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Showing papers by "Linköping University published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that minimizing the alkyl chains to get suitable solubility and enhanced intermolecular packing has a great potential in further improving its photovoltaic performance.
Abstract: Optimizing the molecular structures of organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials is one of the most effective methods to boost power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). For an excellent molecular system with a certain conjugated skeleton, fine tuning the alky chains is of considerable significance to fully explore its photovoltaic potential. In this work, the optimization of alkyl chains is performed on a chlorinated nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) named BTP-4Cl-BO (a Y6 derivative) and very impressive photovoltaic parameters in OPV cells are obtained. To get more ordered intermolecular packing, the n-undecyl is shortened at the edge of BTP-eC11 to n-nonyl and n-heptyl. As a result, the NFAs of BTP-eC9 and BTP-eC7 are synthesized. The BTP-eC7 shows relatively poor solubility and thus limits its application in device fabrication. Fortunately, the BTP-eC9 possesses good solubility and, at the same time, enhanced electron transport property than BTP-eC11. Significantly, due to the simultaneously enhanced short-circuit current density and fill factor, the BTP-eC9-based single-junction OPV cells record a maximum PCE of 17.8% and get a certified value of 17.3%. These results demonstrate that minimizing the alkyl chains to get suitable solubility and enhanced intermolecular packing has a great potential in further improving its photovoltaic performance.

1,218 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the status quo of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with a historical perspective, provide the technique's operating principles, resolve myths associated with C 1s referencing, and offer a comprehensive account of recent findings.

1,108 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Marielle Saunois1, Ann R. Stavert2, Ben Poulter3, Philippe Bousquet1, Josep G. Canadell2, Robert B. Jackson4, Peter A. Raymond5, Edward J. Dlugokencky6, Sander Houweling7, Sander Houweling8, Prabir K. Patra9, Prabir K. Patra10, Philippe Ciais1, Vivek K. Arora, David Bastviken11, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake12, Gordon Brailsford13, Lori Bruhwiler6, Kimberly M. Carlson14, Mark Carrol3, Simona Castaldi15, Naveen Chandra10, Cyril Crevoisier16, Patrick M. Crill17, Kristofer R. Covey18, Charles L. Curry19, Giuseppe Etiope20, Giuseppe Etiope21, Christian Frankenberg22, Nicola Gedney23, Michaela I. Hegglin24, Lena Höglund-Isaksson25, Gustaf Hugelius17, Misa Ishizawa26, Akihiko Ito26, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Katherine M. Jensen27, Fortunat Joos28, Thomas Kleinen29, Paul B. Krummel2, Ray L. Langenfelds2, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Licheng Liu30, Toshinobu Machida26, Shamil Maksyutov26, Kyle C. McDonald27, Joe McNorton31, Paul A. Miller32, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino26, Jurek Müller28, Fabiola Murguia-Flores33, Vaishali Naik34, Yosuke Niwa26, Sergio Noce, Simon O'Doherty33, Robert J. Parker35, Changhui Peng36, Shushi Peng37, Glen P. Peters, Catherine Prigent, Ronald G. Prinn38, Michel Ramonet1, Pierre Regnier, William J. Riley39, Judith A. Rosentreter40, Arjo Segers, Isobel J. Simpson12, Hao Shi41, Steven J. Smith42, L. Paul Steele2, Brett F. Thornton17, Hanqin Tian41, Yasunori Tohjima26, Francesco N. Tubiello43, Aki Tsuruta44, Nicolas Viovy1, Apostolos Voulgarakis45, Apostolos Voulgarakis46, Thomas Weber47, Michiel van Weele48, Guido R. van der Werf7, Ray F. Weiss49, Doug Worthy, Debra Wunch50, Yi Yin1, Yi Yin22, Yukio Yoshida26, Weiya Zhang32, Zhen Zhang51, Yuanhong Zhao1, Bo Zheng1, Qing Zhu39, Qiuan Zhu52, Qianlai Zhuang30 
Université Paris-Saclay1, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, Stanford University4, Yale University5, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration6, VU University Amsterdam7, Netherlands Institute for Space Research8, Chiba University9, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology10, Linköping University11, University of California, Irvine12, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research13, New York University14, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli15, École Polytechnique16, Stockholm University17, Skidmore College18, University of Victoria19, Babeș-Bolyai University20, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology21, California Institute of Technology22, Met Office23, University of Reading24, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis25, National Institute for Environmental Studies26, City University of New York27, University of Bern28, Max Planck Society29, Purdue University30, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts31, Lund University32, University of Bristol33, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory34, University of Leicester35, Université du Québec à Montréal36, Peking University37, Massachusetts Institute of Technology38, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory39, Southern Cross University40, Auburn University41, Joint Global Change Research Institute42, Food and Agriculture Organization43, Finnish Meteorological Institute44, Technical University of Crete45, Imperial College London46, University of Rochester47, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute48, Scripps Institution of Oceanography49, University of Toronto50, University of Maryland, College Park51, Hohai University52
TL;DR: The second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modeling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30 % larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 65 % of the global budget, < 30∘ N) compared to mid-latitudes (∼ 30 %, 30–60∘ N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90∘ N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters. Some of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 Tg CH4 yr−1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 Tg CH4 yr−1 by 8 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5 % compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning.

1,047 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors acknowledge the use of KAUST Core Lab and KAust Solar Center facilities for the purpose of solar energy research under award no. OSR-2017-CRG-3380.
Abstract: We acknowledge the use of KAUST Core Lab and KAUST Solar Center facilities. This work was supported by KAUST and the Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) under award no. OSR-2017-CRG-3380. F.G. is a Wallenberg Academy Fellow.

783 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A generic Lewis acidic etching route for preparing high-rate negative-electrode MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte is proposed and validated by the synthesis of various MXenes from unconventional MAX-phase precursors with A elements Si, Zn and Ga.
Abstract: Two-dimensional carbides and nitrides of transition metals, known as MXenes, are a fast-growing family of materials that have attracted attention as energy storage materials. MXenes are mainly prepared from Al-containing MAX phases (where A = Al) by Al dissolution in F-containing solution; most other MAX phases have not been explored. Here a redox-controlled A-site etching of MAX phases in Lewis acidic melts is proposed and validated by the synthesis of various MXenes from unconventional MAX-phase precursors with A elements Si, Zn and Ga. A negative electrode of Ti3C2 MXene material obtained through this molten salt synthesis method delivers a Li+ storage capacity of up to 738 C g−1 (205 mAh g−1) with high charge–discharge rate and a pseudocapacitive-like electrochemical signature in 1 M LiPF6 carbonate-based electrolyte. MXenes prepared via this molten salt synthesis route may prove suitable for use as high-rate negative-electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage applications. Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, are currently considered as energy storage materials. A generic Lewis acidic etching route for preparing high-rate negative-electrode MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte is now proposed.

623 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A low-complexity algorithm is proposed to obtain the stationary solution for the joint design problem by utilizing the fractional programming technique and extended to the scenario wherein the CSI is imperfect.
Abstract: Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is a promising solution to build a programmable wireless environment via steering the incident signal in fully customizable ways with reconfigurable passive elements. In this paper, we consider a RIS-aided multiuser multiple-input single-output (MISO) downlink communication system. Our objective is to maximize the weighted sum-rate (WSR) of all users by joint designing the beamforming at the access point (AP) and the phase vector of the RIS elements, while both the perfect channel state information (CSI) setup and the imperfect CSI setup are investigated. For perfect CSI setup, a low-complexity algorithm is proposed to obtain the stationary solution for the joint design problem by utilizing the fractional programming technique. Then, we resort to the stochastic successive convex approximation technique and extend the proposed algorithm to the scenario wherein the CSI is imperfect. The validity of the proposed methods is confirmed by numerical results. In particular, the proposed algorithm performs quite well when the channel uncertainty is smaller than 10%.

576 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Ayuko Hoshino1, Ayuko Hoshino2, Han Sang Kim3, Han Sang Kim1, Linda Bojmar1, Linda Bojmar4, Linda Bojmar5, Kofi Ennu Gyan1, Michele Cioffi1, Jonathan M. Hernandez1, Jonathan M. Hernandez6, Jonathan M. Hernandez7, Constantinos P. Zambirinis1, Constantinos P. Zambirinis7, Gonçalo Rodrigues8, Gonçalo Rodrigues1, Henrik Molina9, Søren Heissel9, Milica Tesic Mark9, Loïc Steiner10, Loïc Steiner1, Alberto Benito-Martin1, Serena Lucotti1, Angela Di Giannatale1, Katharine Offer1, Miho Nakajima1, Caitlin Williams1, Laura Nogués1, Laura Nogués11, Fanny A. Pelissier Vatter1, Ayako Hashimoto12, Ayako Hashimoto1, Ayako Hashimoto2, Alexander E. Davies13, Daniela Freitas1, Daniela Freitas8, Candia M. Kenific1, Yonathan Ararso1, Weston Buehring1, Pernille Lauritzen1, Yusuke Ogitani1, Kei Sugiura12, Kei Sugiura2, Naoko Takahashi2, Maša Alečković14, Kayleen A. Bailey1, Joshua S. Jolissant1, Joshua S. Jolissant7, Huajuan Wang1, Ashton Harris1, L. Miles Schaeffer1, Guillermo García-Santos15, Guillermo García-Santos1, Zoe Posner1, Vinod P. Balachandran7, Yasmin Khakoo7, G. Praveen Raju16, Avigdor Scherz17, Irit Sagi17, Ruth Scherz-Shouval17, Yosef Yarden17, Moshe Oren17, Mahathi Malladi7, Mary Petriccione7, Kevin C. De Braganca7, Maria Donzelli7, Cheryl Fischer7, Stephanie Vitolano7, Geraldine P. Wright7, Lee Ganshaw7, Mariel Marrano7, Amina Ahmed7, Joe DeStefano7, Enrico Danzer7, Michael H.A. Roehrl7, Norman J. Lacayo18, Theresa C. Vincent4, Theresa C. Vincent19, Martin R. Weiser7, Mary S. Brady7, Paul A. Meyers7, Leonard H. Wexler7, Srikanth R. Ambati7, Alexander J. Chou7, Emily K. Slotkin7, Shakeel Modak7, Stephen S. Roberts7, Ellen M. Basu7, Daniel Diolaiti19, Benjamin A. Krantz19, Benjamin A. Krantz7, Fatima Cardoso20, Amber L. Simpson7, Michael F. Berger7, Charles M. Rudin7, Diane M. Simeone19, Maneesh Jain21, Cyrus M. Ghajar22, Surinder K. Batra21, Ben Z. Stanger23, Jack D. Bui24, Kristy A. Brown1, Vinagolu K. Rajasekhar7, John H. Healey7, Maria de Sousa1, Maria de Sousa8, Kim Kramer7, Sujit Sheth1, Jeanine Baisch1, Virginia Pascual1, Todd E. Heaton7, Michael P. La Quaglia7, David J. Pisapia1, Robert E. Schwartz1, Haiying Zhang1, Yuan Liu7, Arti Shukla25, Laurence Blavier26, Yves A. DeClerck26, Mark A. LaBarge27, Mina J. Bissell28, Thomas C. Caffrey21, Paul M. Grandgenett21, Michael A. Hollingsworth21, Jacqueline Bromberg7, Jacqueline Bromberg1, Bruno Costa-Silva20, Héctor Peinado11, Yibin Kang14, Benjamin A. Garcia23, Eileen M. O'Reilly7, David P. Kelsen7, Tanya M. Trippett7, David R. Jones7, Irina Matei1, William R. Jarnagin7, David Lyden1 
20 Aug 2020-Cell
TL;DR: EVP proteins can serve as reliable biomarkers for cancer detection and determining cancer type, and a panel of tumor-type-specific EVP proteins in TEs and plasma are defined, which can classify tumors of unknown primary origin.

565 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present article addresses surgical management, including preoperative aspects and drug management before surgery, and provides technical advice for a variety of common clinical situations.
Abstract: This article is the second in a series of two publications relating to the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] evidence-based consensus on the management of Crohn's disease. The first article covers medical management; the present article addresses surgical management, including preoperative aspects and drug management before surgery. It also provides technical advice for a variety of common clinical situations. Both articles together represent the evidence-based recommendations of the ECCO for Crohn's disease and an update of previous guidelines.

563 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
04 Jun 2020-Nature
TL;DR: The results obtained by seventy different teams analysing the same functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset show substantial variation, highlighting the influence of analytical choices and the importance of sharing workflows publicly and performing multiple analyses.
Abstract: Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses1. The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset2-5. Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed.

551 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the uplink spectral efficiencies of four different cell-free implementations are analyzed, with spatially correlated fading and arbitrary linear processing, and it is shown that a centralized implementation with optimal minimum mean-square error (MMSE) processing not only maximizes the SE but largely reduces the fronthaul signaling compared to the standard distributed approach.
Abstract: Cell-free Massive MIMO is considered as a promising technology for satisfying the increasing number of users and high rate expectations in beyond-5G networks. The key idea is to let many distributed access points (APs) communicate with all users in the network, possibly by using joint coherent signal processing. The aim of this paper is to provide the first comprehensive analysis of this technology under different degrees of cooperation among the APs. Particularly, the uplink spectral efficiencies of four different cell-free implementations are analyzed, with spatially correlated fading and arbitrary linear processing. It turns out that it is possible to outperform conventional Cellular Massive MIMO and small cell networks by a wide margin, but only using global or local minimum mean-square error (MMSE) combining. This is in sharp contrast to the existing literature, which advocates for maximum-ratio combining. Also, we show that a centralized implementation with optimal MMSE processing not only maximizes the SE but largely reduces the fronthaul signaling compared to the standard distributed approach. This makes it the preferred way to operate Cell-free Massive MIMO networks. Non-linear decoding is also investigated and shown to bring negligible improvements.

546 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This letter derives the far-field pathloss using physical optics techniques and explains why the surface consists of many elements that individually act as diffuse scatterers but can jointly beamform the signal in a desired direction with a certain beamwidth.
Abstract: Intelligent reflecting surfaces can improve the communication between a source and a destination. The surface contains metamaterial that is configured to “reflect” the incident wave from the source towards the destination. Two incompatible pathloss models have been used in prior work. In this letter, we derive the far-field pathloss using physical optics techniques and explain why the surface consists of many elements that individually act as diffuse scatterers but can jointly beamform the signal in a desired direction with a certain beamwidth. We disprove one of the previously conjectured pathloss models.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The COVID-19 pandemic : The 'black swan' for mental health care and a turning point for e-health.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 2020 WSES guidelines on AA aim to provide updated evidence-based statements and recommendations on each of the following topics: diagnosis, non-operative management for uncomplicated AA, timing of appendectomy and in-hospital delay, surgical treatment, and intra-operative grading of AA.
Abstract: Acute appendicitis (AA) is among the most common causes of acute abdominal pain. Diagnosis of AA is still challenging and some controversies on its management are still present among different settings and practice patterns worldwide. In July 2015, the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) organized in Jerusalem the first consensus conference on the diagnosis and treatment of AA in adult patients with the intention of producing evidence-based guidelines. An updated consensus conference took place in Nijemegen in June 2019 and the guidelines have now been updated in order to provide evidence-based statements and recommendations in keeping with varying clinical practice: use of clinical scores and imaging in diagnosing AA, indications and timing for surgery, use of non-operative management and antibiotics, laparoscopy and surgical techniques, intra-operative scoring, and peri-operative antibiotic therapy. This executive manuscript summarizes the WSES guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AA. Literature search has been updated up to 2019 and statements and recommendations have been developed according to the GRADE methodology. The statements were voted, eventually modified, and finally approved by the participants to the consensus conference and by the board of co-authors, using a Delphi methodology for voting whenever there was controversy on a statement or a recommendation. Several tables highlighting the research topics and questions, search syntaxes, and the statements and the WSES evidence-based recommendations are provided. Finally, two different practical clinical algorithms are provided in the form of a flow chart for both adults and pediatric (< 16 years old) patients. The 2020 WSES guidelines on AA aim to provide updated evidence-based statements and recommendations on each of the following topics: (1) diagnosis, (2) non-operative management for uncomplicated AA, (3) timing of appendectomy and in-hospital delay, (4) surgical treatment, (5) intra-operative grading of AA, (6) ,management of perforated AA with phlegmon or abscess, and (7) peri-operative antibiotic therapy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an indispensable technique in modern materials science for the determination of chemical bonding as evidenced by more than 10000 XPS papers published annually.
Abstract: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an indispensable technique in modern materials science for the determination of chemical bonding as evidenced by more than 10 000 XPS papers published annually. A literature survey reveals that in the vast majority of cases an incorrect referencing of the binding energy scale is used, neglecting warnings that have been formulated from the early days of the technique. Consequences for the data reliability are disastrous and decades of XPS work require revisiting. The purpose of this Viewpoint is to highlight the existing problems, review the criticism and suggest ways forward.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey three new multiple antenna technologies that can play key roles in beyond 5G networks: cell-free massive MIMO, beamspace massive mIMO and intelligent reflecting surfaces.
Abstract: Multiple antenna technologies have attracted much research interest for several decades and have gradually made their way into mainstream communication systems. Two main benefits are adaptive beamforming gains and spatial multiplexing, leading to high data rates per user and per cell, especially when large antenna arrays are adopted. Since multiple antenna technology has become a key component of the fifth-generation (5G) networks, it is time for the research community to look for new multiple antenna technologies to meet the immensely higher data rate, reliability, and traffic demands in the beyond 5G era. Radically new approaches are required to achieve orders-of-magnitude improvements in these metrics. There will be large technical challenges, many of which are yet to be identified. In this paper, we survey three new multiple antenna technologies that can play key roles in beyond 5G networks: cell-free massive MIMO, beamspace massive MIMO, and intelligent reflecting surfaces. For each of these technologies, we present the fundamental motivation, key characteristics, recent technical progresses, and provide our perspectives for future research directions. The paper is not meant to be a survey/tutorial of a mature subject, but rather serve as a catalyst to encourage more research and experiments in these multiple antenna technologies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a new framework for scalable cell-free massive MIMO systems by exploiting the dynamic cooperation cluster concept from the Network-MIMO literature and provided a novel algorithm for joint initial access, pilot assignment, and cluster formation.
Abstract: Imagine a coverage area with many wireless access points that cooperate to jointly serve the users, instead of creating autonomous cells. Such a cell-free network operation can potentially resolve many of the interference issues that appear in current cellular networks. This ambition was previously called Network MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) and has recently reappeared under the name Cell-Free Massive MIMO. The main challenge is to achieve the benefits of cell-free operation in a practically feasible way, with computational complexity and fronthaul requirements that are scalable to large networks with many users. We propose a new framework for scalable Cell-Free Massive MIMO systems by exploiting the dynamic cooperation cluster concept from the Network MIMO literature. We provide a novel algorithm for joint initial access, pilot assignment, and cluster formation that is proved to be scalable. Moreover, we adapt the standard channel estimation, precoding, and combining methods to become scalable. A new uplink and downlink duality is proved and used to heuristically design the precoding vectors on the basis of the combining vectors. Interestingly, the proposed scalable precoding and combining outperform conventional maximum ratio (MR) processing and also performs closely to the best unscalable alternatives.

Journal ArticleDOI
13 Feb 2020-Nature
TL;DR: The α-synuclein-PMCA assay can discriminate between samples of cerebrospinal fluid from patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and samples from patients with multiple system atrophy, with an overall sensitivity of 95.4%.
Abstract: Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein, including Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy1. Clinically, it is challenging to differentiate Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy, especially at the early stages of disease2. Aggregates of α-synuclein in distinct synucleinopathies have been proposed to represent different conformational strains of α-synuclein that can self-propagate and spread from cell to cell3–6. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is a technique that has previously been used to detect α-synuclein aggregates in samples of cerebrospinal fluid with high sensitivity and specificity7,8. Here we show that the α-synuclein-PMCA assay can discriminate between samples of cerebrospinal fluid from patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and samples from patients with multiple system atrophy, with an overall sensitivity of 95.4%. We used a combination of biochemical, biophysical and biological methods to analyse the product of α-synuclein-PMCA, and found that the characteristics of the α-synuclein aggregates in the cerebrospinal fluid could be used to readily distinguish between Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. We also found that the properties of aggregates that were amplified from the cerebrospinal fluid were similar to those of aggregates that were amplified from the brain. These findings suggest that α-synuclein aggregates that are associated with Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy correspond to different conformational strains of α-synuclein, which can be amplified and detected by α-synuclein-PMCA. Our results may help to improve our understanding of the mechanism of α-synuclein misfolding and the structures of the aggregates that are implicated in different synucleinopathies, and may also enable the development of a biochemical assay to discriminate between Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technology can discriminate between patients with Parkinson’s disease and patients with multiple system atrophy on the basis of the characteristics of the α-synuclein aggregates in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Jul 2020-Science
TL;DR: High-resilience positive-intrinsic-negative perovskite solar cells are demonstrated by incorporating a piperidinium-based ionic compound into the formamid inium-cesium lead-trihalide perovSKite absorber, and detailed degradation routes that contribute to the failure of aged cells are revealed.
Abstract: Longevity has been a long-standing concern for hybrid perovskite photovoltaics. We demonstrate high-resilience positive-intrinsic-negative perovskite solar cells by incorporating a piperidinium-based ionic compound into the formamidinium-cesium lead-trihalide perovskite absorber. With the bandgap tuned to be well suited for perovskite-on-silicon tandem cells, this piperidinium additive enhances the open-circuit voltage and cell efficiency. This additive also retards compositional segregation into impurity phases and pinhole formation in the perovskite absorber layer during aggressive aging. Under full-spectrum simulated sunlight in ambient atmosphere, our unencapsulated and encapsulated cells retain 80 and 95% of their peak and post-burn-in efficiencies for 1010 and 1200 hours at 60° and 85°C, respectively. Our analysis reveals detailed degradation routes that contribute to the failure of aged cells.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The objective was to further strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions and research reporting through an updated set of recommendations for sports injury and illness studies, including a new Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist extension.
Abstract: Injury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport-specific or setting-specific consensus statements on sports injury (and, eventually, illness) epidemiology to date. Our objective was to further strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions and research reporting through an updated set of recommendations for sports injury and illness studies, including a new Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist extension. The IOC invited a working group of international experts to review relevant literature and provide recommendations. The procedure included an open online survey, several stages of text drafting and consultation by working groups and a 3-day consensus meeting in October 2019. This statement includes recommendations for data collection and research reporting covering key components: defining and classifying health problems; severity of health problems; capturing and reporting athlete exposure; expressing risk; burden of health problems; study population characteristics and data collection methods. Based on these, we also developed a new reporting guideline as a STROBE Extension-the STROBE Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS). The IOC encourages ongoing in- and out-of-competition surveillance programmes and studies to describe injury and illness trends and patterns, understand their causes and develop measures to protect the health of the athlete. Implementation of the methods outlined in this statement will advance consistency in data collection and research reporting.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current understanding of the processes occurring in organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors and their structure–property relations are described, and recent approaches that extend fundamental understanding and contribute to the advancement of materials are highlighted.
Abstract: Materials that efficiently transport and couple ionic and electronic charge are key to advancing a host of technological developments for next-generation bioelectronic, optoelectronic and energy storage devices. Here we highlight key progress in the design and study of organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs), a diverse family of soft synthetically tunable mixed conductors. Across applications, the same interrelated fundamental physical processes dictate OMIEC properties and determine device performance. Owing to ionic and electronic interactions and coupled transport properties, OMIECs demand special understanding beyond knowledge derived from the study of organic thin films and membranes meant to support either electronic or ionic processes only. We address seemingly conflicting views and terminology regarding charging processes in these materials, and highlight recent approaches that extend fundamental understanding and contribute to the advancement of materials. Further progress is predicated on multimodal and multi-scale approaches to overcome lingering barriers to OMIEC design and implementation. From optoelectronic to biomedical and energy storage applications, the interest in organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors is expanding. This Review describes current understanding of the processes occurring in these materials and their structure–property relations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients with MS are at a generally increased risk of infections, and this differs by treatment; among newer treatments, off-label use of rituximab was associated with the highest rate of serious infections.
Abstract: Importance: Although highly effective disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) have been associated with an increased risk of infections vs injectable therapies interferon beta and g ...

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Jun 2020-Joule
TL;DR: In this article, the authors modified the end groups of BTP-4F from IC-2F to CPTCN-Cl to achieve near optimal energy level match, resulting in higher open-circuit voltage (VOC) and power conversion efficiency (PCE).

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TL;DR: In this article, a new member of the Y-series acceptor family, Y18, was designed and synthesized, which adopts a fused benzotriazole segment with unique luminescence properties as its electron-deficient core.
Abstract: Finding effective molecular design strategies to enable efficient charge generation and small energy loss is among the long-standing challenges in developing high performance non-fullerene organic solar cells (OSCs). Recently, we reported Y-series non-fullerene acceptors with an electron-deficient-core-based fused structure (typically Y6), opening a new door to achieve high external quantum efficiency (∼80%) while maintaining low energy loss (∼0.57 eV). On this basis, further reducing the energy losses and ultimately improving the performance of OSCs has become a research hotspot. In this paper, we design and synthesize a new member of the Y-series acceptor family, Y18, which adopts a fused benzotriazole segment with unique luminescence properties as its electron-deficient core. Compared to Y6, the benzotriazole-based acceptor Y18 exhibits extended optical absorption and higher voltage. Consequently, the device delivers a promising power conversion efficiency of 16.52% with a very low energy loss of 0.53 eV. Further device optimization by exploiting a ternary blend strategy allowed us to achieve a high efficiency of 17.11% (certified as 16.76% by NREL). Y18 may become one of the most important candidate materials for its broader absorption spectra and higher voltage of Y18 (compared to Y6) in the OSCs field.

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TL;DR: A good structure-morphology-property relationship is established and the reduced phase separation morphology of AQx-2-based bulk heterojunction blend boosts hole transfer and suppresses geminate recombination, which may lead to next-generation high-performance OSCs.
Abstract: Manipulating charge generation in a broad spectral region has proved to be crucial for nonfullerene-electron-acceptor-based organic solar cells (OSCs). 16.64% high efficiency binary OSCs are achieved through the use of a novel electron acceptor AQx-2 with quinoxaline-containing fused core and PBDB-TF as donor. The significant increase in photovoltaic performance of AQx-2 based devices is obtained merely by a subtle tailoring in molecular structure of its analogue AQx-1. Combining the detailed morphology and transient absorption spectroscopy analyses, a good structure-morphology-property relationship is established. The stronger π-π interaction results in efficient electron hopping and balanced electron and hole mobilities attributed to good charge transport. Moreover, the reduced phase separation morphology of AQx-2-based bulk heterojunction blend boosts hole transfer and suppresses geminate recombination. Such success in molecule design and precise morphology optimization may lead to next-generation high-performance OSCs.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of software-controlled metasurfaces with traditional decode-and-forward (DF) relaying and showed that very high rates and/or large metas-urfaces are needed to outperform DF relaying, both in terms of minimizing the total transmit power and maximizing the energy efficiency.
Abstract: The rate and energy efficiency of wireless channels can be improved by deploying software-controlled metasurfaces to reflect signals from the source to the destination, especially when the direct path is weak. While previous works mainly optimized the reflections, this letter compares the new technology with classic decode-and-forward (DF) relaying. The main observation is that very high rates and/or large metasurfaces are needed to outperform DF relaying, both in terms of minimizing the total transmit power and maximizing the energy efficiency, which also includes the dissipation in the transceiver hardware.

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TL;DR: This tutorial article explains the importance of considering spatial channel correlation and using signal processing schemes designed for multicell networks and presents recent results on the fundamental limits of Massive MIMO, which are not determined by pilot contamination but the ability to acquire channel statistics.
Abstract: Since the seminal paper by Marzetta from 2010, Massive MIMO has changed from being a theoretical concept with an infinite number of antennas to a practical technology. The key concepts are adopted into the 5G New Radio Standard and base stations (BSs) with $M=64$ fully digital transceivers have been commercially deployed in sub-6GHz bands. The fast progress was enabled by many solid research contributions of which the vast majority assume spatially uncorrelated channels and signal processing schemes developed for single-cell operation. These assumptions make the performance analysis and optimization of Massive MIMO tractable but have three major caveats: 1) practical channels are spatially correlated; 2) large performance gains can be obtained by multicell processing, without BS cooperation; 3) the interference caused by pilot contamination creates a finite capacity limit, as $M\to \infty $ . There is a thin line of papers that avoided these caveats, but the results are easily missed. Hence, this tutorial article explains the importance of considering spatial channel correlation and using signal processing schemes designed for multicell networks. We present recent results on the fundamental limits of Massive MIMO, which are not determined by pilot contamination but the ability to acquire channel statistics. These results will guide the journey towards the next level of Massive MIMO, which we call “Massive MIMO 2.0”.

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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the interaction between digitalization and servitization on the financial performance of manufacturing companies is investigated and the results demonstrate the need for an effective interplay between digitalisation and servITization.

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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that being male, having less individual income, lower education, not being married, and being an immigrant from a low- or middle-income country predicts higher risk of death from COVID-19 but not for all other causes of death.
Abstract: As global deaths from COVID-19 continue to rise, the world's governments, institutions, and agencies are still working toward an understanding of who is most at risk of death. In this study, data on all recorded COVID-19 deaths in Sweden up to May 7, 2020 are linked to high-quality and accurate individual-level background data from administrative registers of the total population. By means of individual-level survival analysis we demonstrate that being male, having less individual income, lower education, not being married all independently predict a higher risk of death from COVID-19 and from all other causes of death. Being an immigrant from a low- or middle-income country predicts higher risk of death from COVID-19 but not for all other causes of death. The main message of this work is that the interaction of the virus causing COVID-19 and its social environment exerts an unequal burden on the most disadvantaged members of society.

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TL;DR: Free charge generation in the high-performance blend of the donor polymer PM6 with the NFA Y6 is thoroughly investigated and it is shown that photocurrent generation is essentially barrierless with near-unity efficiency, regardless of excitation energy.
Abstract: Organic solar cells are currently experiencing a second golden age thanks to the development of novel non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Surprisingly, some of these blends exhibit high efficiencies despite a low energy offset at the heterojunction. Herein, free charge generation in the high-performance blend of the donor polymer PM6 with the NFA Y6 is thoroughly investigated as a function of internal field, temperature and excitation energy. Results show that photocurrent generation is essentially barrierless with near-unity efficiency, regardless of excitation energy. Efficient charge separation is maintained over a wide temperature range, down to 100 K, despite the small driving force for charge generation. Studies on a blend with a low concentration of the NFA, measurements of the energetic disorder, and theoretical modeling suggest that CT state dissociation is assisted by the electrostatic interfacial field which for Y6 is large enough to compensate the Coulomb dissociation barrier.