Showing papers by "Linköping University published in 2015"
National Taiwan University1, University of Porto2, University of Tokyo3, Rockefeller University4, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center5, Karolinska Institutet6, Linköping University7, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory8, Cornell University9, Alberta Children's Hospital10, Columbia University11, University of Oslo12, University of Nebraska Medical Center13, University of Hamburg14, University of Pennsylvania15, Princeton University16, Rutgers University17, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center18, Carlos III Health Institute19
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that exosomes from mouse and human lung-, liver- and brain-tropic tumour cells fuse preferentially with resident cells at their predicted destination, namely lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells, liver Kupffer cells and brain endothelial cells.
Abstract: Ever since Stephen Paget's 1889 hypothesis, metastatic organotropism has remained one of cancer's greatest mysteries. Here we demonstrate that exosomes from mouse and human lung-, liver- and brain-tropic tumour cells fuse preferentially with resident cells at their predicted destination, namely lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells, liver Kupffer cells and brain endothelial cells. We show that tumour-derived exosomes uptaken by organ-specific cells prepare the pre-metastatic niche. Treatment with exosomes from lung-tropic models redirected the metastasis of bone-tropic tumour cells. Exosome proteomics revealed distinct integrin expression patterns, in which the exosomal integrins α6β4 and α6β1 were associated with lung metastasis, while exosomal integrin αvβ5 was linked to liver metastasis. Targeting the integrins α6β4 and αvβ5 decreased exosome uptake, as well as lung and liver metastasis, respectively. We demonstrate that exosome integrin uptake by resident cells activates Src phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory S100 gene expression. Finally, our clinical data indicate that exosomal integrins could be used to predict organ-specific metastasis.
3,399 citations
TL;DR: A taxonomy that distinguishes between different categories of theories, models and frameworks in implementation science is proposed to facilitate appropriate selection and application of relevant approaches in implementation research and practice and to foster cross-disciplinary dialogue among implementation researchers.
Abstract: Implementation science has progressed towards increased use of theoretical approaches to provide better understanding and explanation of how and why implementation succeeds or fails. The aim of this article is to propose a taxonomy that distinguishes between different categories of theories, models and frameworks in implementation science, to facilitate appropriate selection and application of relevant approaches in implementation research and practice and to foster cross-disciplinary dialogue among implementation researchers. Theoretical approaches used in implementation science have three overarching aims: describing and/or guiding the process of translating research into practice (process models); understanding and/or explaining what influences implementation outcomes (determinant frameworks, classic theories, implementation theories); and evaluating implementation (evaluation frameworks). This article proposes five categories of theoretical approaches to achieve three overarching aims. These categories are not always recognized as separate types of approaches in the literature. While there is overlap between some of the theories, models and frameworks, awareness of the differences is important to facilitate the selection of relevant approaches. Most determinant frameworks provide limited “how-to” support for carrying out implementation endeavours since the determinants usually are too generic to provide sufficient detail for guiding an implementation process. And while the relevance of addressing barriers and enablers to translating research into practice is mentioned in many process models, these models do not identify or systematically structure specific determinants associated with implementation success. Furthermore, process models recognize a temporal sequence of implementation endeavours, whereas determinant frameworks do not explicitly take a process perspective of implementation.
2,392 citations
TL;DR: NAFLD patients have increased risk of death, with a high risk ofdeath from cardiovascular disease and liver‐related disease, and the NAS was not able to predict overall mortality, whereas fibrosis stage predicted both overall and disease‐specific mortality.
1,621 citations
TL;DR: A Bell test is reported that closes the most significant of loopholes that provide loopholes for a local realist explanation of quantum mechanics, using a well-optimized source of entangled photons, rapid setting generation, and highly efficient superconducting detectors.
Abstract: Local realism is the worldview in which physical properties of objects exist independently of measurement and where physical influences cannot travel faster than the speed of light. Bell's theorem states that this worldview is incompatible with the predictions of quantum mechanics, as is expressed in Bell's inequalities. Previous experiments convincingly supported the quantum predictions. Yet, every experiment requires assumptions that provide loopholes for a local realist explanation. Here, we report a Bell test that closes the most significant of these loopholes simultaneously. Using a well-optimized source of entangled photons, rapid setting generation, and highly efficient superconducting detectors, we observe a violation of a Bell inequality with high statistical significance. The purely statistical probability of our results to occur under local realism does not exceed 3.74×10^{-31}, corresponding to an 11.5 standard deviation effect.
1,262 citations
TL;DR: In this article, density functional theory is used to predict the existence of two new families of 2D ordered, carbides (MXenes), where M′ layers sandwich M″ carbide layers.
Abstract: The higher the chemical diversity and structural complexity of two-dimensional (2D) materials, the higher the likelihood they possess unique and useful properties. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) is used to predict the existence of two new families of 2D ordered, carbides (MXenes), M′2M″C2 and M′2M″2C3, where M′ and M″ are two different early transition metals. In these solids, M′ layers sandwich M″ carbide layers. By synthesizing Mo2TiC2Tx, Mo2Ti2C3Tx, and Cr2TiC2Tx (where T is a surface termination), we validated the DFT predictions. Since the Mo and Cr atoms are on the outside, they control the 2D flakes’ chemical and electrochemical properties. The latter was proven by showing quite different electrochemical behavior of Mo2TiC2Tx and Ti3C2Tx. This work further expands the family of 2D materials, offering additional choices of structures, chemistries, and ultimately useful properties.
1,167 citations
07 Dec 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, a spatial regularization component is introduced in the learning to penalize correlation filter coefficients depending on their spatial location, which allows the correlation filters to be learned on a significantly larger set of negative training samples, without corrupting the positive samples.
Abstract: Robust and accurate visual tracking is one of the most challenging computer vision problems. Due to the inherent lack of training data, a robust approach for constructing a target appearance model is crucial. Recently, discriminatively learned correlation filters (DCF) have been successfully applied to address this problem for tracking. These methods utilize a periodic assumption of the training samples to efficiently learn a classifier on all patches in the target neighborhood. However, the periodic assumption also introduces unwanted boundary effects, which severely degrade the quality of the tracking model. We propose Spatially Regularized Discriminative Correlation Filters (SRDCF) for tracking. A spatial regularization component is introduced in the learning to penalize correlation filter coefficients depending on their spatial location. Our SRDCF formulation allows the correlation filters to be learned on a significantly larger set of negative training samples, without corrupting the positive samples. We further propose an optimization strategy, based on the iterative Gauss-Seidel method, for efficient online learning of our SRDCF. Experiments are performed on four benchmark datasets: OTB-2013, ALOV++, OTB-2015, and VOT2014. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on all four datasets. On OTB-2013 and OTB-2015, we obtain an absolute gain of 8.0% and 8.2% respectively, in mean overlap precision, compared to the best existing trackers.
1,160 citations
TL;DR: A review discusses recent studies on the early colonization and factors influencing this process which impact on health and an adequate establishment of microbiota and its maintenance throughout life would reduce the risk of disease in early and late life.
Abstract: The intestinal microbiota has become a relevant aspect of human health. Microbial colonization runs in parallel with immune system maturation and plays a role in intestinal physiology and regulation. Increasing evidence on early microbial contact suggest that human intestinal microbiota is seeded before birth. Maternal microbiota forms the first microbial inoculum, and from birth, the microbial diversity increases and converges toward an adult-like microbiota by the end of the first 3-5 years of life. Perinatal factors such as mode of delivery, diet, genetics, and intestinal mucin glycosylation all contribute to influence microbial colonization. Once established, the composition of the gut microbiota is relatively stable throughout adult life, but can be altered as a result of bacterial infections, antibiotic treatment, lifestyle, surgical, and a long-term change in diet. Shifts in this complex microbial system have been reported to increase the risk of disease. Therefore, an adequate establishment of microbiota and its maintenance throughout life would reduce the risk of disease in early and late life. This review discusses recent studies on the early colonization and factors influencing this process which impact on health.
980 citations
07 Dec 2015
TL;DR: The results suggest that activations from the first layer provide superior tracking performance compared to the deeper layers, and show that the convolutional features provide improved results compared to standard hand-crafted features.
Abstract: Visual object tracking is a challenging computer vision problem with numerous real-world applications. This paper investigates the impact of convolutional features for the visual tracking problem. We propose to use activations from the convolutional layer of a CNN in discriminative correlation filter based tracking frameworks. These activations have several advantages compared to the standard deep features (fully connected layers). Firstly, they miti-gate the need of task specific fine-tuning. Secondly, they contain structural information crucial for the tracking problem. Lastly, these activations have low dimensionality. We perform comprehensive experiments on three benchmark datasets: OTB, ALOV300++ and the recently introduced VOT2015. Surprisingly, different to image classification, our results suggest that activations from the first layer provide superior tracking performance compared to the deeper layers. Our results further show that the convolutional features provide improved results compared to standard hand-crafted features. Finally, results comparable to state-of-the-art trackers are obtained on all three benchmark datasets.
961 citations
TL;DR: Numerical and analytical results show that the maximal EE is achieved by a massive MIMO setup wherein hundreds of antennas are deployed to serve a relatively large number of users using ZF processing.
Abstract: Assume that a multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is designed from scratch to uniformly cover a given area with maximal energy efficiency (EE). What are the optimal number of antennas, active users, and transmit power? The aim of this paper is to answer this fundamental question. We consider jointly the uplink and downlink with different processing schemes at the base station and propose a new realistic power consumption model that reveals how the above parameters affect the EE. Closed-form expressions for the EE-optimal value of each parameter, when the other two are fixed, are provided for zero-forcing (ZF) processing in single-cell scenarios. These expressions prove how the parameters interact. For example, in sharp contrast to common belief, the transmit power is found to increase (not to decrease) with the number of antennas. This implies that energy-efficient systems can operate in high signal-to-noise ratio regimes in which interference-suppressing signal processing is mandatory. Numerical and analytical results show that the maximal EE is achieved by a massive MIMO setup wherein hundreds of antennas are deployed to serve a relatively large number of users using ZF processing. The numerical results show the same behavior under imperfect channel state information and in symmetric multi-cell scenarios.
707 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized existing research on PV self-consumption and options to improve it, namely energy storage and load management, also called demand side management (DSM), and showed that it is possible to increase the relative selfconsumption with a battery storage capacity of 0.5-1. kW.
701 citations
07 Dec 2015
TL;DR: The Visual Object Tracking challenge 2015, VOT2015, aims at comparing short-term single-object visual trackers that do not apply pre-learned models of object appearance and presents a new VOT 2015 dataset twice as large as in VOT2014 with full annotation of targets by rotated bounding boxes and per-frame attribute.
Abstract: The Visual Object Tracking challenge 2015, VOT2015, aims at comparing short-term single-object visual trackers that do not apply pre-learned models of object appearance. Results of 62 trackers are presented. The number of tested trackers makes VOT 2015 the largest benchmark on short-term tracking to date. For each participating tracker, a short description is provided in the appendix. Features of the VOT2015 challenge that go beyond its VOT2014 predecessor are: (i) a new VOT2015 dataset twice as large as in VOT2014 with full annotation of targets by rotated bounding boxes and per-frame attribute, (ii) extensions of the VOT2014 evaluation methodology by introduction of a new performance measure. The dataset, the evaluation kit as well as the results are publicly available at the challenge website.
TL;DR: There is substantial empirical evidence that employees, both men and women, who report lack of decision latitude, job strain and bullying, will experience increasing depressive symptoms over time and these conditions are amenable to organizational interventions.
Abstract: Background: Depressive symptoms are potential outcomes of poorly functioning work environments. Such symptoms are frequent and cause considerable suffering for the employees as well as financial loss for the employers. Accordingly good prospective studies of psychosocial working conditions and depressive symptoms are valuable. Scientific reviews of such studies have pointed at methodological difficulties but still established a few job risk factors. Those reviews were published some years ago. There is need for an updated systematic review using the GRADE system. In addition, gender related questions have been insufficiently reviewed. Method: Inclusion criteria for the studies published 1990 to June 2013: 1. European and English speaking countries. 2. Quantified results describing the relationship between exposure (psychosocial or physical/chemical) and outcome (standardized questionnaire assessment of depressive symptoms or interview-based clinical depression). 3. Prospective or comparable case-control design with at least 100 participants. 4. Assessments of exposure (working conditions) and outcome at baseline and outcome (depressive symptoms) once again after follow-up 1-5 years later. 5. Adjustment for age and adjustment or stratification for gender. Studies filling inclusion criteria were subjected to assessment of 1.) relevance and 2.) quality using predefined criteria. Systematic review of the evidence was made using the GRADE system. When applicable, meta-analysis of the magnitude of associations was made. Consistency of findings was examined for a number of possible confounders and publication bias was discussed. Results: Fifty-nine articles of high or medium high scientific quality were included. Moderately strong evidence (grade three out of four) was found for job strain (high psychological demands and low decision latitude), low decision latitude and bullying having significant impact on development of depressive symptoms. Limited evidence (grade two) was shown for psychological demands, effort reward imbalance, low support, unfavorable social climate, lack of work justice, conflicts, limited skill discretion, job insecurity and long working hours. There was no differential gender effect of adverse job conditions on depressive symptoms
TL;DR: It is described that 4D Flow CMR can be clinically advantageous because placement of a single acquisition volume is straightforward and enables flow through any plane across it to be calculated retrospectively and with good accuracy.
Abstract: Pulsatile blood flow through the cavities of the heart and great vessels is time-varying and multidirectional. Access to all regions, phases and directions of cardiovascular flows has formerly been limited. Four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has enabled more comprehensive access to such flows, with typical spatial resolution of 1.5×1.5×1.5 – 3×3×3 mm3, typical temporal resolution of 30–40 ms, and acquisition times in the order of 5 to 25 min. This consensus paper is the work of physicists, physicians and biomedical engineers, active in the development and implementation of 4D Flow CMR, who have repeatedly met to share experience and ideas. The paper aims to assist understanding of acquisition and analysis methods, and their potential clinical applications with a focus on the heart and greater vessels. We describe that 4D Flow CMR can be clinically advantageous because placement of a single acquisition volume is straightforward and enables flow through any plane across it to be calculated retrospectively and with good accuracy. We also specify research and development goals that have yet to be satisfactorily achieved. Derived flow parameters, generally needing further development or validation for clinical use, include measurements of wall shear stress, pressure difference, turbulent kinetic energy, and intracardiac flow components. The dependence of measurement accuracy on acquisition parameters is considered, as are the uses of different visualization strategies for appropriate representation of time-varying multidirectional flow fields. Finally, we offer suggestions for more consistent, user-friendly implementation of 4D Flow CMR acquisition and data handling with a view to multicenter studies and more widespread adoption of the approach in routine clinical investigations.
TL;DR: In patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, evolocumab administered either 140 mg every 2 weeks or 420 mg monthly was well tolerated and yielded similar and rapid 60% reductions in LDL cholesterol compared with placebo.
TL;DR: Risk of cardiovascular events appeared high beyond the first year post-MI, indicating a need for prolonged surveillance, particularly in patients with additional risk factors.
Abstract: Aims Long-term disease progression following myocardial infarction (MI) is not well understood. We examined the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events in patients discharged after MI in Sweden.
Methods and results This was a retrospective, cohort study linking morbidity, mortality, and medication data from Swedish national registries. Of 108 315 patients admitted to hospital with a primary MI between 1 July 2006 and 30 June 2011 (index MI), 97 254 (89.8%) were alive 1 week after discharge and included in this study. The primary composite endpoint of risk for non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, or cardiovascular death was estimated for the first 365 days post-index MI and Day 366 to study completion. Risk and risk factors were assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modelling, respectively. Composite endpoint risk was 18.3% during the first 365 days post-index MI. Age [60–69 vs. 80 vs. <60 years: 3.96 (3.78–4.15)], prior MI [1.44 (1.40–1.49)], stroke [1.49 (1.44–1.54)], diabetes [1.37 (1.34–1.40)], heart failure [1.57 (1.53–1.62)] and no index MI revascularisation [1.88 (1.83–1.93)] were each independently associated with a higher risk of ischaemic events or death. For patients without a combined endpoint event during the first 365 days, composite endpoint risk was 20.0% in the following 36 months.
Conclusions Risk of cardiovascular events appeared high beyond the first year post-MI, indicating a need for prolonged surveillance, particularly in patients with additional risk factors.
TL;DR: The results show that reduction of either the density of mobile ionic species or carrier trapping at the perovskite interface will remove the adverse hysteresis in perovSKite solar cells.
Abstract: Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites are distinct from most other semiconductors because they exhibit characteristics of both electronic and ionic motion. Accurate understanding of the optoelectronic impact of such properties is important to fully optimize devices and be aware of any limitations of perovskite solar cells and broader optoelectronic devices. Here we use a numerical drift-diffusion model to describe device operation of perovskite solar cells. To achieve hysteresis in the modeled current–voltage characteristics, we must include both ion migration and electronic charge traps, serving as recombination centers. Trapped electronic charges recombine with oppositely charged free electronic carriers, of which the density depends on the bias-dependent ion distribution in the perovskite. Our results therefore show that reduction of either the density of mobile ionic species or carrier trapping at the perovskite interface will remove the adverse hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. This gives a c...
TL;DR: This study reports the characterization of photoluminescence and optical spin polarization from single silicon vacancies in SiC, and demonstrates that single spins can be addressed at room temperature and shows coherent control of a single defect spin and finds long spin coherence times under ambient conditions.
Abstract: Defects in silicon carbide have recently been proposed as bright single-photon sources. It is now shown that they can be used as sources of single electron spins having long coherence times at room temperature. Spins in solids are cornerstone elements of quantum spintronics1. Leading contenders such as defects in diamond2,3,4,5 or individual phosphorus dopants in silicon6 have shown spectacular progress, but either lack established nanotechnology or an efficient spin/photon interface. Silicon carbide (SiC) combines the strength of both systems5: it has a large bandgap with deep defects7,8,9 and benefits from mature fabrication techniques10,11,12. Here, we report the characterization of photoluminescence and optical spin polarization from single silicon vacancies in SiC, and demonstrate that single spins can be addressed at room temperature. We show coherent control of a single defect spin and find long spin coherence times under ambient conditions. Our study provides evidence that SiC is a promising system for atomic-scale spintronics and quantum technology.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the open-circuit voltage of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells and showed that without a hole-transport layer, non-radiative recombination is strongly enhanced, which reduces the open circuit voltage.
Abstract: The remarkably high open-circuit voltage of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells is investigated. Both the theoretical maximum and the real open-circuit voltage are predicted from electroluminescence and photovoltaic external quantum efficiency spectra. Radiative and non-radiative recombination are quantified, where a source of non-radiative recombination is found in the mesoscopic structure, independent of the Al2O3 or TiO2 scaffold. Without a hole-transport layer, non-radiative recombination is strongly enhanced, which reduces the open-circuit voltage. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Harvard University1, Linköping University2, University of California, San Diego3, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill4, Emory University5, University of Bari6, Alderson Broaddus University7, Nara Medical University8, National Technical University of Athens9, Mayo Clinic10, University of Florence11, Cairo University12, United Arab Emirates University13, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign14, University of Rome Tor Vergata15, New York Medical College16, Purdue University17, Wayne State University18, University of Glasgow19, Karolinska Institutet20
TL;DR: 10 important aspects of tumor angiogenesis and the pathological tumor vasculature which would be well suited as targets for anti-angiogenic therapy are identified and 10 plant-derived compounds could be combined to constitute a broader acting and more effective inhibitory cocktail at doses that would not be likely to cause excessive toxicity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the TIS framework can be further strengthened by a more elaborated conceptualization of TIS context structures and TIS-context interactions, identifying and discussing four especially important types of context structures: technological, sectorial, geographical and political.
Abstract: This paper addresses interactions between technological innovation systems (TIS) and wider "context structures". While TIS studies have always considered various kinds of contextual influences, we suggest that the TIS framework can be further strengthened by a more elaborated conceptualization of TIS context structures and TIS-context interactions. For that purpose, we identify and discuss four especially important types of context structures: technological, sectorial, geographical and political. For each of these, we provide examples of different ways in which context structures can interact with a focal TIS and how our understanding of TIS dynamics is enhanced by considering them explicitly. Lessons for analysts are given and a research agenda is outlined.
TL;DR: The chemical and structural properties of individual Ti3C2 MXene sheets with associated surface groups are investigated at the atomic level by aberration corrected STEM-EELS to exhibit a nonuniform coverage of O-based surface groups which locally affect the chemistry.
Abstract: The properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials depend strongly on the chemical and electrochemical activity of their surfaces. MXene, one of the most recent additions to 2D materials, shows great promise as an energy storage material. In the present investigation, the chemical and structural properties of individual Ti3C2 MXene sheets with associated surface groups are investigated at the atomic level by aberration corrected STEM-EELS. The MXene sheets are shown to exhibit a nonuniform coverage of O-based surface groups which locally affect the chemistry. Additionally, native point defects which are proposed to affect the local surface chemistry, such as oxidized titanium adatoms (TiOx), are identified and found to be mobile.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between specific mutations in BRCA1 and cancer risk has been investigated and limited information about the relationship has been available about specific mutations for specific mutations.
Abstract: Limited information about the relationship between specific mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) and cancer risk exists.
TL;DR: A review of the recent progress of bulk and nanoscale coordination polymer (CP) materials for energy transfer can be found in this paper, where the authors comprehensively surveyed synthetic approaches to light-harvesting CPs, and post functionalization.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that single spins having a coherence time on the millisecond scale can be isolated in divacancy defects in silicon carbide at low temperature.
Abstract: Optically detected magnetic resonance experiments show that single spins having a coherence time on the millisecond scale can be isolated in divacancy defects in silicon carbide at low temperature.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the social sciences should refrain from adjusting to standardized research agendas and templates, and that a more urgent analytical challenge lies in exposing, challenging and extending the ontological assumptions that inform how we make sense of and respond to a rapidly changing environment.
Abstract: This paper asks how the social sciences can engage with the idea of the Anthropocene in productive ways. In response to this question we outline an interpretative research agenda that allows critical engagement with the Anthropocene as a socially and culturally bounded object with many possible meanings and political trajectories. In order to facilitate the kind of political mobilization required to meet the complex environmental challenges of our times, we argue that the social sciences should refrain from adjusting to standardized research agendas and templates. A more urgent analytical challenge lies in exposing, challenging and extending the ontological assumptions that inform how we make sense of and respond to a rapidly changing environment. By cultivating environmental research that opens up multiple interpretations of the Anthropocene, the social sciences can help to extend the realm of the possible for environmental politics.
TL;DR: Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nlrp3-inflammasome activation in non-myeloid-derived cells aggravate diabetic nephropathy, and targeting the inflammasomes may be a potential therapeutic approach to diabetic neophropathy.
TL;DR: Eighty-five per cent of the ACL injuries in male professional football players resulted from non-contact or indirect contact mechanisms, and the most common playing situation leading to injury was pressing followed by kicking and heading.
Abstract: Background Current knowledge on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanisms in male football players is limited. Aim To describe ACL injury mechanisms in male professional football players u ...
Agro ParisTech1, Howard Hughes Medical Institute2, Harvard University3, University of Lugano4, ETH Zurich5, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute6, Broad Institute7, Brno University of Technology8, University of New South Wales9, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation10, Linköping University11, Rutgers University12, University of Wisconsin-Madison13, Princeton University14
TL;DR: In this paper, the first international challenge on 2D segmentation of electron microscopic (EM) images of the brain was organized, and participants submitted boundary maps predicted for a test set of images, and were scored based on their agreement with ground truth from human experts.
Abstract: To stimulate progress in automating the reconstruction of neural circuits, we organized the first international challenge on 2D segmentation of electron microscopic (EM) images of the brain. Participants submitted boundary maps predicted for a test set of images, and were scored based on their agreement with ground truth from human experts. The winning team had no prior experience with EM images, and employed a convolutional network. This ``deep learning'' approach has since become accepted as a standard for segmentation of EM images. The challenge has continued to accept submissions, and the best so far has resulted from cooperation between two teams. The challenge has probably saturated, as algorithms cannot progress beyond limits set by ambiguities inherent in 2D scoring. Retrospective evaluation of the challenge scoring system reveals that it was not sufficiently robust to variations in the widths of neurite borders. We propose a solution to this problem, which should be useful for a future 3D segmentation challenge.
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis of a two-dimensional transition metal carbide, Mo2C (MXene), obtained by immersing Mo2Ga2C thin films in hydrofluoric acid was reported.
TL;DR: In this article, the spectral weights used for the unfolding of two-component spinor eigenstates are decomposed as the sum of the spectral values of the corresponding spinor states.
Abstract: We show that the spectral weights W mK (k ) used for the unfolding of two-component spinor eigenstates ∣ ∣ ψ SC mK ⟩=|α⟩|ψ SC mK ,α⟩+|β⟩|ψ SC mK ,β⟩ can be decomposed as the sum of the pa ...