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Showing papers by "Lancaster University published in 2001"


Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: This textbook is the first to provide a modern and unified overview of inflationary cosmology and carefully compares predictions with the latest observations, including those of the cosmic microwave background, the clustering and velocities of galaxies and the epoch of structure formation.
Abstract: This textbook provides graduate students with a thorough and up-to-date introduction to inflationary cosmology. Enormous progress has been made in this area in the last few years and this book is the first to provide a modern and unified overview. It covers all aspects of inflationary cosmology and carefully compares predictions with the latest observations, including those of the cosmic microwave background, the clustering and velocities of galaxies and the epoch of structure formation. Problems are included throughout to help the student to develop a thorough understanding. With the host of international experiments currently being performed and planned for the near future (including NASA's MAP satellite, and the European Space Agency's Planck mission), inflationary cosmology promises to be one of the most exciting and fruitful topics of research in science in the next decade. This book provides graduate students with the ideal introduction.

2,218 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The generalised likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology for model identification allowing for equifinality is described, and an example application to rainfall-runoff modelling is used to illustrate the methodology, including the updating of likelihood measures.

1,977 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper used a range of analysis techniques to present validity evidence and explore the equivalence of two revised and expanded versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test (VLST) for language assessment and vocabulary research.
Abstract: The Vocabulary Levels Test has been widely used in language assessment and vocabulary research despite never having been properly validated. This article reports on a study which uses a range of analysis techniques to present validity evidence, and to explore the equivalence of two revised and expanded versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test.

1,013 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a stylised facts model of competitive industrialisation is used to model the long-run development of a resource-poor country with a political state that is developmental.

631 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Bob Jessop1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors distinguish and comment on three different forms of the institutional turn: thematic, methodological, and ontological, and argue that the returns from any given institutional turn are by no means guaranteed to be positive.
Abstract: The author distinguishes and comments on three different forms of the institutional turn: thematic, methodological, and ontological. He argues that there is a wide range of institutional turns that have been undertaken for quite different theoretical, empirical, and policy-related reasons; and suggests that the returns from any given institutional turn are by no means guaranteed to be positive. The different senses in which `institutions matter' are explored and the need to contextualize the institutional turn, both at more macro and at more microlevels, is also emphasized. One way of undertaking this contextualization is through the `strategic ^ relational approach' with its concern with both the structural and the strategic dimensions of a contextualized institutional analysis. As well as presenting the approach in general terms, the author also illustrates its relevance to the spatiotemporal dimensions of institutional analysis. Eight broad conclusions about the institutional turn are presented.

599 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
30 Sep 2001
TL;DR: This work proposes context proximity for selective artefact communication, using the context of artefacts for matchmaking, and suggests to empower users with simple but effective means to impose the same context on a number of artefacts.
Abstract: Ubiquitous computing is associated with a vision of everything being connected to everything. However, for successful applications to emerge, it will not be the quantity but the quality and usefulness of connections that will matter. Our concern is how qualitative relations and more selective connections can be established between smart artefacts, and how users can retain control over artefact interconnection. We propose context proximity for selective artefact communication, using the context of artefacts for matchmaking. We further suggest to empower users with simple but effective means to impose the same context on a number of artefacts. To prove our point we have implemented Smart-Its Friends, small embedded devices that become connected when a user holds them together and shakes them.

578 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Brian Wynne1
TL;DR: This alternative understanding of the basic forces and responsibilities underlying public responses recognizes that they have intellectual substance, yet their intellectual substance does not correspond with institutional expert categories, since it goes much deeper than simply ‘disagreeing with’ or ‘rejecting’ expert views.
Abstract: (2001). Creating Public Alienation: Expert Cultures of Risk and Ethics on GMOs. Science as Culture: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 445-481.

542 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the information content of implied volatilities and intraday returns is compared in the context of forecasting index volatility over horizons from 1 to 20 days, and it is shown that the VIX index provides the most accurate forecasts for all forecast horizons and performance measures considered.

529 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the spatial characteristics of science and technology are explored, and it is argued that the 'global' includes and is enacted in all four topological systems (region, network, topology and space).
Abstract: This paper explores the spatial characteristics of science and technology. Originally seen as universal, and therefore outside space and place, studies in science, technology, and society (STS) located it first in specific locations -- laboratories -- and then in narrow networks linking laboratories. This double location implied that science is caught up in and enacts two topological forms -- region and network -- since objects in networks hold their shape by freezing relations rather than fixing Euclidean coordinates. More recent STS work suggests that science and technology also exist in and help to enact additional spatial forms. Thus some technoscience objects are fluid, holding their form by shifting their relations. And yet others achieve constancy by enacting simultaneous absence and presence, a topological possibility which we call here fire . The paper concludes by arguing that the 'global' includes and is enacted in all four of these topological systems.

497 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the factors which regulate soil microbial community organization and function in temperate upland grassland ecosystems were determined across a gradient of three grassland types; Festuca-Agrostis-Galium grassland (unimproved grassland, National Vegetation Classification (NVC), U4a); Festuca and Agrostis, Galium, Holcus-Trifolium sub-community (semi-improved Grassland, NVC-U4b); Lolium-Cynosurus grassland; and Festuca, Agrost
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the factors which regulate soil microbial community organisation and function in temperate upland grassland ecosystems Soil microbial biomass (Cmic), activity (respiration and potential carbon utilisation) and community structure (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, culturing and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) (Biolog®)) were measured across a gradient of three upland grassland types; Festuca–Agrostis–Galium grassland (unimproved grassland, National Vegetation Classification (NVC) — U4a); Festuca–Agrostis–Galium grassland, Holcus–Trifolium sub-community (semi-improved grassland, NVC — U4b); Lolium–Cynosurus grassland (improved grassland, NVC — MG6) at three sites in different biogeographic areas of the UK over a period of 1 year Variation in Cmic was mainly due to grassland type and site (accounting for 55% variance, v, in the data) Cmic was significantly (P

489 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The interactions of pollutants with soils are discussed; look critically at the clean up of soils contaminated with a variety of pollutants using various composting strategies and assess the feasibility of using composting technologies to bioremediate contaminated soil.

Book
01 May 2001

Journal ArticleDOI
Hao Zhang1, Fang-Jie Zhao1, Bo Sun1, William Davison1, Steve P. McGrath1 
TL;DR: The quantity CE is shown to have promise as a quantitative measure of the bioavailable metal in soils, which includes both the soil solution concentration and an additional term, expressed as a concentration, that represents metal supplied from the solid phase.
Abstract: Risk assessments of metal contaminated soils need to address metal bioavailability. To predict the bioavailability of metals to plants, it is necessary to understand both solution and solid phase supply processes in soils. In striving to find surrogate chemical measurements, scientists have focused either on soil solution chemistry, including free ion activities, or operationally defined fractions of metals. Here we introduce the new concept of effective concentration, CE, which includes both the soil solution concentration and an additional term, expressed as a concentration, that represents metal supplied from the solid phase. CE was measured using the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) which, like a plant, locally lowers soil solution concentrations, inducing metal supply from the solid phase, as shown by a dynamic model of the DGT−soil system. Measurements of Cu as CE, soil solution concentration, by EDTA extraction and as free Cu2+ activity in soil solution were made on 29 different...

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The term ‘trophomorphogenesis’ is proposed to describe the changes in plant morphology that arise from variations in the availability or distribution of nutrients in the environment.
Abstract: Root development is remarkably sensitive to variations in the supply and distribution of inorganic nutrients in the soil. Here we review examples of the ways in which nutrients such as N, P, K and Fe can affect developmental processes such as root branching, root hair production, root diameter, root growth angle, nodulation and proteoid root formation. The nutrient supply can affect root development either directly, as a result of changes in the external concentration of the nutrient, or indirectly through changes in the internal nutrient status of the plant. The direct pathway results in developmental responses that are localized to the part of the root exposed to the nutrient supply; the indirect pathway produces systemic responses and seems to depend on long-distance signals arising in the shoot. We propose the term ‘trophomorphogenesis’ to describe the changes in plant morphology that arise from variations in the availability or distribution of nutrients in the environment. We discuss what is currently known about the mechanisms of external and internal nutrient sensing, the possible nature of the long-distance signals and the role of hormones in the trophomorphogenic response.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: During June 2000, practitioners and researchers from the United States, the United Kingdom, and other European countries participated in a workshop on competences for online teaching.
Abstract: During June 2000, practitioners and researchers from the United States, the United Kingdom, and other European countries participated in a workshop on competences for online teaching. The workshop was held in Bowness-on-Windermere in the United Kingdom and was cosponsored by the International Board of Standards for Training, Performance and Instruction (ibstpi), the Centre for Studies in Advanced Learning Technology (CSALT), Lancaster University, and the Joint Information Systems Committee of the UK universities funding councils. As a member of ibstpi, I wanted to document the workshop so that the issues discussed there could be shared with the wider Educational

Journal ArticleDOI
G. Lindström1, M. Ahmed2, Sebastiano Albergo, Phillip Allport3, D.F. Anderson4, Ladislav Andricek5, M. Angarano6, Vincenzo Augelli, N. Bacchetta, P. Bartalini6, Richard Bates7, U. Biggeri, G. M. Bilei6, Dario Bisello, D. Boemi, E. Borchi, T. Botila, T. J. Brodbeck8, Mara Bruzzi, T. Budzyński, P. Burger, Francesca Campabadal9, Gianluigi Casse3, E. Catacchini, A. Chilingarov8, Paolo Ciampolini6, Vladimir Cindro10, M. J. Costa9, Donato Creanza, Paul Clauws11, C. Da Via2, Gavin Davies12, W. De Boer13, Roberto Dell'Orso, M. De Palma, B. Dezillie14, V. K. Eremin, O. Evrard, Giorgio Fallica15, Georgios Fanourakis, H. Feick16, Ettore Focardi, Luis Fonseca9, E. Fretwurst1, J. Fuster9, K. Gabathuler, Maurice Glaser17, Piotr Grabiec, E. Grigoriev13, Geoffrey Hall18, M. Hanlon3, F. Hauler13, S. Heising13, A. Holmes-Siedle2, Roland Horisberger, G. Hughes8, Mika Huhtinen17, I. Ilyashenko, Andrew Ivanov, B.K. Jones8, L. Jungermann13, A. Kaminsky, Z. Kohout19, Gregor Kramberger10, M Kuhnke1, Simon Kwan4, F. Lemeilleur17, Claude Leroy20, M. Letheren17, Z. Li14, Teresa Ligonzo, Vladimír Linhart19, P.G. Litovchenko21, Demetrios Loukas, Manuel Lozano9, Z. Luczynski, Gerhard Lutz5, B. C. MacEvoy18, S. Manolopoulos7, A. Markou, C Martinez9, Alberto Messineo, M. Mikuž10, Michael Moll17, E. Nossarzewska, G. Ottaviani, Val O'Shea7, G. Parrini, Daniele Passeri6, D. Petre, A. Pickford7, Ioana Pintilie, Lucian Pintilie, Stanislav Pospisil19, Renato Potenza, C. Raine7, Joan Marc Rafi9, P. N. Ratoff8, Robert Richter5, Petra Riedler17, Shaun Roe17, P. Roy20, Arie Ruzin22, A.I. Ryazanov23, A. Santocchia18, Luigi Schiavulli, P. Sicho24, I. Siotis, T. J. Sloan8, W. Slysz, Kristine M. Smith7, M. Solanky2, B. Sopko19, K. Stolze, B. Sundby Avset25, B. G. Svensson26, C. Tivarus, Guido Tonelli, Alessia Tricomi, Spyros Tzamarias, Giusy Valvo15, A. Vasilescu, A. Vayaki, E. M. Verbitskaya, Piero Giorgio Verdini, Vaclav Vrba24, Stephen Watts2, Eicke R. Weber16, M. Wegrzecki, I. Węgrzecka, P. Weilhammer17, R. Wheadon, C.D. Wilburn27, I. Wilhelm28, R. Wunstorf29, J. Wüstenfeld29, J. Wyss, K. Zankel17, P. Zabierowski, D. Žontar10 
TL;DR: In this paper, a defect engineering technique was employed resulting in the development of Oxygen enriched FZ silicon (DOFZ), ensuring the necessary O-enrichment of about 2×1017 O/cm3 in the normal detector processing.
Abstract: The RD48 (ROSE) collaboration has succeeded to develop radiation hard silicon detectors, capable to withstand the harsh hadron fluences in the tracking areas of LHC experiments. In order to reach this objective, a defect engineering technique was employed resulting in the development of Oxygen enriched FZ silicon (DOFZ), ensuring the necessary O-enrichment of about 2×1017 O/cm3 in the normal detector processing. Systematic investigations have been carried out on various standard and oxygenated silicon diodes with neutron, proton and pion irradiation up to a fluence of 5×1014 cm−2 (1 MeV neutron equivalent). Major focus is on the changes of the effective doping concentration (depletion voltage). Other aspects (reverse current, charge collection) are covered too and the appreciable benefits obtained with DOFZ silicon in radiation tolerance for charged hadrons are outlined. The results are reliably described by the “Hamburg model”: its application to LHC experimental conditions is shown, demonstrating the superiority of the defect engineered silicon. Microscopic aspects of damage effects are also discussed, including differences due to charged and neutral hadron irradiation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that in radish, the activity of antioxidant enzymes responds to Cd treatment via the activation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle for the removal of hydrogen peroxide, or to ensure the availability of glutathione for the synthesis of Cd-binding proteins.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an extensive hydrologic dataset was collected at a 10 ha catchment at Panola Mountain Research Watershed near Atlanta, GA, to quantify the contribution of three geographic sources of stormflow.
Abstract: The geographic sources and hydrologic flow paths of stormflow in small catchments are not well understood because of limitations in sampling methods and insufficient resolution of potential end members. To address these limitations, an extensive hydrologic dataset was collected at a 10 ha catchment at Panola Mountain Research Watershed near Atlanta, GA, to quantify the contribution of three geographic sources of stormflow. Samples of stream water, runoff from an outcrop, and hillslope subsurface stormflow were collected during two rainstorms in the winter of 1996, and an end-member mixing analysis model that included five solutes was developed. Runoff from the outcrop, which occupies about one-third of the catchment area, contributed 50–55% of the peak streamflow during the 2 February rainstorm, and 80–85% of the peak streamflow during the 6–7 March rainstorm; it also contributed about 50% to total streamflow during the dry winter conditions that preceded the 6–7 March storm. Riparian groundwater runoff was the largest component of stream runoff (80–100%) early during rising streamflow and throughout stream recession, and contributed about 50% to total stream runoff during the 2 February storm, which was preceded by wet winter conditions. Hillslope runoff contributed 25–30% to peak stream runoff and 15–18% to total stream runoff during both storms. The temporal response of the three runoff components showed general agreement with hydrologic measurements from the catchment during each storm. Estimates of recharge from the outcrop to the riparian aquifer that were independent of model calculations indicated that storage in the riparian aquifer could account for the volume of rain that fell on the outcrop but did not contribute to stream runoff. The results of this study generally indicate that improvements in the ability of mixing models to describe the hydrologic response accurately in forested catchments may depend on better identification, and detailed spatial and temporal characterization of the mobile waters from the principal hydrologic source areas that contribute to stream runoff. Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new version of the rainfall runoff model TOPMODEL is described in which the assumption of a quasi-steady state saturated zone configuration is replaced by a kinematic wave routing of subsurface flow implemented in a way that allows the simulation of dynamically variable upslope contributing areas.
Abstract: A new version of the rainfall-runoff model TOPMODEL is described in which the assumption of a quasi-steady state saturated zone configuration is replaced by a kinematic wave routing of subsurface flow implemented in a way that allows the simulation of dynamically variable upslope contributing areas. The new version retains the idea of a distribution of hydrologically similar points in the catchment but allows more flexibility in the definition of hydrologically similarity. This allows the new version to retain much of the computational efficiency of the original model while still allowing results to be mapped back into the space of the catchment. A comparison is gives of the original and dynamic versions in an application to the Slapton Wood catchment, Devon, UK, within the GLUE methodology. The new version provides results that are a better fit to observed discharges, with improved prediction bounds, and patterns of predicted deficits storage that are qualitatively more consistent with understanding of the responses of this catchment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

01 Dec 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used cross-borehole radar and resistivity measurements collected during a controlled vadose zone tracer test, performed at a field site in the UK Sherwood Sandstone.
Abstract: Cross-borehole geoelectrical imaging, in particular electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and transmission radar tomography, can provide high-resolution images of hydrogeological structures and, in some cases, detailed assessment of dynamic processes in the subsurface environment. Through appropriate petrophysical relationships, these tools offer data suitable for parameterising and constraining models of groundwater flow. This is demonstrated using cross-borehole radar and resistivity measurements collected during a controlled vadose zone tracer test, performed at a field site in the UK Sherwood Sandstone. Both methods show clearly the vertical migration of the tracer over a 200 h monitoring period. By comparing first and second spatial moments of changes in moisture content predicted from a numerical simulation of vadose zone flow with equivalent statistics from two- and three-dimensional ERT and cross-borehole radar profiles the effective hydraulic conductivity is estimated to be approximately 0.4 m/d. Such a value is comparable to field estimates from borehole hydraulic tests carried out in the saturated zone at the field site and provides valuable information that may be utilised to parameterise pollutant transport models of the site.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Zooplankton isotopic signatures shifted seasonally, reflecting a dietary switch from a reliance on allochthonous carbon derived from POM during winter and early spring to heavy dependence on algal production during summer.
Abstract: Seasonal variations in the stable isotope composition (d13C and d15C) of crustacean zooplankton and their putative food sources in oligotrophic Loch Ness were recorded during 1998. Bulk particulate organic matter (POM) showed d13C values consistent with a terrestrial plant origin from the catchment and exhibited little seasonal variation, whereas POM d15 was more variable, probably due to associated microbial action. In contrast, phytoplankton d13C was relatively light and showed some seasonal variation, but d15 values were more constant. The isotopic signatures of both POM and phytoplankton remained sufficiently distinct from each other throughout the period of study to allow their relative contributions to zooplankton diet to be assessed. Zooplankton isotopic signatures shifted seasonally, reflecting a dietary switch from a reliance on allochthonous carbon derived from POM during winter and early spring to heavy dependence on algal production during summer. Annually, crustacean zooplankton in Loch Ness derive approximately 40% of their body carbon from allochthonous sources, likely mediated via microbial links. Separate determination of isotope ratios for the main zooplankton species allowed a more detailed trophic investigation. The most abundant zooplankton species in the loch, Eudiaptomus gracilis, incorporated appreciable allochthonous carbon even during the peak of phytoplankton productivity. By contrast, Daphnia hyalina grew mainly in late summer and autumn and derived almost 100% body carbon from algal sources. This study is the first to quantify such a seasonal switch in zooplankton dependence between allochthonous and autochthonous sources of organic matter in a large lake.

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Mar 2001-Nature
TL;DR: It is reported that sphingosine-1-phosphate is a new calcium-mobilizing molecule in plants and evidence that this molecule is involved in the signal-transduction pathway linking the perception of abscisic acid to reductions in guard cell turgor is presented.
Abstract: Stomata form pores on leaf surfaces that regulate the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis and the loss of water vapour during transpiration. An increase in the cytosolic concentration of free calcium ions ([Ca2+]cyt) is a common intermediate in many of the pathways leading to either opening or closure of the stomatal pore. This observation has prompted investigations into how specificity is controlled in calcium-based signalling systems in plants. One possible explanation is that each stimulus generates a unique increase in [Ca2+]cyt, or 'calcium signature', that dictates the outcome of the final response. It has been suggested that the key to generating a calcium signature, and hence to understanding how specificity is controlled, is the ability to access differentially the cellular machinery controlling calcium influx and release from internal stores. Here we report that sphingosine-1-phosphate is a new calcium-mobilizing molecule in plants. We show that after drought treatment sphingosine-1-phosphate levels increase, and we present evidence that this molecule is involved in the signal-transduction pathway linking the perception of abscisic acid to reductions in guard cell turgor.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A way of mapping workflow into Petri nets, which can be used as a basis for such systems as well as an agreed and standard modelling technique.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review details what the authors know of the signals that lead to the differentiation of zone cells; the environmental signals that promote cell separation, and the possible intracellular signalling events that culminate in organ shedding.
Abstract: Abscission is the term used to describe the process of natural separation of organs from the parent plant. This may be part of the highly programmed development of a plant, or in response to environmental stress. It enables temperate plants to overwinter and hence survive, but in agricultural or horticultural environments premature abscission can lead to significant crop losses. Abscission is the culmination of changes in gene expression, which result in the loosening of adjacent cell walls within the zone and subsequent cell separation. For many years it has been recognized that the balance between the plant hormones ethylene and auxin determine where, and when, separation takes place. As we begin to understand the mechanisms by which plant growth regulator signals are perceived and transduced, we can begin to understand how the process of abscission itself may be induced and regulated. This review details what we know of the signals that lead to the differentiation of zone cells; the environmental signals that promote cell separation, and the possible intracellular signalling events that culminate in organ shedding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a critical realist analysis of trust/control relations within and between complex organizations is presented, which suggests that trust relations are most usefully seen as structures of interrelated ''positioned-practices'' which generate, shape and constrain the development of contrasting forms of expert power in a range of organizational contexts.
Abstract: This paper develops a critical realist analysis of trust/control relations within and between complex organizations. It suggests that trust/control relations are most usefully seen as structures of interrelated `positioned-practices' which generate, shape and constrain the development of contrasting forms of expert power in a range of organizational contexts. The paper opens with a general overview of a number of currently influential theoretical perspectives on trust/control relations in social and organizational analysis. It then proceeds to advance a critical realist analysis of trust/control relations as generative mechanisms that govern, but do not determine, the production, reproduction and transformation of expert power. The explanatory significance of this realist analysis is illustrated by reference to a limited number of historical and institutional case studies on expert technologies and practices

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the lexical, syntactic, organizational, and even the material aspects of writing construct identity just as much as do the phonetic and prosodic aspects of speech, and thus writing always conveys a representation of the self of the writer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the need for a clearer account of nonhumans and future generations' role in democratic institutions and the proper sources of contestability of their outcomes, and point out the need to provide a clear account of their role and accountability.
Abstract: Problems of representation lie at the centre of recent experiments in deliberative democracy. The problems are not primarily social scientific questions concerning the statistical representiveness of small-scale deliberative institutions but normative questions about their political and ethical legitimacy. Experiments in deliberative democracy often rely for their representative legitimacy on appeals to the presence of members of different groups. However, they often do so without clear sources of authorisation and accountability from those represented. The representation of nonhumans and future generations in deliberative institutions is still more problematic. In the necessary absence of their authorisation, accountability, and presence, claims to speak on their behalf relies on epistemic claims, coupled with care. To highlight these problems is not to claim that small deliberative institutions are illegitimate but rather to point out the need for a clearer account of their role in democratic institutions and the proper sources of contestability of their outcomes.

Journal ArticleDOI
David Otley1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that much management accounting research has become detached from real issues and problems facing managers inorganizations and propose that it should widen its boundaries and become concerned with the issues involved in designing and operating systems of managing performance.
Abstract: INTRODUCTIONIt will be my contention today that much management accounting researchhas lost its way. In particular, I will argue that it has concentrated too muchon accounting and not enough on management. One of the consequencesof this misplaced emphasis is that much management accounting researchhas become detached from real issues and problems facing managers inorganizations. For management accounting research to regain its relevance,I will propose that it should widen its boundaries and become concernedonce again with the issues involved in designing and operating systems ofmanaging performance. In short, the sub-title of this address might well be‘putting the management back into management accounting’.MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PRACTICESo, where shall we begin? I will first consider the practice of manage-ment accounting and go back to the mid-1980s when it was becomingrecognized that the practice of management accounting, even within thoseAnglo–American organizations where it had taken deepest root, was indecline. There had been little by way of new developments in man-agement accounting practices for decades. Not only was it argued thatmanagement accounting was therefore becoming irrelevant to contempo-rary organizations, but worse that it was often actually counter-productiveto good management decision-making. By using inadequate management

Journal ArticleDOI
Keith Jones1
TL;DR: The marked seasonal pattern of campylobacters in temperate, aquatic environments is a result of variations in Campylobacter die-off rates at different times of the year.
Abstract: Thermophilic campylobacters are widespread in the environment, where they are a sign of recent contamination with animal and avian faeces, agricultural run-off and sewage effluent. Although intestinal carriage of campylobacters is ubiquitous in livestock, domestic animals, wild animals, wild birds and poultry, contamination of the environment with the bacteria in faeces is intermittent and varies seasonally, depending on factors such as stress and changes in diet. Wild birds, and not sewage effluent, are the source of campylobacters in some coastal waters. The density of Campylobacter spp. in sewage effluent depends on the source of the sewage and the type of treatment. There is a qualitative, but not a quantitative, correlation between campylobacters and faecal indicators in environmental samples. The marked seasonal pattern of campylobacters in temperate, aquatic environments is a result of variations in Campylobacter die-off rates at different times of the year.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the causal relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade (exports and imports) in China and found that the growth of exports from China to the home country/region leads to the growth in inward FDI from a home country or region, which in turn leads to an increase in exports from the country to the region or region.