improvement because of the unreliability of the weight estimates.
Abstract: Forecasts may be combined using a minimum variance criterion to yield a composite forecast of smaller error variance than any of the components. This paper considers the sampling distributions of the weights to be attached to the components and of the error variance of the combined forecast. Confidence limits are derived for the estimates of the weights and of the variance of a composite forecast with two components. The theoretical analysis reveals that, in practice, it is doubtful whether combined forecasts offer much improvement because of the unreliability of the weight estimates.
122 citations
TL;DR: The i.r. and Raman spectra of the bismuth oxide halides, including BiOCl, BiOBr, and BiOI, have been recorded over the range 40-600 cm−1.
96 citations
94 citations
01 May 1973
86 citations
01 Mar 1973-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: The changes of potential account for the apparent “sodium exchange diffusion effect” observed in the sodium fluxes following changes in the external medium and the slight dependence of sodium efflux on the external concentration of potassium in sea water.
Abstract: A simple method is described of measuring the potentialin vivo between the blood plasma and external medium of a fish. The potential in the euryhaline flounderPlatichthys flesus averages +19 mV in sea water and −78 mV immediately after transfer to fresh water. The potential is largely dependent on the external concentration of sodium and behaves as a diffusion potential. The relative permeabilities of the gill of the sea water adapted flounder to Na, K. and Cl ions are in the ratio 1∶2.5∶0.03. The permeability to the divalent ions, Ca, Mg and SO4 is very low. The changes of potential account for the apparent “sodium exchange diffusion effect” observed in the sodium fluxes following changes in the external medium and the slight dependence of sodium efflux on the external concentration of potassium in sea water.
78 citations
72 citations
TL;DR: A greatly improved method is described for the bio-assay of abscisic acid (ABA) and other compounds that possess ‘antitranspirant’ activity and it is now possible to obtain linear responses to ABA concentrations over the range of concentrations.
Abstract: SUMMARY
A greatly improved method is described for the bio-assay of abscisic acid (ABA) and other compounds that possess ‘antitranspirant’ activity. As in the previous method, the stomatal responses are observed on pieces of isolated epidermis of Commelina communis immersed in small volumes of solution containing the compounds to be assayed. In new media, it is now possible to obtain linear responses to ABA concentrations over the range 10-4-10-8 M in PIPES buffer at pH 6.8, and over the range 10-7-10-10 M in citrate buffer at pH 5.5. In citrate buffer, it is possible to detect as little as 26 pg of ABA. In both media, the assay is unaffected by the presence of six other growth regulators (auxin, gibberellic acid, kinetin, coumarin, xanthinin and scopoletin) but the stomata closed partially in response to 10-3 M chlorogenic acid.
71 citations
55 citations
55 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of techniques of processing magnetic variation data from the point of view of their effectiveness in determining the parameters that describe a particular electromagnetic induction problem is presented, based on which the response of an anomaly can be calculated by transfer-function methods, and presented in the form of frequency-dependent induction vectors or ellipses.
53 citations
TL;DR: I see no reason to doubt that, if Sir Charles could have avoided the inevitable corollary of the pithecoid origin of man, he would have advocated the efficiency of causes now in operation to bring about the condition of the organic world, as stoutly as he championed that doctrine in reference to inorganic nature.
Abstract: IN 1887 Huxley wrote: . . . I see no reason to doubt that, if Sir Charles could have avoided the inevitable corollary of the pithecoid origin of man—for which, to the end of his life, he entertained a profound antipathy—he would have advocated the efficiency of causes now in operation to bring about the condition of the organic world, as stoutly as he championed that doctrine in reference to inorganic nature.
TL;DR: Gibberellins do not appear to play a major role in apical dominance but may be important for bud extension following the initial release from domin ance.
Abstract: The influence of the spectral distribution of illumination on the gibberellin, cytokinin, auxin, and abscisic acid levels and the correlation with the degree of branching in Xanthium strum arium is presented and discussed. Gibberellins do not appear to play a major role in apical dominance but may be important for bud extension following the initial release from domin ance. The cytokinin level was much higher in inhibited buds than in released buds. It is sug gested that the cytokinins present were probably not able to participate in bud growth because of an auxin-induced accumulation of abscisic acid in the buds themselves. The con centration of abscisic acid as measured by bioassay and gas-liquid chromatography was between 50 and 250 times that occurring in all other plants parts examined. This level fell dramatically following release from apical dominance by decapitation. The results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses of apical dominance.
TL;DR: GA3 application counteracts the ABA and CCC inhibition of membrane development and, over longer periods of greening, the fastest rate of chloroplast development is shown in the presence of both GA3 and ABA.
Abstract: Gibberellic acid (GA3) enhances ultrastructural morphogenesis of plastids in greening cereals whilst abscisic acid (ABA) and CCC have the reverse effect over a shorter period. GA3 application counteracts the ABA and CCC inhibition of membrane development and, over longer periods of greening, the fastest rate of chloroplast development is shown in the presence of both GA3 and ABA. Experiments with isolated etioplasts show that the ABA inhibition of development also occurs and can be counteracted with GA3 treatment but no individual enhancement of plastid morphogenesis by GA3 was detected. Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (RuDPC) acitvity was also increased with applications of GA3 and reduced with ABA treatment. The initial levels of RuDPC activity in the presence of CCC were concentration dependant; high in 10-3 M CCC and low in 10-6 M CCC but activity returned to normal levels after CCC application was stopped. Experiments with isolated etio-chloroplasts gave similar results but levels of RuDPC activity declined rapidly in both illuminated and un-illuminated incubated suspensions of intact etioplasts.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that if we approach that analysis in a theoretically somewhat unusual way we shall solve not only certain problems in any discussion of the middle class but will gain a generally improved theory of classes and the class structure of contemporary capitalism.
Abstract: In this paper I am going to discuss one of the most significant gaps in the analysis of contemporary capitalist society. Further this particular gap in our theoretical knowledge is not one that has been compensated for by adequate descriptive accounts. This lack of systematic discussion and analysis of the middle class, or should it be, middle classes, is of considerable significance, not only because of the way an intrinsically interesting subject has been neglected, but also because of the limitations it places upon analysis of the total class structure. We are therefore severely restricted in the development of satisfactory theoretical analysis of the class structure when one term or element is that analysis remains relatively undiscussed and unelucidated. I argue that if we approach that analysis in a theoretically somewhat unusual way we shall solve not only certain problems in any discussion of the middle class but will gain a generally improved theory of classes and the class structure of contemporary capitalism. The paper is divided into four sections. In the first, I discuss the various arguments that Marx puts forward regarding the position and development of the middle class. I consider his explanation of the growth of the new middle class but suggest certain limitations which can only be overcome by reconsidering exactly the nature of Marx's theory of capitalism as found in his later economic writings. I do this in the second section and then consider the two ways in which actual capitalist societies depart from Marx's pure form of the capitalist mode of production. This provides the basis for an analysis in section three of the class position of different sectors of the middle class this incorporates a multidimensional approach to stratification derived again from Marx. In the last section, I try to show how my structural theory of capitalism and of the middle class can be used to account for the development of this class over the last hundred years of European history. I conclude by making one or two comments about the implications for revolutionary action of different classes that follow from my discussion. Two further preliminary points. First of all, I shall depart to a degree from conventional positivist philosophy of science interpretations of the meaning of theory and theoretical. Secondly, the only works on the middle class to which I shall refer are those by Klingender and Lockwood. There are useful descriptions of the British middle class in Klein (1965) and Lewis and Maude (1949).
01 Sep 1973-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: The buoyancy of the egg is dependent on its low salt content which counteracts the weight of the protein, and during development the water loss by osmosis reduces the egg almost to neutral buoyancy.
Abstract: Measurements have been made of the rate of turnover of tritiated water in the eggs of the plaice,Pleuronectes platessa and of the permeability of the vitelline membrane. The rate constant of water exchange in body cavity eggs is 1.0 h−1, corresponding to a permeability of 0.086 μ3/μ2/sec. When shed into sea water the rate constant of exchange declines to 0.2 h−1 after 1 hour and to 0.02 h−1 after one day corresponding to a permeability of 0.0017 [μ3/μ2/sec. As the embryo develops the rate of turnover increases again. The buoyancy of the egg is dependent on its low salt content which counteracts the weight of the protein. During development the water loss by osmosis reduces the egg almost to neutral buoyancy.
TL;DR: It has been maintained that the authors are quite able to express (1*)–(4*) without the introduction of a dyadic deontic operator, provided only that they supply their standard deontics logic with a stronger conditional than material implication.
Abstract: It has been maintained that we are quite able to express (1*)–(4*) without the introduction of a dyadic deontic operator, provided only that we supply our standard deontic logic with a stronger conditional than material implication. The lesson learned from Chisholm's paradox has been the eminently convincing, indeed obvious, one: that what we ought to do is not determined by what is the case in some perfect world, but by what is the case in the best world we can ‘get to’ from this world. What we ought to do depends upon how we are circumstanced.
TL;DR: A quantitative comparison of the ultrastructural development taking place in the light and in darkness between plastids in intact etiolated tissue and in suspensions of etioplasts concluded that a phytochrome-mediated mechanism is present either inside the plastid or on the plastsid envelopes.
Abstract: Summary
A quantitative comparison has been made of the ultrastructural development taking place in the light and in darkness between plastids in intact etiolated tissue and in suspensions of etioplasts, which have been given various pre-treatments of red, far-red and blue light. Plastid development in situ and in suspensions is enhanced by pre-illumination with red light and this enhancement can be reversed by following red light with far-red light. The reverse is also true; pre-illumination with far-red light inhibits development and this inhibition is abolished and replaced by enhancement by following far-red light with red light. Blue light of short duration has no effect on the early stages of ultrastructural development in plastids.
It is concluded that a phytochrome-mediated mechanism is present either inside the plastid or on the plastid envelopes.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of relativistic effects in determining the electronic states in a semi-infinite Kronig-Penney model was investigated using a Green's function.
TL;DR: In this paper, changes in the nuclear magnetization of copper are observed when the nuclear spins absorb rf power at resonance, since the detected flux change is directly proportional to the change in static magnetization.
Abstract: Using a SQUID magnetometer, changes in the nuclear magnetization of copper are observed when the nuclear spins absorb rf power at resonance. Since the detected flux change is directly proportional to the change in static magnetizationΔM, this method offers higher sensitivity at low frequencies than conventional NMR which responds todM/dt. The experimental arrangement for observingΔM at temperatures below1 K is described. The variation of signal amplitude with temperature and rf power is found to agree well with predictions from the Bloch equations. A comparison of the sensitivity of the SQUID magnetometer and conventional NMR methods shows the advantage of the new technique at low frequencies and for nuclear systems with broad lines and long spin-lattice relaxation times.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the mechanisms of fatigue failure in fiber-reinforced plastics, with particular reference to glass reinforced resins, is given, and the importance of the glass/resin bond becomes apparent.
TL;DR: A sensitive saturation assay method using a cyclic AMP-bonding protein from bovine adrenals was used to detect adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate in isolated intact Avena etioplasts at levels in excess of 80 pmoles/mg protein.
TL;DR: Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J. Davis grew in liquid culture media that contained single soluble or insoluble cellulosic sources of carbon, liberating into the medium a complex of cellulase enzymes that caused a synergistic increase in the hydrolysis of the substrate.
Abstract: Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J. J. Davis grew in liquid culture media that contained single soluble or insoluble cellulosic sources of carbon, liberating into the medium a complex of cellulase enzymes. The complex was separated by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography into six components, three of high molecular weight and three of low molecular weight. One of the high molecular weight components showed C 1 cellulase activity. Alone it had no effect on insoluble cellulose, but in combination with other components it caused a synergistic increase in the hydrolysis of the substrate.
01 Mar 1973-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that for any aquatic animal the energy required for osmotic regulation is minimal when the potential difference between the animal's body fluids and the medium is the same as the diffusion potential for the ions.
Abstract: The sodium, potassium and chloride influxes and effluxes through the euryhaline flounderPlatichthys flesus are analysed into active and passive components. It is demonstrated that for any aquatic animal the energy required for osmotic regulation is minimal when the potential difference between the animal's body fluids and the medium is the same as the diffusion potential for the ions. This is illustrated by reference to the flounder.
TL;DR: The debate about how successfully the Soviet Union could eliminate United States land-based missiles with its own SS-9 launchers seems to turn on how many 1 Mt warheads the Soviet device could carry as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The debate about how successfully the Soviet Union could eliminate United States land-based missiles with its own SS-9 launchers seems to turn on how many 1 Mt warheads the Soviet device could carry.
TL;DR: This survey is restricted to drawing together some threads of research of potential application in university libraries, since a complete state‐of‐the‐art in user behaviour would fill a substantial book.
Abstract: The task of the librarian is to achieve his library's objectives. A simplistic statement, perhaps, but it is rare that a library's objectives are defined in any terms other than the broadest—for example, ‘to meet the needs of its users’. In fact, the definition of objectives in any service organization is likely to be an iterative process, but the explicit commitment to users‘ needs (however mystical this concept may be) requires the librarian to examine users’ behaviour as a first step to determining policy. Since a complete state‐of‐the‐art in user behaviour would fill a substantial book, this survey is restricted to drawing together some threads of research of potential application in university libraries. Methodological problems are not discussed here, since these are adequately reviewed elsewhere.
TL;DR: The fine structure of the distinct morphological forms of iridophore cells of the dermis of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar L., is described and reflecting platelets have been isolated from the skin.
Abstract: The fine structure of the distinct morphological forms of iridophore cells of the dermis of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar L., is described. Three types were found in the pigmented region of the sub-epidermis of the head, dorsal and lateral skin of the fish. A fourth type of iridophore found in great numbers in the hypodermal region of the ventral skin has been identified. The organization and the dimensions of the lacunae of the reflecting platelets and of the other cytoplasmic inclusions of the cell types are compared. Reflecting platelets have been isolated from the skin and are described.